Die wall lubricated warm compaction behavior of non-lubricant admixed iron powder

The phenomena of die wall lubricated warm compaction of non-lubricant admixed iron powders were researched, and its mechanism of densification was discussed. Water atomized powder obtained from the Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation was used. With compacting and sintering, compared with cold compaction, the density of warm compacted samples increases by 0.07 - 0. 22 g/cm^3 at the same pressed pressure. The maximum achievable green density of warm compacted samples is 7.12 g/cm^3 at 120℃, and the maximum sintered density is 7.18 g/cm^3 at 80℃. Compared with cold compaction, the ejection force of warm compaction is smaller; the maximum discrep- ancy is about 7 kN. The warm compacted mechanism of densification of iron powders can be obtained： heating the powder contributes to improving plastic deformation of powder particles, and accelerating the mutual filling and rearrangement of powder particles.     

Densification mechanism of warm compaction and powder mixture designing rules

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Study on mechanical properties of warm compacted iron-base materials

Mechanical properties of the warm compacted iron-base powder metallurgy materials were compared with those of conventional cold compacted materials. Factors such as compaction temperature, lubricant concentration and lubricant′s property were studied. A lubricant for warm compaction powder metallurgy was developed. An iron-based powder metallurgy material with a green density of 7.31 g/cm3 (a relative density of 92.5%) can be obtained by pressing the powder at 700 MPa and 175 ℃. The sintered materials have a density of 7.2 g/cm3, an elongation of 2.1% and a tensile strength of 751 MPa compared to 546 MPa using conventional cold compaction with the same lubricant and 655 MPa using warm compaction with other lubricant. Compact density and mechanical properties were influenced strongly by the compacting temperature. Although the best quality compacts can be obtained at 175 ℃, warm compaction within 165 to 185 ℃ can give high density compacts. Evidence shows that compact density depends on the friction coefficient of the lubricant.     

Phenomenological Modeling of Warm Compaction and Experimental Verification

A phenomenological modeling approach to establishing the warm compaction equation and curves by modifying the regression equation of the room-temperature compaction curve is presented. An enhanced factor of compacting pressure is introduced into the equation in order to reveal the effects of powder/die temperature and filling height of powders on green density. Compaction curves yielded from this equation are consistent with the experimental data of ATOMET grade iron powders. The curves show that the powder/die temperature should reduce as the filling heights of powders increase and that in some cases warm compaction can not give rise to a higher green density.     

Possibility of utilizing water-atomized Fe-Ni-Mo steel powder as base materials for warm compaction process

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Key parameters for low temperature warm compaction of high density iron-based P/M materials

In order to reduce powder temperature to lower than 100℃ in warm compaction by changing polymer lubricant design, powder flowability, warm compacting behavior, lubricating mode as well as ultimate tensile strength after sinter-hardening and tempering were investigated systematically. By means of low temperature warm pressing and sintered hardening technique, samples with the sintered densities of 7.40 - 7.45 g/cm^3 and the strengths of 950 -1 390 MPa are achieved as the early compacting pressure is 686 - 735 MPa.     

Warm compaction process of P/M Steels by orthogonal testing method

In order to achieve higher density of P/M steels using the die wall lubrication compacting method or powder lubricant in warm compaction process, the influence of different process parameters on the green density of warm compacted samples was studied. According to the orthogonal test method, the authors systematically study the influence of the different compaction pressure, condition of lubrication and compaction temperature on the green density of the sample in the warm compaction process, and put forward the optimal process parameter of warm compaction experiment. It is found that, a high compaction pressure （≥700 MPa）, die wall lubrication combined with a small amount of internal lubricants, and fitting compaction temperature by different condition of lubrication, are the optimal parameters in warm compaction process.     

粉末冶金皮带轮模压致密化成型的数值模拟

编写Fortran程序将粉体材料本构模型写入有限元分析系统,模拟铁粉压缩致密化过程,将预测的载荷位移曲线与实测结果对比,验证粉体材料本构模型的有效性。基于验证的本构模型,模拟分析粉末冶金皮带轮的模压致密化成型过程,预测压坯各部位的相对密度分布。通过补偿压坯低密度区的装粉量,有效提高和改善了压坯的密度和密度分布。实践表明优化后的压制工艺可压制出合格的粉末冶金皮带轮压坯,为此类粉末冶金零件的模压成型设计提供参考。       

