高浓度悬沙观测的室内标定实验与对比

现场采集河口潮滩不同位置表层泥沙样品,利用自行研制的室内标定装置,采用光学后向散射浊度计(OBS-3A)和声学测沙仪(LISST-ABS)进行高悬沙浓度的室内标定实验。结果显示,光学传感器输出浊度(NTU)值和声学传感器输出后向散射(ACB)值,随着悬沙浓度不断增大都存在最大值或拐点,并随悬沙粒径变化而不同;在小于30μm的细颗粒泥沙环境,光学传感器(OBS-3A)反应敏感,悬沙浓度在10 g/L以下,具有观测精度高优势;相对于光学传感器,声学传感器(LISST-ABS)对悬沙粒径变化相对不敏感,观测数值稳定,在粒径变化较大的极端环境下,观测悬沙浓度变化具有较大优势。     

利用LISST观测絮凝体粒径、有效密度和沉速的垂线分布

2003年6月,利用B型现场激光粒度仪LISST_100在长江口徐六泾站定点连续观测了洪季大潮垂线细颗粒悬浮泥沙的实有粒径、体积浓度,利用OBS-3A测量现场悬沙浓度。计算了现场絮凝体有效密度和沉速。观测结果显示现场细颗粒泥沙絮凝体的平均粒径从表层到底层逐渐增大,表层为30～60μm,中层为50～80μm,底层超过90μm。絮凝体有效密度受水动力条件控制,从表层到底层逐渐减小,有效密度在532～1456kgm3之间;絮凝体的现场沉速从表层到底层逐渐加大,沉速变化范围在070～562cms之间。     

OBS-3A浊度仪在含沙量测验中的应用分析

通过水文缆道对测验垂线及测点准确定位,OBS-3A浊度仪和横式采样器便可在同一位置同步测验。利用采集测点的含沙量与相应浊度值,建立两者的相关关系。分析影响浊度值变化的主要原因,基于OBS实测浊度值,推求含沙量的测验成果是否满足精度要求。研究表明,OBS-3A浓度仪可快速确定天然水体中的含沙量,且精度较高,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

泥沙粒径与水流紊动关系试验研究

挟沙水流中的泥沙颗粒因水流紊动而悬浮，同时受重力作用而下沉。由于水流中的泥沙颗粒会对水流紊动产生影响，反之，水流紊动也对泥沙颗粒分布产生影响，它们之间作用是相辅相成的。本文采用超声流速仪（MicroADV）量测挟沙水流的时均流速沿垂向分布，同时对泥沙颗粒粒径的分布进行了试验，研究了泥沙颗粒粒径d50和水流紊动强度在沿垂向分布之间的内在联系，结果表明：泥沙颗粒粒径和紊动强度沿垂线的分布一致性较好，并用实测资料对他们进行了拟合，建立了它们之间的关系式，有一定的实用价值。     

运动恢复结构多视角立体重构在河工模型地形测量中的应用

动床地形的准确、快速测量对于河工模型试验具有重要意义。采用运动恢复结构三维地形重建(SfM-MVS)方法对某河工模型动床地形进行测量,并与传统测针地形测量法进行对比。结果表明,SfM法可以成功获取大面积动床冲淤地形,但所测高程与测针法之间存在系统偏差;这种偏差可利用测针法结果进行修正,使测量结果达到或接近河工模型试验规程所规定的精度要求。SfM法对于地形变化较平缓区域偏差较小,地形变化剧烈区域偏差较大,且难以通过系统修正得以改善。在实际地形测量中建议采用SfM法与传统测针法相结合,测针法可重点对床面变化较为剧烈处开展测量,弥补SfM法对局部地形测量存在的不足。     

