基于经验与变分混合分解的超声回波信号噪声消除方法

超声缺陷检测结果易受超声回波信号中复杂噪声的干扰,为了提高超声缺陷检测的准确度,提出一种基于混合分解的 超声回波信号噪声消除方法。 采用经验模态分解算法结合相关系数指标对超声回波信号进行预处理,得到消除低频噪声分量 的超声回波预处理信号。 基于变分模态分解将该预处理信号分解为一系列窄带本征模态函数,引入互信息指标估计变分模态 分解的最优模态数量,并根据窄带本征模态函数与预处理信号的相关系数提取有用的模态分量,实现对超声回波信号去噪结果 的重构。 通过仿真和实测超声回波信号验证了本文方法的去噪性能,并与现有方法进行了对比。 结果表明,本文方法可同时消 除超声回波信号中的高频和低频噪声,在不同信噪比条件下 EMD、VMD 和本文方法去噪结果的 SNR 均值分别为 10. 01、9. 48 和 16. 09 dB,验证了本文方法对于超声回波信号噪声消除的优越性。     

基于小波变换的盲信号分离的神经网络方法

提出一种新的盲信号分离的神经网络方法,该方法将小波变换和独立分量分析(ICA,Independent Component Analysis)相结合。利用小波变换的滤噪作用,将混合在原始信号中的部分高频噪声滤除后,再重构原始信号作为ICA的输入信号,有效地克服了现有ICA算法不能将噪声从源信号中分离的缺陷。实验结果表明,将该方法用于多通道脑电信号的盲分离是很有效的。     

Application of the blind source separation method to feature extraction of machine sound signals

As the result of vibration emission in air, a machine sound signal carries important information about the working condition of machinery. But in practice, the sound signal is typically received with a very low signal-to-noise ratio. To obtain features of the original sound signal, uncorrelated sound signals must be removed and the wavelet coefficients related to fault condition must be retrieved. In this paper, the blind source separation technique is used to recover the wavelet coefficients of a monitored source from complex observed signals. Since in the proposed blind source separation (BSS) algorithms it is generally assumed that the number of sources is known, the Gerschgorin disk estimator method is introduced to determine the number of sound sources before applying the BSS method. This method can estimate the number of sound sources under non-Gaussian and non-white noise conditions. Then, the partial singular value analysis method is used to select these significant observations for BSS analysis. This method ensures that signals are separated with the smallest distortion. Afterwards, the time-frequency separation algorithm, converted to a suitable BSS algorithm for the separation of a non-stationary signal, is introduced. The transfer channel between observations and sources and the wavelet coefficients of the source signals can be blindly identified via this algorithm. The reconstructed wavelet coefficients can be used for diagnosis. Finally, the separation results obtained from the observed signals recorded in a semianechoic chamber demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented methods.     

空气耦合超声信号的小波阈值滤噪试验研究

穿透式空气耦合超声检测中,由于较低声波透射率、激励接收系统噪声及声波在介质中的散射噪声导致接收信号信噪比较低,小波阈值滤噪技术在解决上述问题时面临小波基、分解层数及阈值函数的选取难题。基于小波分析的基本原理,以单因素分析方法开展小波阈值滤噪试验研究。选择不同小波族(Daubechies,Symlet和Coiflet)中的小波基、小波分解层数(4～8层)及阈值函数(软阈值及改进阈值函数)对实际含噪超声信号进行小波阈值滤噪处理,并通过对比滤噪信号的信噪比及频谱特性得出不同参数对滤噪效果的影响。结果表明,选择Coiflet小波族中的小波基能获得具有更高信噪比及透射信号幅值的滤噪信号;分解层数越高,滤噪信号的信噪比越高,但增长趋势渐趋稳定;阈值函数对滤噪性能的影响并不十分显著,一般采用软阈值函数或改进阈值函数就能获得良好滤噪效果。     

Application of the blind source separation method to feature extraction of machine sound signals

