地铁隧道小净距下穿地下洞室振速控制研究

为控制地铁隧道爆破在小净距下对人防洞室的有害振动效应,以武汉市地铁5号线隧道的爆破掘进工程为依托,基于ANSYS-Lsdyna平台,通过建立地铁隧道掏槽孔延时起爆的三维数值模型,研究掏槽炮孔的电子雷管最佳延时设置时间,结合对比分析数值模拟和隧道爆破振动监测数据,采用等效弹性边界的载荷加载的数值模拟方法,能够有效地模拟复杂环境下地铁隧道掏槽爆破振动,能较好地模拟隧道爆破对小净距下人防洞室的振动规律。对掏槽孔而言,隧道不同级掏槽起爆适宜合理时间为10 ms,同一级掏槽起爆合理延时时间为6 ms,合理最大单段药量为0.6 kg。     

地铁隧道爆破参数优化及其振动效应研究

贵阳轨道交通二号线富源北路站至森林公园段部分区间采用爆破法开挖,由于地铁隧道周边民房较多,对于控制质点峰值振动速度提出很高的要求。采用分台阶爆破施工方法进行隧道开挖,上台阶超前于下台阶3~5 m。选择炮孔直径40 mm,炮孔深度1.5~1.7 m,隧道爆破每循环进尺控制在1.2 m以内,孔内采用1~15段毫秒延期导爆管雷管进行起爆。通过合理布置测点进行了现场爆破振动监测,拟合出了考虑高程差条件下的振动速度预测公式。爆破振动监测结果表明:斜井隧道爆破振动的水平径向峰值振动速度最大,而垂直方向的主频频率大于水平方向,且主频范围集中在20~60 Hz之间,远远小于建筑物的自振频率。爆破振动存在放大作用,但其质点峰值振动速度均小于民房振速安全阈值(1.5 cm/s),不会对斜井隧道上方的民房造成振动破坏。提出复式小楔形掏槽结构代替原有的大楔形掏槽结构,能够有效减弱岩体的夹制作用,达到降低爆破振动的要求。     

分幅减振爆破开挖技术实践

为解决在某石油储库顶部拱形岩巷施工过程中存在爆破振动过强、掏槽效果不佳、炮孔利用率不高、壁面成型不良且周边孔半孔率不足70%及围岩损伤过大等问题,提出"分幅减振爆破开挖技术"的解决方案,将断面化大为小,分次爆破,有效降低单次起爆药量和最大单段药量。采用复式楔形掏槽,周边孔光面爆破,毫秒延时起爆。现场试验表明,围岩峰值振速降为13.1 cm/s,爆破振动明显减弱,炮孔利用率高达90%以上,周边孔半孔率提高到85%,壁面成型良好,改进方案爆破效果良好。分幅减振爆破在大断面硬岩钻爆掘进中体现了良好的适用性,能够实现弱振动、高效率、大进尺开挖,满足地下水封石油洞库的特殊要求,可为类似岩石地下工程钻爆开挖提供借鉴与参考。     

分幅减振爆破开挖技术实践

为解决在某石油储库顶部拱形岩巷施工过程中存在爆破振动过强、掏槽效果不佳、炮孔利用率不高、壁面成型不良且周边孔半孔率不足70%及围岩损伤过大等问题,提出"分幅减振爆破开挖技术"的解决方案,将断面化大为小,分次爆破,有效降低单次起爆药量和最大单段药量。采用复式楔形掏槽,周边孔光面爆破,毫秒延时起爆。现场试验表明,围岩峰值振速降为13.1 cm/s,爆破振动明显减弱,炮孔利用率高达90%以上,周边孔半孔率提高到85%,壁面成型良好,改进方案爆破效果良好。分幅减振爆破在大断面硬岩钻爆掘进中体现了良好的适用性,能够实现弱振动、高效率、大进尺开挖,满足地下水封石油洞库的特殊要求,可为类似岩石地下工程钻爆开挖提供借鉴与参考。     

复杂敏感环境城区隧道爆破振动及噪声控制技术

为了避免和减少隧道爆破振动及噪声对复杂敏感环境城区的影响,以珠海板障山新增隧道为例,采用数值模拟和现场爆破试验的方法,对不同掏槽眼延期时间下既有隧道迎爆侧进行爆破振动监测。发现掏槽眼延期时间4 ms时,既有隧道迎爆侧爆破振速最小。同时,针对隧道进口段周边建筑物繁多、爆破噪声大、飞石迸溅的问题,进行了炮孔封堵和防飞石的试验。设计发明了一种新型炮孔堵塞装置,在装药量增大情况下,爆破噪声能够控制在允许范围内。在洞口采用联合防护门帘,减少了飞石迸溅的风险。可为复杂敏感环境城区隧道爆破振动和噪声控制提供参考。     

