大锻件内部空洞热锻闭合的Z-C判据及其应用

大锻件内部空洞闭合是一个多尺度问题.基于细观塑性理论和体胞模型,推导出大锻件内部空洞的体积演化方程,通过分析空洞闭合的力学条件,建立大锻件高温成形过程中内部空洞闭合的Z-C判据.Z-C判据对人们熟知的定性结论能够从理论上给出定量解释,发现硬化指数、远场应力三轴度和等效应变对空洞闭合均有重要影响,并揭示出影响规律.数值模拟研究表明,运用Z-C判据和CAE技术不仅可以判断空洞是否闭合,而且可以模拟空洞的体积变化过程,揭示空洞演化规律.Z-C判据为大锻件锻造工艺的优化设计提供了一条新途径.     

大型锻件内部空洞缺陷修复的力学条件

介绍了大型锻件内部缺陷修复条件研究的现状,针对钢锭内部空洞缺陷的尺寸远远小于本身尺寸的特点,依据圣维南原理,将各种空洞缺陷的形状假设为数学上可处理的椭球形。由于大型锻件的锻造是在高温下进行的,材料具有粘性流动的特征。在上述分析假设的基础上,对于线性粘性材料模型,利用损伤力学中远场应力与物体内部微观损伤的力学关系,得到了锻造过程中外载荷与内部空洞体积变化的解析式,进而得到了空洞缺陷闭合的修复条件。条件表明应力状态影响空洞的闭合方式,三向压应力是修复空洞缺陷的最佳应力状态。该条件可直接根据锻造水压机的在线载荷与压下量计算锻件内部空洞缺陷的修复情况。不同边界应力状态下的试验表明,计算结果与试验结果接近。     

大型锻件锻合内部空洞性缺陷及优化工艺规程的研究

由大钢锭锻成的大型锻件,内部空洞性缺陷在周围基体压应变作用下,变形而闭合,在105℃以上焊合。坯料拔长过程的应变分布和砧宽比及压下量相关,合理选择工艺参数和操作程序,优化工艺规程,使钢锭内部有均匀足够的变形量,可以锻合全部空洞性缺陷,获得密实高质的大型锻件。     

大型锻件锻造拔长新工艺

在分析现有镦粗、拔长变形工序中难变形区对大型锻件锻造过程变形分布和应力状态影响的基础上,提出一种新的拔长工艺——凹面砧拔长。借助数值模拟方法和物理模拟方法比较了普通平砧与凹面平砧、普通V砧与凹面V砧拔长过程中大型锻件内部的等效应变、静水应力和空洞缺陷的闭合情况。结果表明,对应力状态而言,在变形量相同的情况下,对于凹面平砧锻造(CFAF)工艺,静水应力提高近30%,对于凹面V砧锻造（CVAF）工艺,静水应力提高近50%。对变形而言,静水应力相同情况下,CFAF工艺减少压下量33.5%;CVAF减少压下量26.5%。对空洞缺陷而言,凹面砧拔长空洞变形后的椭圆度较普通拔长小10%以上。与其他特殊拔长方法比较,凹面砧拔长有操作方便,附具简单的优点。     

大锻件控性锻造过程的计算机模拟技术

提出能够模拟大锻件空洞型缺陷演化和微观组织演变等控性指标的数值模拟方法。基于典型体元模型建立空洞体积变化与宏观应力应变场关系的数学模型,以图从多尺度角度揭示宏观的塑性变形及其应力状态对随机分布的微小空洞的体积变化影响规律。将该模型与有限元法集成,当锻件内任意一点有空洞型缺陷(给定缺陷体积百分比)时,能够模拟得到成形过程中空洞型缺陷的体积变化,从而可被用来评估含缩孔缩松缺陷材料的压实状态。采用元胞自动机方法建立一种转子钢的微观组织演变模拟方法,根据"应变—位错密度—动态再结晶—流动应力"之间的宏微观相互影响规律,模拟出动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和完成分数。将这些模型与热力耦合有限元法相结合,构造大锻件控性锻造过程的数值模拟技术。根据大锻件增量成形的变形特点开发基于刚性区自由度凝聚技术的快速有限元法,从而为大锻件成形的工艺优化提供有效的计算工具。     

