城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属形态及生物有效性研究

随着集中焚烧法逐渐成为我国城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式,焚烧飞灰的安全处置与利用也成为学者普遍关注的问题。由于在填埋过程中受到各种环境要素的影响,垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属有可能会发生迁移和转化,重金属形态、毒性也会随之变化。本文对不同粒径城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的总量、形态及生物有效性进行了研究,为其在安全填埋及资源化利用过程中预测重金属的环境风险提供参考。     

垃圾焚烧底渣干法预处理工艺设备和技术研究

随着垃圾填埋场的减少和可持续发展意识的不断增强,垃圾焚烧底渣不再作为一种废弃物用来填埋处置,反而是一种潜在的资源,不仅可以替代有限的原材料,还可以从中回收和再循环有价值的金属。本文在欧洲一些先进国家处理技术的基础上总结了焚烧底渣的干法预处理技术。从工程实践的角度介绍了干法预处理的机理、处置设备和工艺流程,为生活垃圾焚烧底渣的回收利用提供指导。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧底渣综合利用现状及建议

近年来生活垃圾焚烧发电已经成为生活垃圾处置的主流方式,垃圾焚烧实现了垃圾的减量化和资源化,但是垃圾焚烧底渣的处置问题一直没有引起公众和政府相关部门的重视。垃圾焚烧底渣简单的填埋模式以及粗放的综合利用方式,不仅造成了严重的土地资源浪费和环境污染问题,而且浪费了大量的可回收资源。本文从垃圾焚烧底渣国内外的综合利用现状、现有的科学研究进展、国内外技术标准和政策、底渣处置技术等方面分析了底渣综合利用的现状,最后对垃圾焚烧底渣综合利用提出了几点建议。     

龙葵吸附重金属镉的生物有效性的研究

选取龙葵及种植龙葵的土壤作为研究对象,测定土壤中重金属镉的含量、土壤重金属可交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉、有机结合态镉、残渣态镉的化学形态含量,同时测定土壤的阳离子交换量、比重、pH等,并分析了土壤中不同化学形态的重金属镉的分布特征,同时分析影响重金属镉形态分布及生物有效性的因素.结果表明,土壤重金属镉...     

垃圾衍生燃料气化后无机底渣制备免烧砖及对重金属的固化

在垃圾气化后的无机底渣中添加10％水泥作为粘结剂、不同比例的电石渣作为激发剂设计了10组实验制备免烧砖,以T2处理制备的免烧砖3d、7d和28 d的抗压强度均较高,分别为10.5 MPa、19.3 MPa和20.1 MPa,达到了优质砖标准.以T2处理制备的免烧砖,其浸出液重金属浓度值均低于GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类水要求;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd大多以有机结合态和残渣态存在,有机结合态和残渣态分别占总形态的99.97％、82.93％、89.55％和74.20％.     

炉底干渣的性能研究

分析了宝钢自备电厂炉底干渣的产生和品质情况.从宝钢炉底干渣的易磨性、体积安定性及其与磨细矿渣粉性能三方面来比较研究炉底干渣的性能,提出宝钢炉底干渣综合利用的方向和建议.     

不同粒径城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属形态分析

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理过程中所含重金属会集中在垃圾焚烧飞灰中排出,且含量较高,因此若要安全处置垃圾焚烧飞灰必须要对其特性进行研究。不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的含量不完全相同,呈现出一定的变化趋势。重金属的各种形态对其在环境中的迁移和转化也会产生一定的影响。通过分析不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰的重金属形态进行研究,可为其安全处理处置提供参考。     

电解锰渣-生活垃圾焚烧底渣协同制备路面基层材料试验研究

我国电解锰渣和城市生活垃圾焚烧底渣堆存量大,污染严重,亟需开发经济可行的资源化利用技术。采用电解锰渣和城市生活垃圾焚烧底渣制备一种路面基层材料(RBM),并研究以不同Ca/Si比(质量比)制备的RBM的化学组成、力学性能、耐久性、浸出特性、水化产物和孔隙结构。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱(SEM-EDX)和压汞等表征手段研究RBM的水化产物及微观结构,利用浸出试验研究RBM的浸出特性。结果表明,当Ca/Si为0.8时,RBM力学性能和孔隙结构最优,养护7 d后的无侧限抗压强度(UCS)达9.06 MPa,满足中国水泥土路面基层I级标准。RBM耐久性优异,养护28 d的RBM经过9次冻融循环和干湿循环试验后,UCS分别为11.63、9.90 MPa。RBM中的主要水化产物为CaAl₂Si₂O₈·4H₂O、3CaO·Al₂O₃(C₃A)、2CaO·SiO₂(C₂     

废弃茶叶渣净化水体中重金属的研究进展

在对茶叶的结构和基本性质进行简单介绍的基础上,综述了茶叶渣吸附重金属离子的研究进展,包括吸附性能的研究和吸附机理的研究。并进一步介绍了茶叶渣吸附重金属离子的主要影响因素,包括溶液pH、固液接触时间、金属离子的初始浓度、吸附体系的温度等影响因素。最后对茶叶渣净化重金属污染水体的实际应用做了展望。     

循环流化床锅炉底渣在混凝土中的应用研究

根据循环流化床锅炉底渣的特性 ,以粗渣替代混凝土中的部分粗骨料卵石 ,细渣替代细骨料中砂 ,研究它们在混凝土中的应用 ,分析了试验结果 ,提出了循环流化床锅炉底渣在混凝土生产方面应当改进的方法     

Electrokinetic remediation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator

The electrokinetic remediation was studied to verify the possibility to reclaim the bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). In Italy, a production of 1 million tons per year of this kind of residue has been estimated, 90% of which is still landfilled. This work shows the results of four electrokinetic remediation tests for the removal of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and chlorides, using an open cell with graphite electrodes and without enhancing agents. The four tests have, respectively, been performed at a constant current density of 0.89, 1.67, 2.04 and 2.48 mA cm⁻², with duration of 42, 68, 47 and 40 h. Heavy metals occur in ashes in various forms, such as exchangeable, adsorbed, precipitated, organically complexed and residual phases. In order to determine the nature of any given system, in terms of specific chemical species and pertaining mobilities, sequential extraction analyses have been performed. The release of pollutants was investigated for treated and untreated ash. After treatment, the concentration of pollutants in the leachate was reduced by 31-83%, better results being obtained for chlorides. Both the low amount of heavy metal extracted and the increase of ash pH during the electrokinetic tests, suggest to use enhancing agents or a cation exchange membrane at the cathode, to prevent the precipitation of metals as hydroxides.     

Content, mobility and transfer behavior of heavy metals in MSWI bottom ash in Zhejiang province, China

Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash samples were taken from six cities of Zhejiang province, where 1/4 incinerators of China were located. The samples were instrumentally analyzed to detect the content of heavy metals. Sequential extraction procedure (SEP) was adopted to characterize the mobility and environmental impact of heavy metals. And the transfer coefficients of heavy metals from the input MSW to the bottom ash during the incineration were also calculated. It showed that the average content of Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cr in the bottom ash exceeded 300 mg/kg, which was much higher than that in the soils. SEP results showed that although the residue fraction was the primary fraction of the heavy metals in the bottom ash, there were still 1.84 mg of Cd, 86.21 mg of Cu, 83.46 mg of Pb and 939.46 mg of Zn in 1 kg bottom ash having the potential of leaching, which indicated a great threat to the surrounding environment. The result of coefficients calculation revealed that almost all the Cu, Cr, Mn and Ni in the input MSW were transferred to the bottom ash during the incineration. Bottom ash was also the main destination of Cd, Co, As, Mo, Pb and Zn though considerable amounts of those metals were transferred to the raw gas.     

Use of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in concrete

With a view of reducing the quantities to be landfilled, the Solvay Company has been working on the development of a new physicochemical treatment for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ashes: the Revasol process. This process allows reducing the soluble fraction, fixing heavy metals and eliminating dioxins. This article reports on the characteristics of a treated ash and on its use in concrete. For the latter point, three characteristics were chosen: the compressive strength and the durability of the hardened concrete and its behavior to leaching. From mechanical and durable points of view, the ash incorporated in the concrete behaves like ordinary sand. The leaching tests carried out on the concrete confirm that the process makes it possible to obtain materials without major risks for the environment. Also, these results as a whole suggest that the use of waste in concrete constitutes a potential means of adding value.     

Characterisation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Catalonia

Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator plants in Catalonia was characterised to investigate some alternatives for its utilisation and their potential environmental impact. After a detailed chemical and mineralogical characterisation, physical and geotechnical properties were investigated. The study focused on the use of bottom ash as an aggregate substitute in pavement applications. The results show that this material may be successfully used as a compacted material in unbound road sub‐bases. According to Spanish Specifications for road construction, bottom ash complies with the technical requirements for sub‐bases. Data obtained from the leaching test satisfy the limit values established by Catalan Specifications for bottom ash utilisation. The use of bottom ash in the envisaged application should therefore not result in any environmental impact. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Removal of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash by traditional and microwave acid extraction