连拱隧道中导洞不同起爆位置振动效应研究

为研究隧道掘进爆破炮孔不同起爆位置振动效应,在连拱隧道中导洞开挖过程中开展相关试验研究,并基于CEEMDAN-小波包对监测到的爆破振动信号进行降噪处理。研究表明：1)采用CEEMDAN-小波包法对爆破振动信号进行去噪,重构,能有效保留爆破振动信号真实信息;2)炮孔不同起爆位置质点峰值振速,反向起爆>中间起爆>正向起爆;振动频率大小范围,正向起爆>反向起爆>中间起爆,其中正向起爆的频率分布更广,且具有多个峰值,有利于能量朝高频转移;3)对重构后的爆破振动信号进行Hilbert变换,发现隧道掏槽段爆破瞬时能量关系为：反向起爆>中间起爆>正向起爆;随着雷管段别的增加,反向起爆和正向起爆波形较宽、质点峰值振速较大,中间起爆振动波形较窄、质点峰值振速较小;4)对比分析炮孔不同起爆位置破岩块度,反向起爆更为均匀,效果最佳。     

层状围岩小净距隧道减振掘进爆破技术试验研究

小净距隧道掘进爆破在施工过程中,爆破产生的振动不可避免地对中隔墙产生扰动和损伤,影响其稳定性。层状围岩小净距隧道对爆破振动强度的控制更加严格。在重庆南涪高速公路鸭江隧道,针对常规掘进爆破和减振掘进爆破技术进行现场试验,根据试验结果得出了层状围岩小净距隧道中隔墙的振动强度分布特征,验证了减振掘进爆破技术中掏槽炮孔采用间隔装药并采取孔内分段毫秒延迟起爆的方法,可以有效地控制爆破振动强度,较常规爆破技术振动强度降低30%以上。     

硬岩地下洞室工程爆破振动与围岩损伤范围相关性研究

为了简便而准确地获取爆破荷载下硬岩地下洞室围岩损伤范围,以某待建重要地下洞室工程为研究背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,根据爆破设计方案,建立不同药量条件下多段延时爆破累积损伤计算模型,利用等效爆破荷载的方法和LS-DYNA完全重启动技术,得到多段延时爆破荷载作用下的爆破振动数据和围岩累积损伤范围。分析地下洞室围岩累积损伤效应,研究爆破振动与围岩累积损伤范围之间的相关性。研究结果表明：诱导地下洞室周边围岩损伤的荷载主要来自于二圈孔和周边孔爆破,其中洞室拱顶围岩损伤范围(2.21 m)明显大于拱腰围岩损伤范围(2.05 m);爆破全时程振动曲线的峰值处于掏槽孔延期时间范围内,与造成洞室周边围岩损伤的爆破段位不一致,应以对围岩损伤影响较大爆破段位的质点峰值振动速度研究与围岩损伤范围的相关性;建立了围岩累积损伤范围与爆破药量、爆心距和质点峰值振动速度之间的量化关系,得到了可通过任意爆心距处质点峰值振动速度推断围岩累积损伤范围的函数关系式,为控制围岩爆破损伤提供依据。     

隧道内部爆破振动传播规律与降振技术研究

目前隧道施工普遍应用矿山法，爆破振动对隧道内围岩、支护结构的影响及其灾害控制一直是热点问题。为研究爆破振动在隧道内部的传播规律，以某软弱围岩隧道为工程背景，分别对错距三台阶齐爆和分爆的振动信号进行现场监测。采用萨道夫斯基公式非线性回归、Fourier变换方法对测试数据进行分析和研究。结果表明：对于隧道同一断面，拱顶具有振动速度大、振动主频高、衰减速度慢的特点；三台阶间采用100 ms延时爆破时，可以实现爆破能量在时空分布上的离散，振动叠加效应明显减弱。设计单孔爆破试验，掏槽区域中间设置试验孔，试验孔与整个爆破网络的延期设置为100 ms获取单孔振动波形，基于线性叠加原理，计算不同延期时间下掏槽爆破合成振动波形来优选微差延期时间。结果表明：孔间延期时间在4～7 ms时，掏槽爆破引起的峰值振速急剧下降，干扰降振的效果明显，延时超过7 ms后，峰值振速无显著差异；掏槽孔延期时间取7 ms时减振效果最佳，将最佳延期时间应用于现场爆破，取得了良好的降振效果。     

密集型塔基桩孔开挖控制爆破技术

针对泸定大渡河特大桥塔基桩孔布置密集的状况和开挖区基岩节理裂隙发育的特点,应用短进尺、锥形掏槽的减震光面爆破技术进行直径2.8 m圆形桩孔的全断面掘进。尤其是在桩孔间净距仅为3.2 m时,采用锥形掏槽逐孔毫秒延迟起爆技术,并通过在掏槽中心空孔内布设0.1~0.2 kg的抛渣药包后于掏槽孔起爆,达到提高爆破效果、减弱爆破振动目的。在详细给出桩孔开挖控制爆破技术措施、爆破参数和施工方法的基础上,利用现场实测数据进行爆破效果、振动效应和围岩稳定等分析。工程实践表明:锥形掏槽逐孔毫秒延迟起爆技术能使邻近桩孔围岩的爆破振动强度得到有效控制,开挖爆破在邻近桩孔内产生的最大峰值振动速度小于10 cm/s,满足围岩安全振动控制标准;爆破前后桩孔围岩波速的平均下降率3.74%,远小于技术规范规定的10%的声波下降率量化标准;桩孔单循环爆破进尺约1.2~1.3 m,开挖壁面平整,基本没有超欠挖,保持了围岩的完整性和稳定性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...