Adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from tobacco residues: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics

This study consists of producing high surface area activated carbon from tobacco residues by chemical activation and its behavior of phenol removal from aqueous solutions. K(2)CO(3) and KOH were used as chemical activation agents and three impregnation ratios (50, 75 and 100 wt.%) were applied on biomass. Maximum BET surface areas of activated carbons were obtained from impregnation with 75 wt.% of K(2)CO(3) and 75 wt.% of KOH as 1635 and 1474 m(2)/g, respectively. Optimum adsorption conditions were determined as a function of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial phenol concentration, contact time and temperature of solution for phenol removal. To describe the equilibrium isotherms the experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Temkin isotherm models. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to find out the kinetic parameters and mechanism of adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated for predicting the nature of adsorption. According to the experimental results, activated carbon prepared from tobacco residue seems to be an effective, low-cost and alternative adsorbent precursor for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.     

吐温-60对钢在H2SO4中的缓蚀性能

用失重法研究了非离子表面活性剂吐温-60对冷轧钢在0.5-7.0 mol/L H2SO4溶液中的缓蚀作用。结果表明：吐温-60对冷轧钢在1.0 mol/L H2SO4溶液中具有良好的缓蚀作用,且在钢表面的吸附符合校正的Langmuir吸附模型。缓蚀率随缓蚀剂浓度的增加而增大,但随温度和硫酸浓度的增加而减小。求出了相应的吸附热力学（吸附自由能ΔG^0, 吸附焓ΔH^0, 吸附熵ΔS^0）和动力学参数（腐蚀速率常数k, 腐蚀动力学常数B）,并根据这些参数讨论了缓蚀作用机理。     

Removal of 1-naphthylamine from aqueous solution by multiwall carbon nanotubes/iron oxides/cyclodextrin composite

The adsorption of 1-naphthylamine on multiwall carbon nanotubes/iron oxides/β-cyclodextrin composite (denoted by MWCNTs/iron oxides/CD) prepared by using plasma-induced grafting technique was investigated by batch technique under ambient conditions. The effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent content, temperature and initial 1-naphthylamine concentration, on 1-naphthylamine adsorption to MWCNTs/iron oxides/CD was examined. The adsorption of 1-naphthylamine on MWCNTs/iron oxides/CD was dependent on pH, adsorbent content, and temperature. The 1-napthylamien was adsorbed rapidly at the first 50h, and thereafter attained the adsorption saturation at 80h. The adsorption kinetic data were well described by the pseuso-second-order rate model. The adsorption isotherms were fitted by the Langmuir model better than by the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity of 1-naphthylamine was 200.0mg/g. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters of standard enthalpy (ΔH(0)), standard entropy changes (ΔS(0)), and standard free energy (ΔG(0)) were calculated from temperature dependent adsorption isotherms. The values of ΔH(0) and ΔG(0) suggested that the adsorption of 1-naphthylamine on MWCNTs/iron oxides/CD was endothermic and spontaneous. The electron-donor-acceptor interaction, Hydrophobic interaction, and Lewis acid-base interaction may play an important role in 1-naphthylamine adsorption. The results show that MWCNTs/iron oxides/CD is a promising magnetic nanomaterial for the preconcentration and separation of organic pollutants from aqueous solutions in environmental pollution cleanup.     

Removal of tiemonium methylsulfate,from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from date stones

The retention of a pharmaceutical compound, tiemonium methylsulfate (TIM), from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from date stones (AC–DS) was investigated. Physical and chemical characteristics of this material were also determined. Results showed that pH 8 was optimal for TIM adsorption. Among the kinetic models considered, the pseudo-second-order model was the most appropriate to describe experimental data. Regarding adsorption isotherms, it was shown that the Sips model accurately describe the sorption of TIM onto AC–DS with a correlation factor R²?>?0.98. The adsorption capacity of AC–DS was found to be 42.2?mg?g^?1 at 10°C and 60.5?mg?g^?1 at 25°C, confirming its efficiency for the removal of this compound from aqueous solutions. The values of ΔG⁰ and ΔH⁰ confirmed that the adsorption of TIM onto AC–DS was spontaneous and endothermic in nature and hence more effective at high temperatures. An irregular increase in the randomness was suggested at the AC–DS solution interface during the adsorption process for positive values of ΔS⁰.     

Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry effluent by steam activated and sulphurised activated carbons prepared from bagasse pith: kinetics and equilibrium studies

The adsorption of mercury from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry effluent on steam activated and sulphurised steam activated carbons prepared from bagasse pith have been studied comparatively. The uptake of mercury(II) (Hg(II)) was maximum by steam activated carbon in presence of SO(2) and H(2)S (SA-SO(2)-H(2)S-C) followed by steam activated carbon in presence of SO(2) (SA-SO(2)-C), steam activated carbon in presence of H(2)S (SA-H(2)S-C) and steam activated carbon (SA-C) at the same concentration, pH and temperature of the solution. Adsorption experiments demonstrate that the adsorption process corresponds to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and equilibrium results correspond to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Kinetic parameters as a function of initial concentration, for all adsorbents were calculated. Batch studies indicated that the optimum pH range for the adsorption of Hg(II) on sulphurised carbons was between 4 and 9 and for sulphur free carbon was between 6 and 9 at 30 degrees C. The adsorptive behaviour of the activated carbons is explained on the basis of their chemical nature and porous texture. Decrease in ionic strength and increase in temperature of the solution has been found to improve the uptake of Hg(II). Synthetic and chlor-alkali industrial wastewaters were also treated by sulphurised activated carbons to demonstrate their efficiencies in removing Hg(II) from wastewaters. Some feasibility experiments have been carried out with a view to recover the adsorbed Hg(II) and regenerate the spent activated carbons using 0.2M HCl solution. The data obtained point towards viable adsorbents, which are both effective as well as economically attractive for Hg(II) removal from wastewaters.     

Adsorption of Reactive Red M-2BE dye from water solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and powdered activated carbon were used as adsorbents for the successful removal of Reactive Red M-2BE textile dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of pH, shaking time and temperature on adsorption capacity were studied. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0), the adsorption of the dye was favourable using both adsorbents. The contact time to obtain equilibrium at 298 K was fixed at 1 h for both adsorbents. The activation energy of the adsorption process was evaluated from 298 to 323 K for both adsorbents. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. For Reactive Red M-2BE dye, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. Simulated dyehouse effluents were used to check the applicability of the proposed adsorbents for effluent treatment.     

Particle size effect of raw material on the pore structure of carbon support and its adsorption capability

In this study, a series of activated carbons were prepared from Tuncbilek lignite with different particle size by chemical activation. The effect of particle size of lignite on the pore structure of activated carbon and the adsorption kinetics of crystal violet (CV) onto these activated carbons was investigated. BET surface area values of activated carbon samples were determined in the range of 940–1054 m² g^?1. Adsorption capacity of CV onto activated carbons was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters such as initial dye concentration, agitation time and adsorption temperature. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium studies. The adsorption kinetics of CV has been discussed using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Results show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation could describe the adsorption kinetics for CV onto activated carbons. Using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficient obtained at different temperatures and for the initial dye, the thermodynamic constants of adsorption (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were also evaluated.     

Kinetics of diuron and amitrole adsorption from aqueous solution on activated carbons

A study was conducted on the adsorption kinetics of diuron and amitrole from aqueous solutions on activated carbons of different particle sizes and on an activated carbon fiber. Different kinetic models were applied to the experimental results obtained. A pseudo-second-order rate equation fitted the adsorption kinetics data better than a pseudo-first-order rate equation. Amitrole showed faster adsorption kinetics compared with diuron because of the smaller size of the former herbicide, despite its lower driving force for adsorption. Both reaction rate constants increased when the particle size decreased. The activated carbon fiber and the activated carbon of smallest particle size (0.03 mm) showed similar adsorption kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion rate constant increased with higher initial concentration of herbicides in solution and with lower particle size of the adsorbent. This is because the rise in initial concentration increased the amount adsorbed at equilibrium, and the reduction in particle size increased the number of collisions between adsorbate and adsorbent particles. Demineralization of the activated carbon with particle size of 0.5mm had practically no effect on the adsorption kinetics.     

