Supply chain coordination with an option contract under vendor‐managed inventory

In this paper, we propose an option contract for a two‐echelon supply chain operating under vendor‐managed inventory (VMI). We find that the supply chain coordination and Pareto improvement can be achieved synchronously. As a comparison, a subsidy contract is introduced to coordinate the supply chain. The paper further considers the influence of a replenishment tactic on the performance of the supply chain. After introducing a replenishment tactic, the supply chain can replenish the products to satisfy unmet demand during the selling season. We further use an option contract to coordinate the supply chain, and a Pareto improvement can be gained. All our findings are numerically illustrated.     

Disruptions management of a supply chain under strategic subsidy policy for the demand-stimulating inventory

This paper introduces a game model of one manufacturer and one retailer with the demand depending on the amount of inventory displayed on the retailer’s shelf. We study coordination mechanisms of the supply chain with the two kinds of disruptions. To coordinate the channel as well as make a profit, the manufacturer needs to augment the wholesale price lever by another, i.e., an inventory-holding cost subsidy to the retailer. We show that the inventory-subsidy contract for disruption(s) situation has its rationality and limitation: from the perspective of feasibility analysis, we find that when the disrupted amount of inventory-holding cost is larger than a certain threshold value, both players can achieve win–win by using inventory-subsidy contract. Otherwise, it may be ineffective. For two-factor disruptions, there are some mutual restraints between the disrupted inventory-holding cost and the disrupted demand when the coordination mechanism is used. We also find that both disruption situations have their own robust scales, in which the manufacturer should not change the original production plan but at the expense of providing a more attractive subsidy scheme to the retailer. Interestingly, some counter-intuitive managerial insights can be observed in robust scales. For example, the market demand increases with the displayed inventory level in the setting of the demand-stimulating inventory. However, the higher the demand, the less displayed inventory level will be in the robust scale.     

Contract analysis: A performance measures and profit evaluation within two-echelon supply chains

Coordination is regarded as key in managing dependencies between distinctive members of a supply chain through the benefits of coordination mechanisms. Such coordination mechanisms are contracts, implemented to increase total supply chain profit, reduce costs and share risk among supply chain members. However, by contract implementation the retailer is constrained in his purchase by bearing the entire risk of holding the inventory (wholesale price contract) or by limited risk allocated to the supplier (buyback, revenue sharing and quantity flexibility contracts). By implementing an advanced purchase system the risk of inventory is fairly divided between the supplier and the retailer. In order to observe inventory implications on the supply chain bottom line, this article is directed towards the evaluation of performance measures and supply chain profit behavior under buyback, revenue sharing, quantity flexibility and advanced purchase discount contracts versus no coordination and wholesale price systems.     

成本分担机制下考虑品牌商誉的三级绿色供应链微分博弈

考虑产品绿色度和品牌商誉的动态性,引入价格加成系数刻画采购价格、批发价格和销售价格三者之间的关系,采用微分博弈研究由供应商、制造商和零售商组成的三级绿色供应链的投资策略与协调问题.探讨并对比分析集中决策模型、无成本分担契约的分散决策模型和有成本分担契约的分散决策模型的均衡结果,设计双边成本分担契约对供应链进行协调.研究表明:产品绿色度的最优轨迹具有两种变化趋势,由产品绿色度初始值和稳态值的大小关系决定;品牌商誉的最优轨迹具有3种变化趋势,由品牌商誉初始值和稳态值的大小关系决定;集中决策模型最优,有成本分担契约的分散决策模型对绿色供应链的帕累托改进有限,而在一定条件下,双边成本分担契约可以完全协调绿色供应链.此外,双边成本分担契约的成立条件和协调性与价格加成系数有关.     

考虑服务竞争的O2O 供应链决策与协调

O2O 模式下的双渠道供应链颠覆了传统的渠道价格竞争模式、价格协同机制和服务水平, 已成为决策的关键要素. 当供应链发生需求和服务替代系数突变时, 通过KKT条件求出不同扰动情形下制造商垂直O2O 供应链和零售商水平O2O 供应链的决策值, 然后设计了两部定价契约协调需求和服务替代系数同时扰动下的O2O 供应链. 研究表明, 两部定价契约可以协调零售商O2O 供应链, 当突变范围较大时, 作为博弈主导方的零售商将放弃加价销售,转向收取固定的转移支付.

     

On coordination under random yield and random demand

This paper analyzes coordination in a supply chain with random yield and random demand (SCRYRD). We study wholesale price, buy-back, revenue share, quantity discount and quantity flexibility contracts. We show that the randomness in the yield does not change the coordination ability of the contracts but affects the values of the contract parameters. In particular, all contracts are shown to coordinate the supply chain under voluntary compliance except the wholesale price contract. We also provide a sensitivity analysis of the optimal policy parameters to the cost and demand parameters.     

