汽车工业用粘接材料的现状与展望

本文按照汽车制造工序介绍国外汽车工业折边用胶粘剂、点焊胶接用胶粘剂、车身密封胶、车身底涂料、窗玻璃用单组份湿气固化型聚氨酯胶粘剂以及纤维增强树脂用结构胶粘剂等主要胶种的最新技术发展动向。讨论了我国汽车工业用胶粘剂的现状和差距，提出几点建议。     

国内甲醇消费市场状况

我国甲醇主要用于甲醛、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、农药、甲基叔丁基醚、醋酸的生产,我国甲醇消费量增长最快的领域将是燃料甲醇、醋酸和甲醛。预计 2005年甲醛对甲醇的需求量为 175万t左右,聚甲醛对甲醇的需求量为 40万t,醋酸需求甲醇为 62万t,甲基叔丁基醚为 46万t左右,甲胺为 30万t,碳酸二甲酯为 11万t,甲烷氯化物为 10万t,甲醇燃料为 80万t,农药为 22万t,对苯二甲酸二甲酯 3 0万t,其他衍生物 27万t。     

少烟三元乙丙橡胶材料研制

以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体材料，三氧化二锑、十溴苯醚为阻燃剂制备了材料配方，试验了三氧化二锑(Sb22O3)、十溴苯醚(DBDPO))配比对材料烟雾和力学性能的影响，测试了材料的氧指数，可见光的透过率，自熄性等。结果表明，DBDPO与EPDM的相容性比较好，Sb2O3的相容性则相对比较差，两者都可以提高材料的阻燃性能。以4045EPDM橡胶为基体材料，当EPDM100g，白炭黑10g，二硫化四甲基秋兰姆(TMTD)2g，ZnO5g，促进剂M1g，硬脂酸2g，硫磺3g，Sb2O3和DBDPO质量比为20．0／40．0，可以获得具有较好力学性能的少烟EPDM橡胶材料。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芦荟中的钙、镁含量

建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芦荟中钙、镁含量的方法。该方法的检出限量：钙为０－３μｇ／ｇ,镁为０－０２ μｇ／ｇ;平均加标回收率：钙为９９－１％ ,镁为９９－７ ％ ;相对标准偏差：钙为０－６６％ ,镁为０－５２％ 。本方法已用于芦荟鲜叶及芦荟制品中钙、镁含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

丙型肝炎病毒核心总抗原检测试剂的评价

目的评价国外丙型肝类病毒核心抗原检测试剂盒的质量以及窗口期检测核心总抗原(HCVcAgTrak-C)的意义。方法用该试剂检测8649份自然献血员及566份HCV可疑感染者血清的核心总抗原,并与抗体试剂(Anti-HCV)、游离抗原(HCVfreeAg)试剂、核酸(HCVRNA)试剂进行比较。结果筛出核心总抗原和抗体同时阳性血清152份,抗体阴性而总抗原阳性血清5份。利用RNA试剂检测这5份血清,结果HCVRNA阳性。利用HCVfreeAg试剂检测这9215份血清,发现2份阳性,其中1份为抗原和抗体同时阳性,RIBA检测确证这份血清产生的是核心区抗体。另1份为单独抗原阳性。结论在应用HCV抗体试剂对血液进行筛查的同时使用HCVcAg试剂检测,可以减少因窗口期造成的漏检。     

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Drying Using Two Industrial Concurrent and Countercurrent Rotary Dryers for Ammonium Nitrate

Drying of ammonium nitrate (AN) is accomplished in the Shiraz Petrochemical Complex (SPC) using a concurrent rotary dryer following a countercurrent rotary dryer. A mathematical model for these rotary dryers including heat and mass transfer was developed. The model was checked against industrial-scale data, which showed a good agreement. The average absolute deviation of the simulation results compared to the industrial data for the concurrent dryer was 4.0% for solids moisture, 1.3% for solids temperature, and 1.8% for air temperature and for the countercurrent dryer it was 9.0% for the solids moisture, 2.0% for solids temperature, and 4.6% for air temperature. These simulation results reveal that for outlet solid moisture, inlet AN moisture, and air temperature as well as the outlet temperature of product, the inlet solid and air temperature have major effects for both concurrent and countercurrent flow.     