活性炭负载Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物去除水中的磷酸根

利用活性炭负载铁氧化物制备了复合吸附剂,并用于水中磷酸根的去除.采用BET,SEM及XRD等手段对复合吸附剂的物理化学特性进行了表征,用静态吸附实验方法比较研究了复合吸附剂和活性炭从水溶液中吸附磷酸根的性质.结果表明:复合吸附剂具有快的吸附速度和高的吸附容量,其吸附磷酸根的性质受溶液pH值、铁含量及阴离子浓度的影响.在pH=3.0时,复合吸附剂对磷酸根的吸附容量为98.39 mg/g,而活性炭为78.90 mg/g.相比之下,Freundlich模型比Langmuir模型能更好地描述复合吸附剂和活性炭对磷酸根的吸附过程;而Lagergren二级方程却能很好地描述复合吸附剂对磷酸根的吸附动力学.水合氧化铁/活性炭复合吸附剂吸附磷酸根为吸热过程.     

Adsorption and desorption of phenol on activated carbon and a comparison of isotherm models

In this study, the potential of activated carbon for phenol adsorption from aqueous solution was studied. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of contact time, initial concentration, and desorption characteristics of activated carbon. The equilibrium data in aqueous solutions was represented by the isotherm models. Desorption studies to recover the adsorbed phenol from activated carbon performed with NaOH solution. It is necessary to propose a suitable model to gain a better understanding on the mechanism of phenol desorption. For this purpose, pore diffusion and first-order kinetic models were compared. The diffusivity rate (D/r2) and first-order desorption rate (kD) constants were determined as 6.77 x 10(-4) and 3.924 x 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. The two- and three-parameter in the adopted adsorption isotherm models were obtained using a non-linear regression with the help of MATLAB package program. It was determined that best-fitted adsorption isotherm models were determined to be in the order: Langmiur > Toth > Redlich-Peterson > Freundlich isotherms.     

The adsorption of basic dye (Astrazon Blue FGRL) from aqueous solutions onto sepiolite, fly ash and apricot shell activated carbon: kinetic and equilibrium studies

In this study, sepiolite, fly ash and apricot stone activated carbon (ASAC) were used as adsorbents for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters of the basic dye (Astrazon Blue FGRL) from aqueous solutions at various concentrations (100-300 mg/L), adsorbent doses (3-12 g/L) and temperatures (303-323 K). The result showed that the adsorption capacity of the dye increased with increasing initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose and temperature. Three kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, second-order, intraparticle diffusion, were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. The kinetics of adsorption of the basic dye followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equations were developed using the pseudo-second-order model which predicts the amount of the basic dye adsorbed at any contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dose within the given range accurately. The adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacities (Q0) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm were 181.5 mg/g for ASAC, 155.5 mg/g for sepiolite and 128.2 mg/g for fly ash at 303 K. Thermodynamical parameters were also evaluated for the dye-adsorbent systems and revealed that the adsorption process was endothermic in nature.     

Development of parthenium based activated carbon and its utilization for adsorptive removal of p-cresol from aqueous solution