Coordinated ordering decisions for products with short lifecycle and variable selling price

The supplier–buyer coordination is an important policy in the supply chain management. The buyer in the two-echelon inventory system with regular selling season has to face the uncertainty of customer demand, supplier’s delivery time and variable price change. At the same time, the supplier has to consider the inventory holding and delay cost. The objective of this study is to develop an integrated supply chain strategy for products with short lifecycle and variable selling price to entice cooperation. The strategy must provide a win–win situation for both the supplier and the buyer. A numerical case example, sensitivity analysis and compensation mechanism are given to illustrate the model.     

The impacts of piracy and supply chain contracts on digital music channel performance

We explore the impact of piracy on digital music supply chain profitability under different contract arrangements. Consumers' piracy risk cost is divided into two cases: 1) linear piracy cost and 2) fixed piracy cost. We also analyze two contract types: 1) fixed fee contract and 2) per song contract. Our findings indicate that the magnitude of profit loss depends on the type of consumers' piracy risk cost and the type of contract. In addition, changes in consumers' piracy risk cost change the distribution of the profit between the record label and the retailer. As the investment in piracy controls increases, the retailer keeps a larger share of the profit surplus leaving the record label with a smaller share. We demonstrate that a fixed fee full transfer contract will always coordinate the supply chain, and the profitability further increases as 1) market size increases, 2) piracy risk cost increases, and 3) marginal cost decreases.     

考虑损失规避型供应商的VMI 供应链协调

给出损失规避型供应商和风险中性零售商组成的二级VMI供应链批发价格契约与协调的理论分析.主要结论是:损失规避型供应商的最优产品生产量可能小于(等于或大于)风险中性的供应商的最优产品生产量,且最优产品生产量为单位剩余产品净残值(单位缺货成本)的增函数、单位库存成本的减函数、一定条件下的单位批发价格(单位生产成本)的增函数或减函数;批发价格契约在一定条件下可使二级VMI供应链达到协调.     

Modelling and analysis of inventory replenishment for perishable agricultural products with buyer–seller collaboration

In this article, we study the inventory replenishment model for perishable agricultural products in a simple two-level supply chain. Collaborative forecasting is introduced into the inventory replenishment decisions to avoid overstocking and understocking of agricultural products, and to maximise profits. We analyse the model with ordering cost, holding cost, shortage cost, deterioration cost and opportunity lost cost of perishable agricultural products. Extensive numerical analysis is carried out to study the performance of the inventory policy. The optimal replenishment policy that minimises the total cost can be obtained from the model. It has demonstrated that the supply chain cost decreases with supplier and retailer's collaborative forecasting.     

需求不确定性对混合条件风险价值约束供应链系统的影响

运用随机占优研究风险偏好和需求不确定性对混合条件风险价值约束供应链系统的影响.证明在批发价和收益共享契约下零售商的最优订货量和利润随风险偏好系数的增加而减小;只有在零售商为风险追求型时,批发价契约才能实现供应链协调;无论零售商的风险偏好如何,收益共享契约都能实现供应链协调.在收益共享契约下,随机大需求将导致零售商获得较高的最优利润;当零售商为风险中性或风险厌恶时,其最优利润随需求可变性的增加而减少.     

Investigating imperfect process and demand effects on inspection scheduling and supply chain replenishment policy

The challenge of supply chain management (SCM) is to have a supervision in managing operations that is critical to coordinate with partners and have high quality product. Global companies are now striving to engage in production improvement and product design efficiency to provide a good support for competition in any parts of the world. Recently, the development and improved capability of production and information technology have changed the ways in which companies and manufacturers operate. With the assist of advanced production philosophy and collaborative design and manufacturing (CDM), the quality of product and manufacturing has been notably enhanced. However, a traditional single-stage inventory model considers a case in which depletion of inventory is merely caused by a constant rare. In practice, there is an inventory loss due to deterioration and imperfect production. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of stock- and warranty-dependent demand, and take the relationship among imperfect, warranty policy and inspection scheduling into consideration. An integrated two-stage production inventory deteriorating model for replenishment policy and inspection plan is developed utilizing time-weighted inventory approach. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the theory. The results show that fixed selling rate, the holding cost and the unit inspection cost are the critical factors in applying the deteriorating inventory model.     

Supply chain pricing and coordination with markdown strategy in the presence of conspicuous consumers

This paper studies the problem of supply chain pricing and coordination with markdown policy in the presence of conspicuous consumption. A two‐period pricing model is proposed to investigate the effect of conspicuous consumption on pricing decisions with markdown pricing policy for a supply chain that consists of a manufacturer and retailer. The optimal pricing strategies for the integrated supply chain and decentralized supply chain are derived respectively. Our results show that an anticipated conspicuous consumption can benefit the supply chain even though the conspicuous consumption aggravates the double marginalization effect. The conspicuous consumption can serve as a level to segment the market and can promote the supply chain revenue. In addition, our results indicate that the supply chain can benefit from rationing. We also introduce a revenue‐sharing contract and prove that it can be applied to coordinate the supply chain with conspicuous consumption. An interval of the revenue‐sharing rate for coordinating with the supply chain can be coordinated without any additional transfer payment being provided.     