大型锻件内部缺陷演变行为的跨尺度模拟方法

针对大型锻件内部缺陷,提出了一种跨尺度模拟计算方法,即体胞模型法。以孔洞缺陷为例,论述了该方法的原理及应用思路。利用该方法对某锻件的孔洞缺陷演变行为进行了模拟计算,分析了孔洞缺陷的演变规律及其周围应变分布情况,并进行了人工预制孔洞的铅块变形实验。研究结果表明,孔洞随锻件变形程度增加而逐渐趋向闭合,其闭合程度与锻件应变分布情况有关;物理实验与数值模拟结果吻合度较高,体胞模型法的模拟计算较为准确;体胞模型法能够较好地解决大型锻件成形过程中内部缺陷的跨尺度数值模拟问题。     

大型钢锭内部空洞性缺陷锻合过程的实验研究

本文采用均匀压缩热钢模拟实验,研究了内部空洞在锻合过程中受应力应变的影响,提出空洞沿最大压应变方向闭合,并经由变形→压合→扩散焊合三个阶段得以消除的机制。对坯料内部三维变形条件下对称面上应变分布的实验测量与计算结果,发现在平砧拔长条件下,应变峰值随砧宽比变化而移动的规律,以及在连续锻造过程中,两砧交界处的坯料中心存在小变形区的现象。     

特大型零件热态成形制造技术基础研究

在中国国家自然科学基金重点项目《特大件成形制造技术基础研究》、国家科技支撑计划课题《大型轧机共性技术》、国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)前期研究专项《大型零件热态成形制造虚拟技术基础研究》,以及中国河北省科技攻关项目《大型轧机共性技术》和《特大件成形制造技术基础研究》共同资助下,以大型锻钢轧辊(辊身直径超过1 000 mm或质量大于100 t)为对象,通过宏观 微观强耦合建模,解决铸造缺陷信息遗传、孔洞锻合条件、形变焊合条件、材料断裂准则构建,以及热 力 微观组织耦合建模等关键技术问题,建立以淬硬层深度数值预测技术为核心的热处理工艺分析与优化系统,提出基于非均质轧辊辊间接触力学模型的轧辊强度设计方法,构建起大型锻钢轧辊热态成形制造与服役评估的多学科耦合决策支持理论体系,提出理论研究报告。针对缩孔和气孔等大型铸钢锭铸造中的孔洞缺陷控制,以大锻件内部孔洞锻造闭合过程为科学问题,以大锻件内部有效锻合区域数值预测为目标,将有限元方法与人工神经网络技术相结合,利用神经网络的非线性映射能力,描述材料变形抗力、温度、应力应变与孔洞闭合程度之间的复杂关系,将孔洞锻合过程有限元模拟结果作为神经网络训练样本,建立起温度、应力和变形等多场耦合作用下的孔洞锻合条件模型(VCCM)。针对孔洞形变焊合机理与物理模拟模型一致性问题,以消除大锻件心部残留微孔隙,实现物理闭合状态下的锻合孔洞缺陷的真正冶金结合为目标,基于临界闭合孔洞界面接触力学原型和原子高温扩散理论,以界面接触应变和高温环境作为孔洞焊合的驱动力,利用高温和大变形对闭合孔洞界面扩散焊合的有利影响,提出适用于大锻件在锻造成形阶段的内部孔洞缺陷形变的形变焊合方法,通过物理模拟实     

大型锻件锻造新中心压实法及工艺参数研究

针对现有大锻件中心压实(Japan-Tefeno-Shikano,JTS)法工艺操作复杂且对设备吨位要求过大的缺点,提出一种新的大锻件中心压实方法——NJTS(New-Japan-Tefeno-Shikano)法,设计可用于生产的工装,在锻坯上、下、左、右四个方向同时施压。利用数值模拟与物理模拟方法,以在心部预置空洞的坯料为研究对象,对新中心压实法锻造工艺进行研究。结果表明,新中心压实法能在整个横截面上形成大的静水压力,在心部有最大的变形。对相对压下量、砧宽比和侧压角等主要工艺参数进行优选,在砧宽比为1、侧压角为10°时,NJTS法的锻造效果最好,空洞的体积变化率、周围的等效应变和应力三轴度最佳;单向压实时相对压下量为18%～20%,双向压实时相对压下量为8%～9%,都可锻合内部空洞。试验表明:物理模拟与数值模拟结果基本一致。     