As the result of vibration emission in air, a machine sound signal carries important information about the working condition of machinery. But in practice, the sound signal is typically received with a very low signal-to-noise ratio. To obtain features of the original sound signal, uncorrelated sound signals must be removed and the wavelet coefficients related to fault condition must be retrieved. In this paper, the blind source separation technique is used to recover the wavelet coefficients of a monitored source from complex observed signals. Since in the proposed blind source separation (BSS) algorithms it is generally assumed that the number of sources is known, the Gerschgorin disk estimator method is introduced to determine the number of sound sources before applying the BSS method. This method can estimate the number of sound sources under non-Gaussian and non-white noise conditions. Then, the partial singular value analysis method is used to select these significant observations for BSS analysis. This method ensures that signals are separated with the smallest distortion. Afterwards, the time-frequency separation algorithm, converted to a suitable BSS algorithm for the separation of a non-stationary signal, is introduced. The transfer channel between observations and sources and the wavelet coefficients of the source signals can be blindly identified via this algorithm. The reconstructed wavelet coefficients can be used for diagnosis. Finally, the separation results obtained from the observed signals recorded in a semi-anechoic chamber demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented methods .     

海洋可控源电磁数据的新型小波基消噪方法

海洋可控源电磁(MCSEM)信号极易受到多种噪声的干扰,从而影响后期数据的反演解释精度。基于小波技术的降噪理论和方法已被广泛应用于MCSEM信号的消噪领域,但小波基均为通用小波基,消噪效果有待提升,提出了构造专用于MCSEM信号的新型小波基。首先,通过粒子群优化算法(PSO),以新型小波函数与MCSEM信号的平均相似度作为约束条件,迭代求解滤波器组的最优系数;然后利用得到的系数构造新型小波基。其次,针对深海勘探中的海水扰动噪声,设计了基于新型小波基消噪方法,并利用仿真的含噪数据与传统小波基消噪方法进行了对比实验;通过信噪比(SNR)及均方误差(MSE)进行消噪效果评价,表明新型小波基消噪方法优于传统小波基消噪方法。最后,将新型小波基消噪方法应用到了实测MCSEM数据中;通过消噪前后的时域信号及振幅随偏移距变化(MVO)曲线对比分析,结果表明,该方法不仅可以去除海水扰动类噪声,还可以扩大MVO曲线偏移距的解释范围,证明了基于新型小波基消噪方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于包络解调的离心式压缩机弱故障信号增强方法研究

在离心式压缩机使用要求不断提高下,为了增强故障诊断精确性,提出基于包络解调的非平稳工况下离心式压缩机弱故障信号增强方法。将小波包分析和独立分量分析结合,通过小波包分析法对含有噪声的混合信号进行降噪,根据 FastICA 算法分离降噪后的混合信号,对分离出的信号采用收缩函数实行频段内的去噪操作,完成多源故障信号分离去噪。在故障信号分离的基础上,考虑到被分离出的信号伴随着微弱噪声,进一步通过包络解调随机共振实现弱故障信号增强。对多源信号分离结果进行包络解调操作,并对包络信号实行变尺度随机共振输出处理,实现故障特征信号增强,达到故障诊断的目的。通过实验分别对此方法的信号去噪增强效果和故障诊断精确性进行验证,实验结果表明,该方法不仅弱故障信号增强效果显著,且故障诊断鲁棒性强,精度高,具有可实践性。     

改进小波包多阈值去噪法及其工程应用

针对机械振动信号提取时面临的去噪问题,在小波包多阈值准则去噪法的基础上,提出一种改进的小波包多阈值准则综合去噪方法(改进FMC去噪法)。该方法首先采用探测插值法对机床原始振动信号进行预处理,剔除受外界干扰产生的突变噪声信号;再以小波包分析为基础,根据有用信号的最小频率确定最大分解层数,并按最小代价原理确定信号分解的最佳小波包基;最后采用小波包多阈值降噪准则对振动信号进行重构,得到去噪后的机床振动信号。针对含噪blocks信号、doppler信号及模拟的含噪振动信号进行的仿真实验结果表明,改进后的FMC去噪法去噪效果优于传统方法。将该方法应用于气囊修整机振动信号分析中,结果表明,改进FMC去噪法能够有效剔除振动信号各频段的噪声,提高信号特征的可分离性。     