The activated carbon was prepared from carbonaceous agriculture waste Parthenium hysterophorous by chemical activation using concentrated H2SO4 at 130+/-5 degrees C. The prepared activated carbon was characterized and was found as an effective adsorbent material. In order to test the efficacy of parthenium based activated carbon (PAC), batch experiments were performed to carryout the adsorption studies on PAC for the removal of highly toxic pollutant p-cresol from aqueous solution. The p-cresol adsorption studies were also carried out on commercial grade activated carbon (AC) to facilitate comparison between the adsorption capabilities of PAC and AC. For PAC and AC, the predictive capabilities of two types of kinetic models and six types of adsorption equilibrium isotherm models were examined. The effect of pH of solution, adsorbent dose and initial p-cresol concentration on adsorption behaviour was investigated, as well. The adsorption on PAC and on AC was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics with rate constant 0.0016 min(-1) and 0.0050 min(-1), respectively. The highest adsorptive capacity of PAC and AC for p-cresol solution was attained at pH 6.0. Further, as an adsorbent PAC was found to be as good as AC for removal of p-cresol upto a concentration of 500 mg/l in aqueous solution. Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Fritz-Schlunder models were found to be appropriate isotherm models for PAC while Toth, Radke-Prausnitz and Fritz-Schlunder were suitable models for AC to remove p-cresol from aqueous solution.     

多壁碳纳米管吸附异甘草苷的热力学研究

多壁碳纳米管可选择性地吸附结构相似的两种黄酮类化合物甘草苷和异甘草苷,研究了异甘草苷被多壁碳纳米管吸附的吸附热力学特征。结果表明:多壁碳纳米管吸附异甘草苷的量随着异甘草苷浓度的增加而增加,随着温度升高而降低。异甘草苷的吸附过程符合Freundlich方程。其ΔH0和ΔG0值表明该吸附反应是自发进行的放热反应。     

Biosorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution using calcium alginate beads

In this paper, sorption potentials of uranium ions were studied using alginate polymer beads in diluted aqueous solutions. The ability of alginate beads to adsorb uranium(VI) from aqueous solution has been studied at different optimized conditions of pH, U(VI) concentration, contact time, biomass dosage and temperature. In order to determine the adsorption characteristics, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption isotherms were applied to the adsorption data. The thermodynamic parameters such as variations of enthalpy ΔH, entropy ΔS and variation of Gibbs free energy ΔG were calculated from the slope and intercept of ln K_d vs. 1/T plots. The results suggested that alginate beads could be suitable as a sorbent material for adsorption and removal of uranium ions from dilute aqueous solutions.     

Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution by activated carbons: kinetic and equilibrium studies

The objective of this study is to assess the uptake of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions onto activated carbons (AC) produced from wood. Two activated carbons are tested, a KOH-activated carbon and a commercial H3PO4-activated carbon (Acticarbone CXV). The adsorption of Cr(VI) is maximal at the lowest values of pH (pH 3) and increases with temperature for both adsorbents. The KOH-activated carbon shows higher capacity for adsorption of Cr(VI) than Acticarbone. The sorption isotherms fit the Langmuir model accurately. The adsorption reaction was found to obey a pseudo second-order rate. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor as well as the thermodynamic functions related to adsorption reaction, DeltaS degrees , DeltaH degrees , DeltaG degrees , were determined. Nevertheless, the global reaction rate is probably controlled by the intra-particular diffusion of Cr(VI) and the mass diffusivity of Cr(VI) was evaluated.     

Treatment of wastewater containing toxic chromium using new activated carbon developed from date palm seed

The use of a new activated carbon developed from date palm seed wastes, generated in the jam industry, for removing toxic chromium from aqueous solution has been investigated. The activated carbon has been achieved from date palm seed by dehydrating methods using concentrated sulfuric acid. The batch experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of the biomass. The effect of initial metal concentration (25-125mgl(-1)), pH, contact time, and concentration of date palm seed carbon have been studied at room temperature. A strong dependence of the adsorption capacity on pH was observed, the capacity increase as pH value decrease and the optimum pH value is pH 1.0. Kinetics and adsorption equilibrium were studied at different sorbent doses. The adsorption process was fast and the equilibrium was reached within 180min. The maximum removal was 100% for 75mgl(-1) of Cr(+ concentration on 4gl(-1) carbon concentration and the maximum adsorption capacity was 120.48mgg(-1). The kinetic data were analyzed using various kinetic models - pseudo-first order equation, pseudo-second order equation, Elovich equation and intraparticle diffusion equation - and the equilibrium data were tested using several isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Koble-Corrigan, Redlich-Peterson, Tempkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Generalized isotherm equations. The Elovich equation and pseudo-second order equation provide the greatest accuracy for the kinetic data and Koble-Corrigan and Langmuir models the closest fit for the equilibrium data. Activation energy of sorption has also been evaluated as 0.115 and 0.229kJmol(-1).     