BACKGROUND: Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash is regarded as hazardous waste because it contains various toxic metals. A previous study has shown that fly ash can be detoxified by removal of heavy metals. In this work, the extractability of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash by traditional and microwave acid extraction were compared. RESULTS: A 2^{4 ? 1} fractional factorial experimental design was adopted using acid concentration, extraction time, temperature, and liquid/solid (L/S) ratio as the experimental factors for traditional extraction, and acid concentration, extraction time, liquid/solid (L/S) ratio and microwave power as the experimental factors for microwave extraction. The traditional extraction results show that L/S played an important role in Zn, Cd extraction while L/S ratio and extractant concentration were important for Pb extraction. However, no controlling parameter was determined for Cu and Cr extraction. For the microwave extraction, it was shown that L/S was important for Pb and Zn and extractant concentration was important for Pb, Zn and Cd. The time and the power were not significant for the extractability of heavy metals. CONCLUSION: Hydrochloric acid was an effective extractant. Microwave heating promoted extraction and shortened extraction time. Microwave acid extraction treatment is a potentially feasible method for the removal of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

重金属螯合剂处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的稳定化技术

引言随着我国社会经济的发展、城市化进程的加快以及人们物质生活的提高,全国城市生活垃圾年产生量已达1.5亿吨以上,并以每年8%～10%的速率增加[1-3]。城市垃圾焚烧是我国垃圾处置的重要手段,在焚烧过程中将产生大量飞灰,飞灰产量与垃圾种类、焚烧条件、焚烧炉型及烟气处理工艺有关,一般约占被焚烧垃圾量的3%～5%。分析表     

柱淋滤模式下生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中Cu2+和Zn2+浸出规律

垃圾焚烧炉渣是一种活性材料,在其储存、预处理及应用等过程与雨水频繁接触时,炉渣中重金属随着水域环境发生迁移和浸出现象。本研究采用连续柱淋滤试验装置模拟自然降雨,开展了0～5mm和5～10mm焚烧炉渣的动态淋滤毒性浸出分析,重点研究了pH和降雨强度对Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的浸出影响。结果表明,动态淋滤过程中,淋滤液pH变化对Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的浸出水平影响显著,且在酸性较强淋滤液作用下Cu²⁺浸出水平比Zn²⁺更强,与Ⅴ类地表水环境浓度限值对比,在整个淋滤时间内Cu²⁺浸出浓度严重超标,在炉渣工程应用时需预防相关的环境风险;原生炉渣粒径大小与重金属浸出水平无直接相关性,但是0～5mm细炉渣中可浸出Zn²⁺含量更高,这与细颗粒物中Zn赋存形态和可溶出态含量较高有关;淋滤强度对重金属浸出水平影响主要反应了动态淋滤过程液固比和水分运移速率情况,当较低淋滤强度时具有低液固比,溶出液中重金属含量较高。     

Neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle size

This study measures the neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle sizes. We examine the effect of particle size on the weathering process, a method popularly used for stabilization of heavy metals in incineration of bottom ash. The distribution of particle sizes in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is rather broad, ranging from fine powder to as large as 40 mm in diameter. Although considered a by-product highly suitable as a road construction material, the high level of heavy metal leaching is an obstacle to its reuse. Weathering, a method used to reduce heavy metal leaching, is a lengthy process taking over thee months to complete. The chief reaction involved in weathering is carbonation occurring between Ca(OH)2 in bottom ash and CO₂(g) in the atmosphere. During this process, CaCO₃ is produced, causing the pH level to drop from over 12 to about 8.2 and reducing heavy metal leaching. In this paper, we attempt to determine the particle size best suited for reducing the period required for weathering bottom ash by identifying characteristics of different particle sizes that affect heavy metal leaching and neutralization.     

水热法稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属研究进展

随着社会经济的发展和垃圾焚烧的应用,产生了大量属于危险废物的垃圾焚烧飞灰。其无害化处理技术的研发变得日益迫切,而水热处理技术是最具潜力的垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化技术之一。本文综述了水热法处理垃圾焚烧飞灰稳定重金属的研究进展。首先阐述了垃圾焚烧飞灰的理化性质;然后系统介绍了针对垃圾焚烧飞灰的水热处理方法,将其细分为传统水热法、添加剂辅助水热法和微波水热法,并分别总结了各类水热处理方法影响重金属稳定效果的因素,包括反应时间和温度、碱性激发剂及其浓度、液固比等;最后探讨了水热法稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属技术的优化途径,为后续的研究提供了研究思路,其中探究水热过程中硅铝酸盐矿物的合成及其稳定重金属机理极具发展潜力。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中典型重金属形态分布研究

采用原欧洲共同体参考物质署指导制定的标准三步分级提取法对垃圾焚烧飞灰中的7种重金属(锌、镍、铅、铜、锰、镉、铬)的化学形态进行了研究.结果表明:金属镉主要以弱酸提取态的形式存在(含量占总镉质量的75.66%～89.09%),同时铅、铜的弱酸提取态含量也较高(含量占总质量的32.12%～41.36%),对环境具有潜在的影响;铅、铜、锰、锌的可还原态及可氧化态含量相对较高,铬、镍主要以残渣态形式存在(含量占总质量的57.17%～86.90%).