几种模型沙激光粒度仪测试结果与筛析——沉降法的比较

为了解激光粒度仪法和传统的筛析-沉降法在模型沙粒度测量方面的差异,用这两种方法对几种模型沙样品分别进行了粒度分析。结果表明,激光粒度仪法测试的结果偏粗,分选偏差;上述两种方法获得的平均粒径或分选系数之间均存在显著的线性相关性。激光粒度仪法测定的粗颗粒物质（小于 2.184 Φ）和细颗粒物质（大于 4 Φ）比筛析 - 沉降法偏多。对不同的粒级组分进行了激光法和筛析 - 沉降法的回归分析,粗颗粒物质相关性好,可以进行数据间的转换。     

激光法与消光沉降法测试泥沙粒径误差分析

M S2000激光粒度分析仪,是目前黄河水文行业中引进的新一代测试泥沙粒径的分析仪器。它以体积为测量基准、用等效球体来表现测量成果,传统的消光沉降法是以重量为测量基准、使用沉降原理来测量泥沙颗粒的大小。由于两种方法分析原理的不同,导致分析成果产生较大差异。通过用激光法与传统消光沉降法对不同沙型的泥沙样品分别对比测试,建立了本测区两种分析成果之间的相关关系,以解决新旧泥沙颗粒级配资料的衔接问题。     

五孔测球测流速场的数据采集与处理

五孔球测量流场时，传统方法是采用液柱法测孔压．文中介绍采用压力（差压）传感器测了孔压并通过计算机进行数据采集和数据处理的方法．使用情况表明，此方法较传统方法提高了测量精度，加快了测量速度，省人力，并能方便快捷地进行数据处理．     

沙漠沙的筛分粒径与粒径计粒径的比较实验

筛分法与粒径计法是两种重要的颗粒分析方法。本文通过较为系统的实验发现采用这两种方法所得到的实验结果之间存在较大的偏差。采用粒径计法测得的样品粒径较之用筛分法所得的结果明显偏大 ,说明用这两种原理不同的颗分方法所测出的粒径数据不能不加换算地直接采用。由于目前有关筛分粒径与粒径计粒径转换关系的研究结果并不一致 ,所以文中比较了几家代表性研究成果之间的差异 ,重点讨论了采用不同沉降速度公式进行计算时所得粒径计粒径之间的差异 ,探讨了各家结果不同的原因 ,对与颗粒粒径相关的研究具有参考价值     

非黏性沙级配对浊度法测量含沙量的影响

利用浊度仪测量水流含沙量时,泥沙颗粒级配和矿物成分是影响浊度仪标定结果的主要泥沙因素。采用黄河原型非黏性沙配制不同粒径、不同含沙量浑水水体,开展固定粒径、粗细沙、混合沙等多组次试验研究,对黄河天然沙粒径及级配对浊度仪输出浊度的影响进行定量分析和机制探讨。结果表明:固定含沙量条件下,非黏性泥沙粒径对水体浊度的影响特征符合Mie散射定律;含沙量变化对浊度仪输出浊度的影响数量级为10～10²,泥沙颗粒粒径变化对浊度仪输出浊度的影响数量级为10^-1～1;相同含沙量条件下,悬沙比表面积与浊度仪输出浊度符合线性分布。建立了考虑非黏性沙级配影响的含沙量与浊度关系模型,能够较准确地反映非黏性沙粒径及泥沙浓度对水体浊度的影响,可为浊度与含沙量关系的准确率定及测量结果的校准提供可靠依据。     

长江口浑浊带近底泥沙浓度变化

基于近底边界层四角架系统观测的水沙过程完整资料,对近底悬浮泥沙浓度的变化及其动力响应关系进行了分析.结果表明:1)近底悬浮泥沙浓度变化过程的特征是多峰性.在一个潮周期内,一般会出现四次明显的悬浮泥沙浓度峰值;2)水体中始终存在一个背景含沙浓度;3)流速的大小并不是决定近底悬浮泥沙浓度大小的唯一决定性因素.潮流加速度、憩流阶段形成的背景泥沙浓度以及床面可供起动的泥沙量同样起重要的作用;4)泥沙浓度变化和动力的响应关系可以归为四类:第一类正响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的增大而增大)、第一类负响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的增大而减小)、第二类负响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的减小而增大)和第二类正响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的减小而减小).综合分析紊动扩散作用、泥沙的起动和沉降作用及床面泥沙的供应率,对近底层悬浮泥沙浓度和动力响应变化的四个过程进行了详细的解释.     

What factors affect the suspended sediment concentrations in rivers? A study of the upper Warta River (Central Poland)

The suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of the Warta River was analysed using data collected at the Sieradz gauging station (Central Poland) during the period of 1961–1980. The aim of the study was to characterize the trend in the suspended sediment transported over this multi‐annual period and search for possible correlations between the suspended sediment values and the discharge and thermal seasonality factors. This study also investigated whether the SSC is affected by anthropogenic factors. The SSC in the river water increased over the analysed 20‐year period. It was caused mainly by the training works in the Warta valley upstream of Sieradz and the opening of the Be?chatów lignite mine. No direct relationship between the SSC and fluctuations in the discharge was noted. A connection existed between the SSC and ice phenomena on the river. The river ice breakup was often coincident with increases in SSC; however, the SSC increased rapidly during the freezing of the river. There was also a positive correlation between the SSC and the temperature of the water during the summer half‐year, which resulted from the growth of phytoplankton. This process was supported by the general warming trend observed in the river water and by an increase in the quantity of nutrients noted since the early 1970s. It is worth emphasizing that the relationships established between the SSC and the studied factors are not always unequivocal and repetitive. It follows that, as a rule, the SSC is influenced by more factors than are actually considered in this study.     

徐六泾站悬移质含沙量比测与精度分析

通过长江口徐六泾断面大规模的跨越不同水情的现场测流试验,发现利用声学多普勒流速剖面仪(AD-CP)信号推算垂线平均含沙量,与传统值相比,平均相对误差绝对值小于5%,且误差呈正态分布。因此,升级现有的徐六泾浮标测流系统(以ADCP取代现有的ADP),可以实现徐六泾断面的在线实时输沙率监测,填补长江口泥沙站网的空白,为长江口相关规划、设计、科研等提供基础资料。     

利用机载双激光测深反演近岸水体含沙量的方法

为解决利用机载激光测深(Airborne LiDAR bathymetry, ALB)波形数据估计水体含沙量(Suspended Sediment Concentration, SSC)难题,提出了一种利用ALB三维点云数据反演水体含沙量的新方法。首先,基于绿激光水面点和红外激光水面点计算绿激光水面穿透量;其次,利用实测水体含沙量及对应绿激光水面穿透量构建SSC经验模型;最后,基于构建的SSC经验模型实现了利用ALB三维点云的水体含沙量估计。实验验证了该方法的有效性,取得了优于20 mg/L的SSC反演精度,为水体含沙量信息的高精度、大区域面获取提供了一种新途径。     

长江口二维非均匀悬沙数值模拟

针对长江口水流泥沙运动的特点建立了非均匀悬沙的平面二维数值模型。在模型中考虑了波浪对流场的影响和对水流挟沙力的影响 ,在确定悬沙絮凝沉速时考虑了泥沙粒径、盐度、含沙量及水流紊动的影响。悬沙模型建立在曲线坐标下 ,悬沙输运方程采用破开算子的方法求解 ,平流项采用UltimateQuickest格式求解 ,提高了计算的精度。通过实测资料对数学模型计算的悬沙含量进行检验 ,表明它较好地反应了长江口地区泥沙的运动规律     