改进的自适应噪声总体集合经验模态分解在光谱信号去噪中的应用

针对近红外无创血糖检测过程中噪声对血糖浓度模型精度和稳定性的影响,提出用自适应噪声总体集合经验模态分解方法实现近红外光谱信号的去噪;同时,根据原始信号曲率和分解后本征模态函数(IMFs)曲率间的离散弗雷歇距离选择相关模态。首先,将自适应噪声的总体集合经验模态分解方法引入近红外光谱去噪过程,介绍了经验模态分解、集合经验模态分解、互补集合经验模态分解及自适应噪声总体集合经验模态分解的基本原理及具体实现过程。然后,应用基于曲率和离散弗雷歇距离的自适应噪声总体集合经验模态分解改进算法对仿真信号和光谱信号进行去噪,并将其标准差和信噪比作为评价指标。实验结果表明:应用提出的方法得到的血糖浓度近红外光谱数据其标准差为0.179 4,信噪比为19.117 5dB,实现了信号与噪声的分离,改善了重构信号质量,具有良好的自适应性,可以有效识别并提取有用信息。     

Denoising ultrasonic pulse-echo signal using two-dimensional analytic wavelet thresholding

When an ultrasonic angle-beam pulse-echo setup is used, two kinds of noise are present in the received signal: (1) wedge noise, and (2) random noise. In this study, we propose a method for removing both random and wedge noises using a two-dimensional stationary wavelet transform (2D SWT). To improve the performance of the 2D SWT, we employ analytic wavelet thresholding. This requires calculating the analytic signal for a 2D signal and extracting the envelope of the signal, but no regular generalization of analytic signals to multi dimensions is available. We prove that under some certain conditions, the envelope of the ultrasonic B-scan can be extracted exactly by introducing a reference vector. The performance of the proposed denoising method is assessed using simulated and experimental data. The experimental results show that our proposed denoising method is able to reveal the echoes from a surface breaking crack as small as 0.1 mm.     

基于小波半软阈值消噪的盲源分离方法

为了有效提取含噪机械故障信号中的故障特征信息,研究了一种基于小波半软阈值消噪的盲源分离方法。利用小波半软阈值对故障信号进行消噪处理;采用联合近似对角化算法对信号进行盲源分离;考虑在噪声干扰下预消噪常常不足以消除全部噪声,因此在盲源分离后再进行适当的消噪处理,以提高其分离性能。实验验证了所提出方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于小波分析的FastICA联合降噪方法在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用研究

采用小波分析方法进行振动信号降噪存在选取参数依靠经验的问题,采用独立分量分析（ICA）方法进行振动信号降噪存在欠定问题,为了避免小波降噪以及ICA方法单独使用的缺点,提出了将小波降噪分析和基于负熵的FastICA独立分量分析相结合来处理滚动轴承含噪振动信号的方法。首先对原始信号进行小波降噪处理,然后将处理后的信号与原始信号组成FastICA的输入矩阵,进行FastICA降噪处理,最后利用滚动轴承振动信号对该方法进行有效性验证。实验分析表明：该方法增大了振动信号的峭度值,达到了滚动轴承振动信号降噪的目的。     

基于贝叶斯理论的机械故障源盲分离

由于噪声的干扰,噪声环境下机械源信号盲分离方法往往分离效果很差.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于变分贝叶斯理独立分量分析的盲分离方法.与传统的分离方法相比,具有以下独特特点:即不需要将未知噪声看成一种独立源,也不需要进行消噪预处理,可直接对噪声干扰的机械源信号进行有效分离.实验结果表明,提出的方法优于传统的机械源分离方法,分离误差大幅度降低.     

A repeated single-channel mechanical signal blind separation method based on morphological filtering and singular value decomposition

This paper proposes a repeated blind source separation (BSS) method based on morphological filtering and singular value decomposition (SVD) to separate the mixed sources from a single-channel signal. Firstly the signal is de-noised by the morphological filter and, the noise which affects the accuracy of the separation is removed. Next, the purified signal is reconstructed in phase space, and the SVD is applied to this matrix. After choosing the effective singular values, the inverse transform is applied to the revised signal matrix. From this, the pseudo signal can be obtained. The pseudo signal and the purified original signal are used to achieve the mixed sources separation through the fast independent component analysis (FastICA) algorithm. Then, the methods above are repeated in order to separate the weaker signals. The analysis of simulation and practical application demonstrates that that proposed method shows a high level of separating performance of a single-channel signal.     

Ultrasonic flaw detection during NDE of oil pipelines via a resonance filter

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is widely used for detecting flaws in oil pipelines. The backscattering noise may attain peak values greater than the sought flaw pulse. For improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and extracting a flaw echo corrupted by noise, a resonance demodulation technique and a resonance filter are proposed. The impulse response of the resonance filter can be represented as a superposition of Gaussian echoes. The analysis results show that this approach is more effective in extracting the information of a small flaw during pipeline NDE. The amplitude envelope of the processed ultrasonic signal after envelope detection obtains a notable SNR enhancement. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

基于MED-ITD和CICA的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障诊断在实际中受到噪声影响,故障难以识别的问题,提出了一种基于最小熵反褶积(MED)和固有时间尺度分解(ITD),并结合约束独立分量分析(CICA)的方法。首先,通过MED对轴承故障信号进行降噪,以滤除噪声信号,增强信号冲击成分;然后,通过ITD对降噪信号进行分解,选择合适的筛选分量进行重构;最后,采用CICA方法对重构信号进行盲源分离,通过希尔伯特包络谱进行分析提取出准确的故障信号,并经过试验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

涡流检测裂纹信号处理及形状重构

在压力容器、热交换管道等关键设备结构的无损评价中，裂纹型缺陷形状的确定非常重要。首先采用一种小波分析方法对采集的裂纹涡流检测信号进行了预处理，减少了非缺陷噪声信号并提取了缺陷信号特征，然后采用神经网络方法对裂纹形状进行了重构，重构结果表明该方法具有快速、精确的优点。同时讨论了该方法的不足之处并提出了解决思路。     

基于鲁棒预白化的机械噪声信号盲分离

机械噪声故障诊断的难度在于实际检测的噪声是多个设备或零部件噪声信号的混合,信噪比低,基于二阶统计量盲源分离算法的故障噪声诊断技术,利用二阶协方差矩阵的联合对角化,从测量噪声中分离出感兴趣故障噪声进而提取特征,但该算法抗干扰噪声性能差。本文利用多个协方差矩阵平滑滤波后的矩阵进行白化,进一步提高了抗干扰噪声能力,在样本数据较少时仍能实现较好的盲源分离效果,仿真实验证实了该算法的有效性。     

强脉冲干扰非线性混叠转子故障信号分离

由于旋转机械在运行过程中,传感器测得的振动信号是各振源的混叠信号且含有很强的噪声,常规的信号处理方法难以分离混叠信号,对设备的状态监测和故障诊断造成了很大的困难。针对这一问题,介绍了盲源分离基本原理和方法,指出源分离算法在脉冲噪声环境下失效。针对强脉冲噪声环境下的混叠振动信号,首先,通过中值滤波降噪方法对振动信号进行降噪;然后,通过盲源分离算法对降噪后的信号分离;最后,利用该方法对实测混叠转子振动信号成功实现了降噪和故障信号分离。仿真结果验证了提出方法的有效性。     

基于FastICA的超声A波信号降噪研究

为便于缺陷可视化和提高缺陷定量分析精度,必须降低超声检测过程中多种未知噪声源对超声A波信号的干扰。首先将超声A波信号进行相空间重构,得到一个相空间重构矩阵;然后进行基于FastICA算法的独立分量分析;最后从独立分量中提取出所需的超声信号。为了验证降噪效果,将该降噪方法与小波去噪方法进行对比。实验结果表明:该方法与小波去噪方法效果接近,极大地提高了超声信号的信噪比。同时,该方法与小波去噪方法相比具有自适应能力强、简单且易于实现等优点。