锻件内部脆性夹杂物边界裂纹锻合的应力条件

大型锻件内部脆性夹杂物边界裂纹是影响大型锻件疲劳寿命与冲击性能的主要缺陷。热锻变形过程中,脆性夹杂物周围区域的应力场是影响边界裂纹闭合的主要因素之一。为研究应力场的影响,给出平均相对球应力的定义及其数学表达式,并借助数值模拟研究不同应力场的平均相对球应力对脆性夹杂物边界裂纹的影响。结果表明,只有当脆性夹杂物周围区域的应力场的平均相对球应力代数值小于其临界值,并产生一定大小的变形量,才能使脆性夹杂物边界处的原生裂纹锻合。利用专门设计的试件和型砧,在Gleeble-3180热模拟试验机上进行热压缩变形试验,扫描电镜上观察压缩后试件内部脆性夹杂物边界裂纹的情况。试验结果支持数值模拟结果。     

Shear deformation of voids with contact modelled by internal pressure

The behaviour of voids in a ductile material subject to simple shear or to a shear-dominated stress state is analyzed numerically. Here the stress triaxiality is so low that instead of void volume growth to coalescence there is void closure leading to micro-cracks that rotate in the shear field. At some stage of the deformation, the void surfaces will come in contact so that sliding with or without friction will start to occur. To avoid problems with strong mesh distortion in the large strain field around the deforming void and with mesh resolution at the tip of the crack, an internal pressure is applied as an approximate representation of void surfaces pressed together in frictionless sliding, and also remeshing is applied. This micromechanical model for a strain hardening elastic–plastic material shows that a maximum overall shear stress is reached, at which localization of plastic flow occurs, leading to final failure in the material.     

Influence of porosity on cavitation instability predictions for elastic–plastic solids

Cavitation instabilities have been found for a single void in a ductile metal stressed under high triaxiality conditions. Here, the possibility of unstable cavity growth is studied for a metal containing many voids. The central cavity is discretely represented, while the surrounding voids are represented by a porous ductile material model in terms of a field quantity that specifies the variation of the void volume fraction in the surrounding metal. As the central void grows, the surrounding void volume fractions increase in nonuniform fields, where the strains grow very large near the void surface, while the high stress levels are reached at some distance from the void, and the interaction of these stress and strain fields determines the porosity evolution. In some cases analysed, the porosity is present initially in the metal matrix, while in other cases voids nucleate gradually during the deformation process. It is found that interaction with the neighbouring voids reduces the critical stress for unstable cavity growth.     

Study of void closure in hot radial forging process using 3D nonlinear finite element analysis

Hot radial forging is used to reduce porosity and increase strength for large-diameter billets. The goal of this research is to study void closure behavior in the hot radial forging process. A nonlinear coupled finite element model is developed to investigate the deformation mechanism of internal void defects during the hot radial forging process. The model is formulated in a three-dimensional frame and a viscoplastic material model has been used to describe the material behavior subjected to large deformation and high temperature. A global–local technique is employed to obtain accurate solutions around the void region. The effects of void location, mandrel, die shape, and the reduction of the tube thickness on the final void reduction are systematically investigated. The predicted reductions for central longitudinal voids in hot upsetting and hot rolling processes are in good agreement with experimental findings. The simulation results provide a valuable procedure for the design of porosity reduction during the hot radial forging process.     

大型饼类锻件预镦粗工序的数值模拟研究

为了解决镦粗变形缺陷,将饼类锻件的预镦粗工序分为锥台砧镦粗和平砧端面整平两个阶段,利用DEFORM-3D计算平台建立锻造过程的有限元模型并进行仿真分析;分别从锻件内部的应力场和应变场等方面研究了锥台砧锥角和压下率对镦粗过程的影响,平砧旋转锻造方式和下砧砧形对端面整平过程的影响,以获得合理的预镦粗锻造工艺参数,指导实际生产过程.     

铝合金锻件残余应力和变形关系分析探讨

铝合金锻件在锻造、切削、热处理等加工过程会产生残余应力,当金属内部残余应力平衡时,金属组织性能较高,当金属内部残余应力失衡时,金属内应力发生释放产生变形现象,金属组织性能将有所下降。本文以变形铝合金锻件为研究对象,对残余应力和变形之间的关系分析,并提出预防措施和消除变形的方法。     

Prediction of void closure in a slab during various deformation processes

Voids in a slab need to be closed by plastic deformation during rolling or forging processes. However, the progress of the void closure differs for the location of a void since the stress distribution in the slab is inhomogeneous. In the present investigation, the voids were assumed to be cylindrical and aligned in the thickness direction, and the void closure at any location was attempted to be predicted during the plane-strain compression in the width direction. A series of finite element analyses were performed, and as a result relations among principal strains, minor axis and aspect ratio of the cross section of a void were obtained with which the prediction of the void closure became possible. Applications of these relations to forging and rolling processes were successfully performed.