Effects of warm compaction on mechanical properties of sintered P/M steels

The green and sintered densities,and tensile strength of sintered P/M steels produced by cold compaction,warm compaction,warm compaction combined with die wall lubrication(DWL)were measured under various compaction pressures using polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)emulsion as the die wall lubricant.The effects of warm compaction on the mechanical properties were studied.The tensile fracture behaviors of cold compaction and warm compaction were studied using scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results show that the density of sintered P/M steel prepared by warm compaction or warm compaction with DWL is higher than that by cold compaction under all compaction pressures.Meanwhile,the highest tensile strength is obtained by combination of warm compaction and die wall lubrication under all compaction pressures.The SEM results show that the fracture modes of the sintered samples prepared by cold compaction and warm compaction at 700 MPa are the mixed mode of ductile fracture and brittle fracture,and obvious dimples can be found in some regions.The fracture of sample prepared by cold compaction is uneven and has irregular and big pores,but that by warm compaction is relatively even and the pores are round mostly,and the samples have many obvious dimples on the whole fracture surface.     

The Low-Voltage Electromagnetic Compaction of Powder Materials

The low-voltage-electromagnetic forming was applied to powder compaction,A series of experiments was performed to compact aluminum,copper and tin powders in an indierect working way ,Haing compacted high-density powder parts successfully ,the authors analyzed the the effects of voltage,capacitance ,friction,compaction times,powder size and other factors on the densitis of compacted specimens,The experimental results show that lower voltage but larger capacitance are benficial to increasing the density and homogeneity of the compacted specimens,if the loading velocity and discarging energy are suitable,The higher the voltage,the greater the percentage of energy consumed by friction ,If the equipment energy is liminted,the iterative compction is an efficinet way to manufacture homogeneous and high-density powder parts.     

Fine grain tungsten produced with nanoscale powder

Nanoscale tungsten powder was prepared by reducing nanoscale tungsten trioxide in hydrogen to WO2.90 and further to W powder. After compacted with a rubber die, the nanoscale tungsten powder was sintered in a high-temperature dilatometer to investigate its shrinkage process. The results show that the compact of the nanoscale tungsten powder starts to shrink at 1050℃ and ends at 1500℃. The shrinkage rate reaches the maximum value at 1210℃. The relative density of sintered samples is 96.4%, and its grain size is about 5.8μm.     

Deformation characteristic of aluminum sheet/powders/aluminum sheet sandwich rolling process

Using high aluminum refractory material as substrate at 1 400 ~C, we studied the connections between several oxides such as Fe203, MnO2, CuO, and the formation of defects such as coating crack, exfoliation, blistering, erosion, and fading away appeared in the application of high temperature infrared radiation coating. Analyses showed that thermal stress formed during the heating process due to the thermal expansion coefficient differential between the coating and the substrate, and volume effect caused by the crystal transferred when the temperature changed, which resulted in the coating crack and exfoliation. The gas produced by the reactions between components and binder or the components themselves during the heating process caused the coating blistering. The EMPA and XRD analyses show that oxides with low melting point in the penetrating area of the substrate may form eutectic with low melting point and produced thermal defects, which leads to the erosion by penetrating to the substrate. The valent changes of Fe203 and MnO2 during the heating process cause the volatilization of the oxides or the pulverization of the coatings, resulting in the coating fades away easily at high temperature for a long time.     

Low-voltage Electromagnetic Compaction of Metal and Ceramic Powders

Low-voltage electromagnetic compaction （EMC） was used to compact metal powders （Cu） and ceramic powders （TiO2） in the indirect way. It was found that the density of the metal powder parts compacted by low-voltage EMC varied linearly with the discharging voltage in the range investigated. But for ceramic powders, the discharging voltage has an optimal value. Under the value, the density increases as discharging voltage rises, but beyond the value the trend is reverse. The experimental results show that the density of the metal parts decreases gradually along press direction. And the density of the ceramic parts decreases with the advancement of the aspect ratio h/d （height/diameter）. In addition, repetitive compaction can improve the density of both metal and ceramic parts and reduce the effects of aspect ratio on the density.     