Removal of disperse dye from aqueous solution by novel adsorbent prepared from biomass plant material

The adsorption of Disperse Orange 25 (3-[N-ethyl-4-(4-nitrophenylazo) phenylamino] propionitrile) onto activated carbon was investigated in a batch system with respect to contact time, carbon dosage, pH and temperature from aqueous solutions. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms and the isotherm constants were also determined. The Langmuir isotherm model agrees with the experimental data well. Maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) of Disperse Orange 25 onto adsorbent was 118.93 mg g⁻¹ at 20 °C. The first-order, pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the intraparticle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data and the rate constants were evaluated as well. The experimental data fitted very well to pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results show that activated carbon prepared from Euphorbia rigida by sulfuric acid chemical activation could be employed as low-cost material to compare with commercial activated carbon for the removal of disperse dyes from effluents.     

Isotherm and kinetic behavior of adsorption of anion polyacrylamide (APAM) from aqueous solution using two kinds of PVDF UF membranes

To determine the isotherm parameters and kinetic parameters of adsorption of anion polyacrylamide (APAM) from aqueous solution on PVDF ultrafiltration membrane (PM) and modified PVDF ultrafiltration membrane (MPM) is important in understanding the adsorption mechanism of ultrafiltration processes. Effect of variables including adsorption time, initial solution concentration, and temperature were investigated. The Redlich-Peterson equation of the five different isotherm models we chose was the most fitted model, and the R(2) was 0.9487, 0.9765 for PM and MPM, respectively; while, the pseudo-first-order model was the best choice among all the four kinetic models to describe the adsorption behavior of APAM onto membranes, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism was a chemical and physical combined adsorption on heterogeneous surface. The thermodynamic parameters were also calculated from the temperature dependence (Δ(r)G(m)(θ), Δ(r)H(m)(θ), Δ(r)S(m)(θ)), which showed that the process of adsorption is not spontaneous but endothermic process and high temperature favors the adsorption.     

Removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from rapeseed oil cake by Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>CO<Subscript>3</Subscript> activation

In this study, rapeseed oil cake as a precursor was used to prepare activated carbons by chemical activation with sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) at 600 and 800 °C. The activated carbon with the highest surface area of 850 m² g^?1 was produced at 800 °C. The prepared activated carbons were mainly microporous. The activated carbon having the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for the removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial ion concentration on the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon were investigated. The kinetic data of adsorption process were studied using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model. The experimental data were well adapted to the pseudo-second-order model for both tested ions. The adsorption data for both ions were well correlated with Langmuir isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of the activated carbon for the removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions were determined as 129.87 and 133.33 mg g^?1, respectively.     

Adsorption of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-citric acid on sawdust activated carbon: Kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies

The removal of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-citric acid (Pb(II)-CA) from aqueous solutions by sawdust activated carbon (SDAC) was investigated. The higher adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions containing Pb(II)-CA than Pb(II) only was observed due to the presence of CA in the former system. The mechanism of adsorption process was studied by conducting pH as well as kinetic studies. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dose, initial concentration and temperature for the removal of Pb(II) from Pb(II) only and Pb(II)-CA aqueous systems. The adsorption was maximum for the initial pH in the range of 6.5-8.0 and 2.0-5.0 for Pb(II) and Pb(II)-CA, respectively. The solution pH, zero point charge (pH(zpc)) and species distribution of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-CA were found to play an important role in the adsorption of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-CA onto SDAC from water and wastewaters. SDAC exhibited very high adsorption potential for Pb(II) ions in presence of CA than when Pb(II) ions alone were present. The kinetic and equilibrium adsorption data were well modeled using pseudo-first-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively.