工艺参数对21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲壁厚减薄影响的显著性分析

为实现21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲精确成形,提高其成形质量与成形极限,需要对弯曲过程中壁厚减薄进行有效控制。基于ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件平台,建立了21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲三维弹塑性有限元模型,并对其可靠性进行了验证。通过有限元模拟和正交试验,研究了工艺参数对21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲壁厚减薄影响的显著性及规律。结果表明,影响壁厚减薄的显著性工艺参数依次为芯棒伸出量、管材与芯棒间隙、管材与防皱块摩擦因数、管材与芯棒摩擦因数、管材与压块摩擦因数和弯曲速度,其影响规律为：壁厚减薄率随着芯棒伸出量、管材与防皱块摩擦因数、管材与芯棒摩擦因数、管材与压块摩擦因数、弯曲速度的增大或管材与芯棒间隙的减小而增大。采用多元线性回归方法建立了最大壁厚减薄率与显著性工艺参数之间的回归预测模型,经对比验证,回归预测模型结果与正交试验结果之间的相对误差不超过5%。     

薄壁管数控弯曲应变的网格法研究

采用网格法,对50mm×1mm×R100mm(管径×壁厚×弯曲半径)的LF2M和1Cr18Ni9Ti薄壁管数控弯曲中弯管三向应变分布规律进行了研究,结果表明:LF2M弯管最外侧切向拉应变大于1Cr18Ni9Ti弯管的最外侧切向拉应变,而最内侧压应变前者小于后者,导致与1Cr18Ni9Ti弯管相比,LF2M弯管的最外侧壁厚减薄应变大,最内侧增厚应变小;薄壁管小弯曲半径数控弯曲成形中,周向应变不可忽略,其值最大可达最大切向应变的1/3;随着弯曲角度的增大,弯管三向应变均增大,但周向应变增幅小于切向应变与厚向应变的增幅;LF2M弯管切向最外侧拉应变大于其最内侧压应变,1Cr18Ni9Ti弯管切向拉、压应变相差不大,导致前者最外侧壁厚减薄应变大于其最内侧增厚应变,而后者的壁厚减薄应变与增厚应变相差不大。     

间隙对薄壁矩形管绕弯成形截面畸变影响的研究

基于ABAQUS/Explicit,建立了铝合金薄壁矩形管绕弯成形过程三维有限元模型,并对其可靠性进行了验证.模拟分析了芯棒与管坯间隙、压块与管坯间隙、防皱块与管坯间隙及弯曲模与管坯间隙对管坯截面畸变的影响规律.研究结果表明:减小芯棒与管坯间的间隙及弯曲模与管坯间的间隙都可减小管坯截面畸变的程度;而压块与管坯间隙及防皱块与管坯间隙的改变对管坯截面畸变率影响不大.     

加热弯管有限元分析

建立了加热弯管的数学模型,并系统的分析了加热弯管塑性加工的受力情况,推导出加热弯管弯曲时推力、弯矩、支撑力的5个计算公式,同时分析了加热弯管弯曲成形时管材截面的应力、应变及中性层的位置.通过对加热弯管弯曲成形变形的有限元分析,总结出加热弯管弯曲成形的变形特点,得出加热弯管弯曲成形不仅有助于改善变形区的应力分布,而且有助于防止变形时管材截面的畸变.指出了管材弯曲加工时所出现的缺陷是管材壁厚不均匀及其截面形状畸变引起的.     

数控弯管中芯棒对管壁厚减薄作用的有限元分析

通过对数控弯管过程的三维有限元模拟 ,获得了芯棒提前量、芯棒与管材间的间隙对管壁厚减薄的影响规律 :( 1)随着芯棒提前量的增大 ,管材壁厚减薄率增大。 ( 2 )当芯棒不提前时 ,随着管材与芯棒间间隙的增大 ,管材壁厚减薄率减小 ;当芯棒提前量在 0 .8E～ 1.2E范围时 ,随着管材与芯棒间间隙的增大 ,管材壁厚减薄率的变化趋势为先减小再增大     

有芯弯管模具设计

1.有芯弯管原理 有芯弯管是在弯管机上利用芯棒使管材沿弯曲模绕弯的工艺方法（见图1）。弯管胎膜固定在机床主轴上并随主轴一起旋转。管子在镶块1与夹紧块2的作用下压紧于弯曲模胎上。为了保证弯管质量,避免折皱和断面畸变,弯曲模胎、芯棒及防皱板都必须具有与管坯外表面吻合的型槽,以利于将管坯外壁卡紧,同时芯棒从管坯内部支撑管壁。     

管件弯曲工艺参数对截面质量影响有限元模拟

大口径船用管件多采用冷弯成形工艺,为掌握管件弯曲工艺参数对截面质量的影响规律,采用ABAQUS对管件弯曲过程进行模拟。模拟结果显示:随着芯棒与管件单侧间隙的增加,壁厚减薄率相应减小,单侧间隙合适范围为0.5mm~1mm;随着芯棒伸出量增加,弯管截面圆度值增大,芯棒伸出量合适范围为25mm~30mm。     

间隙对铝合金帽型材绕弯回弹规律影响研究

回弹是型材弯曲成形中不可避免的现象,模具与型材间间隙是影响回弹量的重要因素之一。为研究间隙对型材回弹半径和回弹角的影响,基于数值模拟软件ABAQUS建立了5052铝合金帽型材数控弯曲及卸载回弹的有限元模型,并实验验证了所建有限元模型的可靠性,分析了压块、防皱块、弯曲模及夹块与型材间间隙对回弹的影响。研究发现:减小弯曲模、夹块与型材间间隙回弹减小,减小压块与型材间间隙回弹增大,而防皱块与型材间间隙对回弹影响不明显。     

无缝钢管数控弯管过程有限元模拟分析

以液压管路系统常用的20号冷拔无缝钢管为研究对象,基于ABAQUS软件建立其数控弯管过程有限元模型,模拟弯曲,抽芯,回弹三过程,分析应力应变分布规律,揭示弯管成形与回弹机理。研究结果与实际数控弯管生产过程的经验状况基本一致:在弯管过程,各区域切向应力应变先达最大值,而后应力大幅卸载但应变不变,完成塑性变形后该区域应力基本恒定,在后续弯管进程起传递弯矩作用;但初始弯曲区域受芯棒、模具影响,应力不卸载;抽芯、回弹对应力有卸载作用,对应变影响极小;回弹是钢管在残余应力作用下静力平衡过程,影响其成形,结束后存在残余应力。该研究有助于对弯管的成形、回弹机理的理解,为后续分析工艺参数对弯管成形质量的影响提供理论依据。     

薄壁管绕弯工艺参数对壁厚影响分析

为探究薄壁管绕弯加工中各工艺参数对管件壁厚的影响。结合正交试验设计,利用有限元软件DYNAFORM进行了管件绕弯过程仿真,对管件弯曲段外侧和内侧壁厚数据进行了极差分析和方差分析。芯棒伸出量和压模摩擦因素对管件弯曲段外侧减薄率有较大影响,其中芯棒伸出量对减薄率的影响具有显著性;防皱模与管件间隙、压模摩擦因素、压模与管件间隙、芯棒与管件间隙对弯曲段内侧增厚率影响较大,但所有工艺参数对内侧增厚率的影响均不具有显著性。优化参数后的试验表明:减小防皱模、压模、芯棒与管件的间隙及芯棒伸出量,适当增大压模及芯棒与管件的摩擦有助于薄壁管获得更高的壁厚质量。     

导管数控弯曲模具管理系统的设计与实现

导管数控弯曲模具包括弯曲模、夹模、压模、防皱模和芯棒。导管零件系列多,弯曲半径多变,模具数量大,模具选用与借用关系复杂,这些都给导管模具管理与使用带来很大难度。目前针对弯管模具的管理系统还很少。本文在深入分析导管数控弯曲中芯棒及防皱模选用规则及模具借用原则的基础上,设计、开发了导管数控弯曲模具管理系统。该系统能快速实现模具的借用及查找,提高了模具使用效率。     

Plastic Deformation Mechanism in Double-Roller Clamping Spinning of Flanged Thin-Walled Cylinder

Double?roller clamping spinning(DRCS) is a new process for forming a thin?walled cylinder with a complex surface flange. The process requires a small spinning force,and can visibly improve forming quality and production e ciency. However,the deformation mechanism of the process has not been completely understood. Therefore,both a finite element numerical simulation and experimental research on the DRCS process are carried out. The results show that both radial force and axial force dominate the forming process of DRCS. The deformation area elongates along the radial direction and bends along the axial direction under the action of the two forces. Both the outer edge and round corner of the flange show the tangential tensile stress and radial compressive stress. The middle region shows tensile tangential stress and radial stress,while the inner edge shows compressive tangential stress and radial stress. Tan?gential tensile strain causes a wall thickness reduction in the outer edge and middle regions of the flange. The large compressive thickness strain causes material accumulation and thus,an increase in the wall thickness of the round corner. Because of bending deformation,the round corner shows a large radial tensile strain in addition. The inner edge of the flange shows small radial compressive strain and tensile strain in thickness. Thus,the wall thickness on the inner edge of the flange continues to increase,although the increment is small. Furthermore,microstructure analysis and tensile test results show that the flanged thin?walled cylinder formed by DRCS has good mechanical properties. The results provide instructions for the application of the DRCS process.     

Towards an integrated robust and loop tooling design for tube bending

Bent tubular parts have attracted extensive applications in various industries due to high strength and light weight. However, tube bending (TB) is a strong knowledge-based tri-nonlinear physical process with multi-tool constrains, and minor inappropriate tooling design may induce several failures such as wrinkling, over thinning (even fracture), section distortion, and springback. In response to the urgent requirements of the tubular products with mass quantities and diverse specifications, we proposed an integrated methodology for robust and loop tooling design for TB by combining several technologies such as knowledge-based engineering, parametric CAD modeling, and parametric finite element modeling. Via the spreadsheet formatted rules extracted from different sources of knowledge, several sequences are automatically conducted to preliminarily avoid the wrinkling and section distortion, including the selection of tooling sets (bend die, clamp die, pressure die, wiper die, or mandrel die with flexible balls), the determination of die dimensions, 3D modeling of both external and internal tools, die assemble, and the selection of material type for each die. Then, by importing the feature parameters of tools into 3D-finite elements models, the bendability of tube under previously designed multi-tool constraints is quantitatively evaluated in terms of multi-defect, and the springback can be calculated to redesign the bending die by radius reduction. The design variables are only tube diameter, wall thickness, bending radius, bending angle, and material types. The tool design system is then implemented, and the reliability and efficiency of the system are experimentally verified in the aviation industries regarding several practical bending cases with different specifications and tubular materials.     

Determination of process parameters for the NC bending of a TA18 tube

Determining appropriate process parameters is key to obtain qualified TA18 (Ti–3Al–2.5V, ASTM Gr. 9) titanium alloy tubes with medium strength by numerically controlled (NC) bending at low cost. This paper focuses on the variations in wall thickness and cross-section under various operating parameters and mandrel parameters for the NC bending of TA18 tubes. We put forward a method for quickly determining the range of the axial mandrel feed. The method is based on the principle of an equivalent mandrel supporting radius for a given bending radius but employing some mandrels with varying diameters and the principle of an equivalent mandrel supporting angle for various bending radii but employing the same diameter mandrel. The finite element analysis and the experimental verification results show that the bending speed should be less than 0.5 rad/s and the pressure die velocity should be approximately equal to or slightly higher than the bending speed, and that the method for determining the range of the axial mandrel feed is feasible. Considering the effects of an equivalent mandrel supporting radius and equivalent mandrel supporting angle, the mandrel diameter and axial feed should be chosen in a compatible range.     

Optimization of processing parameters for double-ridged rectangular tube rotary draw bending based on grey relational analysis

The rotary draw bending of double-ridged rectangular tube is a complex nonlinear physical process with multifactors coupling effects. Processing parameters, especially clearances and friction coefficients between tube and various dies, have a significant effect on the forming quality of the double-ridged rectangular tube in rotary draw bending. If the values of these processing parameters are inappropriate, some defects including cross-sectional deformation, wall thinning, and wall thickening easily occur in the bending process of double-ridged rectangular tube. So optimization of these processing parameters is of great importance to control these defects. Based on the grey relational analysis method combined with the orthogonal experimental design and finite element simulation, a grey relational analysis model was established for the rotary draw bending process of double-ridged rectangular H96 brass tube. With the model, optimization of clearances and friction coefficients between tube and various dies was implemented with consideration of interactive effects of the above defects. The results show that (1) the main factors influencing cross-sectional deformation, wall thickening, and wall thinning are tube–mandrel clearance Δc _m, tube-bending die clearance Δc _b, and tube–mandrel clearance Δc _m, respectively. (2) The optimal values of clearances Δc _m, Δc _p, Δc _w, and Δc _b and friction coefficients μ_m, μ_p, μ_w, and μ_b of tube–mandrel, tube–pressure die, tube–wiper die, and tube-bending die are 0.15, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.02, 0.3, 0.06 and 0.17 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the verification for the optimal values of these processing parameters was carried out, and the double-ridged rectangular H96 bent tube obtained by using the optimal values of these processing parameters has the minimum values of cross-sectional deformation, wall thinning, and wall thickening and can satisfy the national aviation industry standards.     

Relations between the stress components and cross-sectional distortion of thin-walled rectangular waveguide tube in rotary draw bending process

The significant cross-sectional distortion is one of the major problems in the bending of thin-walled rectangular waveguide tube. The cross-sectional distortion, which contains the flange distortion and the web distortion, depends on the stress components distribution. In this paper, the cross-sectional distortion characteristics are investigated using a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model. Results show that: the maximum flange distortion locates at the symmetric line; meanwhile, the maximum web distortion locates at the extrados ridge of the tube. The deformation zone of the tube can be divided into three sub-zones considering the loads and deformation, viz., the clamp die affect zone, the middle zone, and the mandrel/cores affect zone. Then the underlying relations between the cross-sectional distortion and the stress components are obtained. It is found that the flange distortion has a close relation with the circumferential stress. At the same time, the web distortion is relevant to both the tangential and the circumferential stress. The above relations are verified by FE models with different cores number. Moreover, some guidelines are introduced to help reduce the cross-sectional distortion.     

芯棒伸出量对薄壁矩形管弯曲失稳起皱影响的数值模拟

基于动态显式有限元平台ABAQUS/Explicit,建立了3A21铝合金薄壁矩形管绕弯成形过程的三维有限元模型,模拟分析了芯棒伸出量对薄壁矩形管绕弯成形过程中失稳起皱的影响规律。结果表明:随着芯棒伸出量的增大,起皱波纹高度逐渐减小,切向压应力极大值波动的峰值减小,等效应力逐渐减小,并且变化趋于平缓;当芯棒伸出量达到一定值后,随着芯棒伸出量的增大,起皱波纹高度极大值变化不明显。该研究对薄壁矩形管绕弯成形工艺参数的确定具有重要的参考价值。     

Research on cross-sectional deformation of double-ridged rectangular tube during H-typed rotary draw bending process

Based on the ABAQUS/Explicit, a three-dimensional elastic–plastic finite element model of the H96 brass double-ridged rectangular tube (DRRT) during H-typed rotary draw bending (RDB) was established and its reliability was validated by an experiment. With the model, distribution characteristic of cross-sectional deformation and effects of clearance and friction coefficient between tube and dies and core number on it were studied. The results show that the maximum cross-sectional height distortion ratio appears at the bending angle 60°. And the maximum cross-sectional width distortion ratio between side walls, as well as side walls of the ridge grooves, appears at the bending angle 80° and 60°, respectively. In addition, retracting mandrel has a great effect on the cross-sectional height distortion, but its influence on the cross-sectional width distortion can be ignored. And the maximum cross-sectional distortion ratio initially increases with increasing of clearance between tube and mandrel c _m and friction coefficient μ _b between tube and bending die, and then decreases with their increase, and initially decreases with the increase of core number N, and then increases with increasing of N. Moreover, the reasonable value of N is taken as 4.