基于遥感影像的1307号台风对杭州湾含沙量分布影响

水体中悬沙含量的变化对近岸海洋工程、港口航道疏浚等工程具有重要影响。浙江沿岸海区经常遭受不同程度台风的侵袭，台风经过后的一段时间内近岸海域水体中悬沙含量将发生明显改变。为定量研究台风对杭州湾含沙量分布的影响，选择2013年第7号台风“苏力”，结合逐时遥感影像和高精度含沙量反演算法，通过农历日期来确定正常天气下的代表日期，对比台风期间和正常天气下情况下杭州湾海域悬沙含量随潮汐变化情况。台风“苏力”登陆后，杭州湾海域含沙量整体呈增大趋势，杭州湾中部海域增幅在0.10~0.50 kg/m3，高平时刻和低平时刻附近表层含沙量增幅大于其他时刻。海水表层含沙量增大的原因主要是台风期间风应力增大产生的垂向混合及垂向剪切应力增强，将下层水体中的悬浮泥沙输运至表层。     

利用ADCP回波强度估算河流悬移质含沙量的应用研究

通过简要介绍利用声学多普勒水流剖面仪(ADCP)回波强度估算悬移质含沙量的基本原理,结合梧州水文站的应用实例,利用ADCP的回波强度数据和现场采集的水样含沙量建立相关关系,根据相关关系由回波强度反演估算的水体悬移质含沙量验证了利用ADCP的回波强度估算悬移质含沙量的可行性。应用于梧州水文站的实践表明,左河道推算的系统误差为-0.1%,右河道推算的系统误差为1.5%。这种方法具有不扰动流场、测量剖面同步性较好、数据空间分辨率较高的优点,与传统的取样过滤称量法相比,计算效率显著提高。     

Effect of the Three Gorges Reservoir on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration and estimation accuracy of depth-average concentration in downstream reaches

The sediment regime in the middle Yangtze River has been significantly changed from quasi-equilibrium to nonequilibrium since the impoundment of the Three Georges Reservoir (TGR). To understand the effects of the TGR on vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and estimation accuracy of mean concentration, vertical sediment concentration and flow velocity data at the Shashi and Jianli hydrological stations in the reach before and after the impoundment were collected. Comparisons and analysis of vertical profiles of SSC before and after the TGR impoundment show that after the impoundment of the TGR, due to the coarsening of sediment particle size, the reduction in sediment load, and the significant decrease in sediment saturation, the vertical distribution of SSC in the downstream reaches became more uneven under medium and low water flows, which was reflected in the vertical gradient and the fluctuation degree of SSC significantly increased. In addition, the depth-average sediment concentrations were calculated by the selected-point method and the mean values calculated by the “multi-point method” were regarded as the “true mean” to evaluate the accuracy of the mean value calculated by the “few-point method.” It was found that the relative errors for the selected-point method were mainly positive before impoundment but mainly negative after impoundment. Additionally, the correction factors of one-point, two-point, and three-point methods and the position of the near-bed substituted point for the five-point method were given to reduce the error when the point measurements were used to calculate the depth-average sediment concentration in the downstream reaches.     

Downstream Ecological Impacts of Controlled Sediment Flushing in an Alpine Valley River: A Case Study

Sediment flushing may be effective to tackle the loss of reservoir storage as a result of siltation. When operationally possible, the impact of this practice on the downstream aquatic environment can be mitigated by limiting the sediment concentration of the discharged waters (controlled sediment flushing). However, this topic is poorly documented, and concerns arise when limits are discussed. We present the results of a 3‐year field investigation concerning the controlled sediment flushing of a small reservoir on the Adda River, the main tributary of Lake Como—Italy. Two limits for suspended solid concentration (SSC) were adopted: 1.5 g L^?1, as average value throughout the whole working day, and 3.0 g L^?1, as alert threshold to adjust the ongoing activity. These constraints were essentially fulfilled in the course of the documented operations. The first year sediment flushing was more significant than the following year: 25 000 tons of fines below 2 mm in diameter were flushed in six non‐consecutive days in summer 2010, while, one year earlier, 75 000 tons were flushed in 16 non‐consecutive days. In the third year of investigation (2011), no sediment evacuation took place. The benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities were surveyed a short distance below the reservoir, that is, in the potentially more affected river reach. Clear pieces of evidence of environmental quality degradation were not detected; the adopted strategies can therefore be considered to be appropriate when planning sediment flushing management in comparable contexts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.