含NHD废水的回收处理

对NHD溶液污染的原因进行了分析,提出了防止污染可采取的措施,重点介绍了含NHD废水的回收工艺。多年来的实际应用情况表明：含NHD废水回收装置对污染严重的NHD溶液和过滤器反冲洗含NHD废水的回收有较理想的效果,且装置流程简单、操作方便、投资少、回收率高,经济和环保效益明显。     

流感病毒在Vero细胞上的适应性

目的研究WHO指定流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上的适应性,为用Vero细胞制备流感疫苗奠定基础。方法优化不同培养基、胰酶浓度、pH值等培养病毒的条件及收毒时间,将流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上连续传代,并进行血凝效价检测及RT-PCR分析。结果在病毒维持液为F12+DMEM、pH为7.5、胰酶含量为1.5μg/ml、培养3 d收获病毒时,可获得较高的病毒血凝效价,连续传4代,病毒血凝效价降为0,RT-PCR检测结果为阴性。结论WHO推荐的流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上连续传代,病毒血凝效价逐渐降低。     

DUO-ICP-AES测定精对苯二甲酸中的钴、铬、铁、锰、钼、镍、钛

采用DUO-ICP-AES同时测定精对苯二甲酸中钴、铬、铁、锰、钼、镍、钛,并对仪器的分析线选择、背景校正、入射功率、雾化器压力、辅助气流量、冷却气流量、蠕动泵转速的影响及共存元素的干扰、硝酸铯灰化助剂等因素进行了详细的研究。方法的检测限:钴0.0097 mg/L;铬0.0021 mg/L;铁0.0078 mg/L;锰0.0012 mg/L;钼0.0027 mg/L;镍0.016 mg/L;钛0.0027 mg/L,回收率和精密度分别为93.0%～99.5%和0.37%～3.2%。该方法快速简便,具有良好的精密度和准确度,适用于进出口精对苯二甲酸的日常检验。     

冰点下降法测定注射用胸腺肽的渗透压

目的采用冰点下降法测定注射用胸腺肽的渗透压,并观察其稳定性。方法用制备的0.9%NaCl和5%葡萄糖标准溶液对渗透压摩尔测定仪进行标定后,连续测定5次注射用胸腺肽的渗透压,计算变异系数(CV),验证该方法的精密度;取20批注射用胸腺肽,每瓶分别用500 ml和125 ml 0.9%NaCl溶液及5%葡萄糖溶液稀释,测定其渗透压;将注射用胸腺肽分别置(6±2)℃放置12个月,(25±2)℃放置6个月,分别于不同时间取样,稀释后测定渗透压,观察其长期和加速稳定性。结果 5次测得的注射用胸腺肽渗透压的变异系数为0.401%。20批注射用胸腺肽的渗透压在287～347 mOsmol/kg之间,以不同体积的0.9%NaCl和5%葡萄糖稀释样品后测得的渗透压的变异系数均较小,表明样品的渗透压批间差异较小;在稀释液量相同的条件下,5%葡萄糖试验组的渗透压显著高于0.9%NaCl组(P均<0.001)。注射用胸腺肽分别于(6±2)℃下放置12个月和(25±2)℃、相对湿度(60±10)%的条件下放置6个月,其渗透压均无显著变化。结论冰点下降法操作简便、快速,精密度高,可用于注射用胸腺肽渗透压的检测。     

Effectiveness in the Removal of Organic Compounds from Municipal Landfill Leachate in Integrated Membrane Systems: Coagulation – NF/RO