考虑公平关切的服务供应链协调契约

针对服务集成商公平关切行为, 建立了服务提供商和服务集成商的博弈模型, 分析论证了批发价契约无法实现服务供应链协调的问题, 探讨了“成本共担+收入共享” 组合式契约协调的有效性. 研究结果表明, 成本共担契约和收入共享契约都无法实现服务供应链的协调, 而组合式契约不仅能有效协调服务供应链, 且协调具有一定柔性, 但随着服务集成商公平关切程度的增加, 服务提供商与服务集成商的协调空间变小, 协调柔性减弱, 且对服务提供商更不利.     

Optimal pricing and lot-sizing for perishable inventory with price and time dependent ramp-type demand

Product perishability is an important aspect of inventory control. To minimise the effect of deterioration, retailers in supermarkets, departmental store managers, etc. always want higher inventory depletion rate. In this article, we propose a dynamic pre- and post-deterioration cumulative discount policy to enhance inventory depletion rate resulting low volume of deterioration cost, holding cost and hence higher profit. It is assumed that demand is a price and time dependent ramp-type function and the product starts to deteriorate after certain amount of time. Unlike the conventional inventory models with pricing strategies, which are restricted to a fixed number of price changes and to a fixed cycle length, we allow the number of price changes before as well as after the start of deterioration and the replenishment cycle length to be the decision variables. Before start of deterioration, discounts on unit selling price are provided cumulatively in successive pricing cycles. After the start of deterioration, discounts on reduced unit selling price are also provided in a cumulative way. A mathematical model is developed and the existence of the optimal solution is verified. A numerical example is presented, which indicates that under the cumulative effect of price discounting, dynamic pricing policy outperforms static pricing strategy. Sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out.     

On continuous review stochastic (s, S) inventory systems with ordering delays

In this paper a continuous review (s, S) inventory system with ordering delays is considered. Demands for the item arrive according to a Poisson process. When the inventory level drops to s, the order is triggered. However, due to an unavoidable delay, the order is actually placed after a random amount of time. Once the order is placed, it is instantaneously delivered bringing the inventory level back to S. Under a cost structure which includes a setup cost, a holding cost and a penalty cost, an expression for the expected cost per unit time for given control values is obtained. Then some properties of the cost functions are developed to characterize the optimal policy. Based on these properties, an efficient search procedure to find the optimal (s, S) policy is presented.     

考虑产品运输过程碳排放的供应链契约协调

考虑由制造商、第三方物流供应商和零售商组成的三级绿色供应链,其中制造商负责生产绿色产品,并通过专业第三方物流将其供应给零售商,零售商将这些产品销售给终端消费者。在产品绿色度和碳排放量同时对供应链的产品需求产生影响的基础上,考虑绿色成本共担合同和碳减排成本共担合同两种契约协调机制,采用Stackelberg博弈,研究这两种情形下供应链的最优决策。研究结果表明,引入绿色制造成本共担契约后,产品的绿色度会得到提高,物流运输过程中的碳排放量不变。引入碳减排成本共担契约后,产品的绿色度保持不变,但是碳排放量显著降低;两种合同都可以提高所有成员的利润,有效地协调供应链。     

制造商主导型双渠道供应链协调决策模型

以制造商主导型供应链为研究对象, 分析双渠道供应链协调策略问题. 引入双渠道价格敏感系数和竞争系数两个变量, 分别建立双渠道供应链集中决策、分散决策和协调决策的3 种模型. 研究结果表明, 不同合同策略协调后, 零售商和供应链整体收益增加; 经两部定价和批发价格合同协调, 零售商需要支付固定费用给制造商才能够达到协调, 而经Shapley 值法分配合同协调, 则双渠道供应链可直接达到协调效果.

     

不同碳排放政策下基于回购合同的供应链协调策略

碳排放政策给企业运营和供应链管理带来了新的挑战,使供应链上企业的管理决策更加复杂。考虑由一个供应商与一个制造商组成的二级供应链,研究不同碳排放政策(碳税、限额、限额与交易)下基于回购合同的供应链协调问题,并与无碳排放约束的情形进行比较。研究结果表明,在不同碳排放政策下,回购合同均能实现供应链协调,无碳排放约束、碳限额与交易和碳限额政策下制造商的最优订货量依次减小,而供应商给出的回购价格依次提高。     

考虑风险容忍度的双渠道绿色供应链运营决策及协调研究

针对双渠道绿色供应链,在考虑各方不同风险容忍度的基础上,构建以制造商为主导的供应链博弈模型,利用均值方差法分析集中式决策和批发价格契约下参与方的运营决策和期望利润,并设计协调契约.研究发现:在批发价格契约下,产品绿色度与制造商风险容忍度正相关,与零售商风险容忍度无关;最优零售价格均与双方风险容忍度正相关,且线上价格基准系数与直销价格负相关,与零售价格正相关;当绿色产品对消费者需求影响较大时,零售商的期望利润与制造商风险容忍度正相关.带有转移支付的反向收益共享与成本分担组合契约可实现双渠道绿色供应链的协调.