超细CuSn20合金粉末的烧结及性能研究

以机械混合法和雾化法制备的CuSn20合金粉末为研究对象,分别利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和布氏硬度计对冷压成形并在750℃烧结的样品进行了显微组织、物相组成和硬度的观察与测量;分析了粉末制备方法、冷压和烧结工艺对烧结试样组织和性能的影响。结果表明,以雾化法制备的超细CuSn20合金粉末为原料,进行30MPa模压成形、750℃瞬时烧结,可获得均匀、致密的微观组织,试样的主相为α-Cu固溶体,复压后硬度达到124.73HBS。     

合成高活性Y2O3和Al2O3超细粉及Nd：YAG透明陶瓷

分别以Y（NO3）3和氨水、NH4Al（SO4）2.12H2O和碳酸氢铵为原料,采用化学沉淀法与碳酸铝铵分解法合成了高活性、平均粒径分别为39 nm和95 nm的Y2O3和Al2O3超细粉体.以Y2O3,Al2O3超细粉和商用Nd2O3粉体为原料,采用固相反应法,经1 700℃真空烧结15 h,制备了Nd：YAG透明陶瓷.含x（Nd）=1%的YAG陶瓷在可见光区最大透光率约为53%.对YAG陶瓷的烧结过程和显微组织研究表明,Nd的引入明显地促进了陶瓷的烧结,同时晶粒得到细化.     

原料合金化及烧结方式对NiTi合金性能的影响

镍钛形状记忆合金因具有优良的形状记忆效应、超弹性和良好的生物相容性而被广泛地运用于各个领域。本文研究原料粉末合金化及烧结方式对烧结体结构和性能的影响,分别以金属镍/钛混合粉及镍钛合金粉为原料,通过凝胶注模成形得到生坯,再以不同的烧结方式获得NiTi合金,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等设备,对原料粉末及烧结体的结构和性能进行分析。结果表明:相对于镍钛混合粉,以NiTi合金粉为原料制备出的NiTi合金组织中NiTi相含量更多;采用热等静压方法在1 050 ℃、9 MPa气压值的条件下,烧结4 h,制备出致密度达到91.5%、密度为5.9 g/cm3的合金,比真空烧结制备出的合金的密度值高出约0.5 g/cm3;同时热等静压烧结出合金的平均硬度值为226.2 HV,比真空烧结出合金硬度高出约33.6 HV。采热等静压的烧结方式能促进烧结过程中合金的致密化,大幅度提高凝胶注模成形制备NiTi合金的密度。     

单分散ZrO_2─Y_2O_3超细粉体的成型和致密化研究

超细粉体成型和致密化困难是制备纳米单分散陶瓷亟待解决的难题。本研究采用两次造粒、高压成型、在１０００～１２００℃范围内多次保温的新烧结工艺解决这一难题。实验表明：两次造粒可基本解决超细微粒成型困难的问题，多次保温的新烧结工艺是解决超细微粒致密化困难的有效措施之一。     

熔融法制备金矿尾砂微晶玻璃及性能测试

以金矿尾砂、方解石为主要原料,添加其它所需原料为硼砂、ZnO、Cr2O3、Sb2O3等,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃.利用硅碳棒炉在1 300℃~1 350℃下保温4h熔制玻璃,熔好的玻璃液浇注在事先预热的不锈钢模具上,成形后放入马弗炉在600℃保温1h退火处理,对玻璃试样热处理得到微晶玻璃样品.采用TG-DSC差热分析仪测定基础玻璃的DSC曲线,确定金矿尾砂微晶玻璃较佳的热处理工艺为:800℃保温2h进行核化处理,890℃保温3h进行晶化处理.通过XRD、SEM等分析手段对试样的物相及微观结构进行了分析,测定制得微晶玻璃的抗折强度、热膨胀系数、体积密度等性能.结果表明:制得金矿尾砂微晶玻璃的主晶相为:辉石和透辉石固溶体,样品的热膨胀系数为69.5×10-7/℃,抗折强度为119.2MPa,体积密度为2.81g/cm3.     

烧结温度对不锈钢（316L)致密性及强度的影响

以不锈钢粉为原料,经１００ＭＰａ冷成型于空气中以不同温度烧结,通过测定其相对密度,线收缩率和抗弯强度、研究温度对材料致密化和强度的影响,结果表明：烧结温度升谪,相对密度和抗弯强度增加,温度超过１２００℃时两者的增加趋于平缓。     

Rapid Sintering of Alumina in Low Pressure RF Plasma

PlasmashowsmanypeculiarPrOPertiesforspecimenheating.Manyparaxneters,suchasgeneratingmethods,workingpressure,andgasspeciesofplasmaaffectheatingcharacteristicstospecimens.TheplasmasinteringofoxideceramicswasexaminedtOhavethecharacteristicsofrapidheatin...