The article presents the results of studies concerning the hydraulic permeability of integrated membrane systems during the treatment of municipal landfill leachate. The laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of coagulation as a pretreatment option for treating stabilized landfill leachate and effectiveness of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes. The municipal landfill leachates were analyzed for the concentration of the following: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total carbon (TC), suspended soils (SS), turbidity, pH. The commercially available coagulant – aluminum sulfate Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O (alum) was used as a coagulant. The NF process was carried out at the transmembrane pressure of 1.5 MPa. The membrane separation process was based on a thin film membrane (DK). The transmembrane pressure of the RO stood at 2 MPa and for this process one polyamide membrane (AG) was used. The level of leachate treatment was defined for raw and cleaned wastewater indicators. Both NF and RO membranes allowed obtaining the high level of pollutants removal. In the coagulation–NF system, the removal efficiency was equal to 77% for PAHs, 88% for COD, 72% for ammonium nitrogen, 80% for nitrate nitrogen, 67% for TOC, 80% for TC, 96% for SS and during the RO – 86% for PAHs, 98% for COD, 93% for ammonium nitrogen, 87% for nitrate nitrogen, 89% for TOC, 100% for TC, 98% for SS. The calculations based on the assumptions of the mathematical filtration model (relaxation) made it possible to predict the efficiency of commercial filtration membranes used for leachate treatment.     

FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR CONVECTION FROM A HELICAL COIL

A general correlating equation has been developed for all Prandtl and Dean numbers. This expression was constructed by joining the theoretical Nusselt number for a straight tube, a theoretical asymptote for the regime of creeping secondary flow, a semi-theoretical expression for the boundary layer regime and an asymptotic value of Nu for the intervening regime of flow.The arbitrary coefficients and exponents in the model were evaluated using experimental and numerically computed values. Slightly differing sets of coefficients are required for uniform wall temperature and longitudinally uniform heating with uniform peripheral wall temperature.

All prior theoretical results were for toroidal flow (zero pitch). A numerical solution was developed for helical flow (finite pitch). These results confirm the validity of neglecting pitch for tightly wound coils but suggest a generalization of the correlating equation for large pitch.     

Nanotemplated platinum fuel cell catalysts and copper–tin lithium battery anode materials for microenergy devices

Nanotemplated materials have significant potential for applications in energy conversion and storage devices due to their unique physical properties. Nanostructured materials provide additional electrode surface area beneficial for energy conversion or storage applications with short path lengths for electronic and ionic transport and thus the possibility of higher reaction rates. We report on the use of controlled growth of metal and alloy electrodeposited templated nanostructures for energy applications. Anodic aluminium oxide templates fabricated on Si for energy materials integration with electronic devices and their use for fuel cell and battery materials deposition is discussed. Nanostructured Pt anode catalysts for methanol fuel cells are shown. Templated CuSn alloy anodes that possess high capacity retention with cycling for lithium microbattery integration are also presented.     

聚合酶链式反应变性及退火温度与产物假阴性之间的关系

目的探讨聚合酶链式反应(PCR)变性及退火温度与产物假阴性之间的关系。方法以含有HBV完整基因组的重组质粒pUC-19为模板进行PCR扩增,人为改变PCR循环的变性或退火温度,探讨其与产物假阴性之间的关系。结果随着变性温度的降低和退火温度的升高,PCR扩增效率降低,产物量明显减少。当变性温度降低至85℃及85℃以下,退火温度升高至72℃时,琼脂糖凝胶电泳肉眼观察不到扩增产物。结论过低的变性温度和过高的退火温度会导致PCR产物出现假阴性。     

Oxidation characteristics of phthalic and adipic acids by supercritical water

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) was carried out in a flow-type reactor for modeling of waste-water containing phthalic or adipic acid. For each acid, the reaction order and rate constant, k, were determined over a wide range of experimental conditions : temperatures from 633.15 to 713.15 K, pressures from 18 to 29 MPa, excess amounts of hydrogen peroxide from zero to 800 percent, and the mean residence time in the reactor from 1.1 to 49.1 seconds. The concentration of both acids in model wastewater was set by 500 ppm. For phthalic acid, we found that the orders of decomposition reaction with respect to the reactant concentrations were 0.56 for phthalic acid, 0.31 for hydrogen peroxide, and 0.53 for water. For adipic acid, the orders of oxidation were 0.78 for adipic acid, 0.53 for hydrogen peroxide, and 0.74 for water. Then measured activation energy for phthalic acid was 33.08 kcal/mol and that for adipic acid was 19.51 kcal/mol, respectively.     

综合管廊中塑料管道支撑间距的确定

根据材料力学原理，结合塑料管道蠕变性能试验数据，给出了架空敷设塑料管道支撑间距的计算方法，并对硬聚氯乙烯（PVC?U）电力护套管和聚乙烯（PE）给水管的支撑间距进行计算，结果表明塑料管道满足综合管廊中架空敷设使用的要求，可为进一步研究塑料管道在水平架空敷设条件下长期性能及产品应用设计提供参考。     

浅谈尿素装置闪蒸蒸汽的节能利用

在水溶液全循环法尿素工艺中,闪蒸槽产生的0.36 MPa(绝)蒸汽用于保温伴热,多余的蒸汽外供造气。由于这部分蒸汽在使用过程中热能损失巨大,笔者探讨性地提出了将1级闪蒸得到的0.63 MPa(绝)蒸汽用于吸解系统,2级闪蒸得到的0.36 MPa(绝)蒸汽用于保温伴热和外供造气的节能改造方案;进行了1级闪蒸和2级闪蒸的模拟分析计算和解吸塔热平衡计算;分析论证了2级闪蒸槽蒸汽用气的经济性;结果表明,1级闪蒸蒸汽用于解吸系统不仅可行且经济效益显著,2级闪蒸蒸汽可以满足造气系统的使用条件。     

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND COMMERCIAL REACTORS USING THE UCKRON-I REACTION SYSTEM

A reactor model which includes axial and radial mass and heat dispersion was developed to compare the performance of laboratory and commercial reactors for the UCKRON-I reaction system. The program for the model allowed selection of either the ideal gas assumption or the real gas assumption for estimating physical properties and fugacities of each component. The two dimensional model using ideal gas assumptions gave essentially the same coolant temperature, 485.5 K, for the onset of thermal instability for commercial reactors as published values obtained using one dimensional models. Use of real gas assumptions reduced the coolant temperature at which thermal instability occurred for the commercial reactor by about 3 K. The coolant temperature at which thermal instability occurred for the laboratory reactor was about 50 K lower for both ideal and real gases assumptions.     

Viscosity prediction for fatty systems

Viscosity data have been measured as a function of temperature for two pure polyunsaturated fatty compounds (linoleic acid and trilinolein), for two multicomponent fatty systems, for a commercial-grade oleic acid (approximately 80% pure), and for canola oil. The measurements were performed in Cannon Fenske glass capillary kinematic viscometers. The contents of a large data bank, containing viscosity data for saturated, monousaturated, and polyunsaturated pure fatty substances, were correlated by an equation based on the number of carbon atoms and double bonds. By using this equation for pure compounds and the UNIMOD group contribution method for mixtures, the viscosity data for model fatty systems, commercial oleic acid, and canola oil were predicted. The good results obtained in the present work indicate that this approach can be a valuable tool for designing or evaluating chemical process equipment for the oil industry.     

国有大型企业购电模式探讨

结合参与直购电试点运行工作体会，针对直购电模式存在的问题，以及中钢集团吉林炭素股份有限公司用电状况进行介绍分析。简单地回顾了直购电模式的形成历史，从直购电的定义、其价格组成、与各方的利益关系以及直购电价格变动对用电企业外购电成本的影响四个方面对直购电模式运行情况进行了简单的阐述和分析，肯定了直购电模式运行为各方创造了综合经济效益。在直购电模式存在问题上，通过对影响用电企业外购电成本的潜在因素、政策性因素和输配电价格形成是否符合完全科学合理的讨论，认为直购电的价格并不是用电企业购进的最低、最合理的唯一电价。同时对未来国有大型企业购电模式给出几点探讨性建议。