强力霉素废水中氟的处理研究

根据强力霉素含氟废水的特点,采用石灰-粉煤灰两段净化工艺处理其中的氟,并对影响处理效果的主要因素进行了试验研究.结果表明,一段处理最佳条件:m(Ca)∶m(F)=2、反应时间40min;二段处理最佳条件:粉煤灰粒径小于200目,灰水比为1∶10,振荡吸附时间为200min,pH4～8;处理后的废水中氟质量浓度＜10 mg/L,达到了GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准.该方法工艺简单、操作方便、成本低廉.处理废水后的含氟灰渣烧制成砖块,不会对环境造成二次污染,并达到了以废治废的目的.     

粉煤灰-铝盐法处理含氟废水

对粉煤灰 -铝盐体系处理含氟废水的各种影响因素进行了研究。结果表明 ,粉煤灰 -铝盐体系的最佳处理条件为灰水比 1∶2 5 ,水样中AlCl3浓度 80 0mg/L ,pH值 3 ,搅拌反应 3 0min ,可使含氟量降至 1 .0mg/L以下。此法处理含氟废水工艺简单 ,操作方便 ,处理效果好 ,并可达到以废治废的目的。     

燃煤电厂含氟废水处理的研究

采用燃煤电感和的粉煤灰作原料制备聚硅酸铝（ＰＳＡＡ）混凝剂,通过化学沉淀络合、凝聚和絮凝等反应来处理电厂含氟废水。结果表明,本法处理含氟废水工艺简单、操作方便、成本低廉,并可达到以废治废的目的。     

含氟废水处理方法的研究

采用成本较低的粉煤灰和皂化母液为钙源处理含氟废水,结果表明:粉煤灰和皂化母液均可将4 250~29 419 mg/L的含氟废水中的氟离子浓度降低至11~60 mg/L,达到了以废治废的目的。     

治理氟污染的活性硅清洁工艺

1　问题的提出氟化铝产自磷肥副产的氢氟酸与氢氧化铝的反应,该生产导致三废的大量排放,每生产1t氟化铝需排放含氟0 .0 2 5 g/m3的烟气70m3、含氟0 .5～1 .0 g/L的废水1 5m3,并产生废硅胶(含SiO2 2 0 %～2 3%、AlF31 %～7%) 1 60 0～1 80 0kg。烟气在喷淋塔中处理,废水则用1 0     

从高浓度含氟废水制备冰晶石的影响因素

采用传统化学沉淀法处理高浓度含氟废水,容易造成固废污染及氟资源的浪费。以模拟含氟废水为处理对象,以铝酸钠溶液为沉淀剂,开展了高浓度含氟废水制备冰晶石的条件研究。结果表明,当反应温度高于30℃,铝酸钠溶液苛性比小于3.3,废水氟离子浓度为4 300 mg/L时,氟回收率可达80%以上。通过增加冰晶石晶种的反应停留时间,可以促进冰晶石沉淀的长大,得到沉降性好、含水率低的砂状冰晶石。     

粉煤灰处理含氟废水

探讨了利用粉煤灰，粉媒灰－生石灰体系处理含氟水的能力和影响因素。实验结果表明：应用粉煤灰可使含氟为２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的原水降至１０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，使含氟５０－１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的原水的除氟率达５０％以上；应用粉煤灰－生石灰体系处理含氟２０－１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的原水，均可使其降至１０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。用此法处理含氟废水工艺简单，操作方便，成本低廉，并可达到以废治废的目的。     

氢氧化钙沉淀法处理微晶石墨纯化酸性含氟废水正交试验

采用正交试验对氢氧化钙沉淀法处理微晶石墨纯化酸性含氟废水进行了研究。考察了氢氧化钙用量、p H值和搅拌时间对废水中F-质量浓度的影响,从而确定氢氧化钙处理微晶石墨纯化酸性含氟废水最佳工艺参数及影响废水处理的主要因素。结果表明,在氢氧化钙沉淀法处理微晶石墨纯化后酸性含氟废水过程中,氢氧化钙用量对F-质量浓度影响显著,p H值和搅拌时间对F-质量浓度影响相对较小。本试验最佳水平组合为:每100m L含氟废水中加入5.39g氢氧化钙,在p H值为8的条件下搅拌10min,经沉淀后过滤处理得到低氟浓度废水,该水平组合下F-质量浓度由7900mg/L降为5.31mg/L。     

零价铁处理含铀废水的试验研究

就零价铁处理含铀废水进行了试验研究,考察了pH、震荡时间、静止时间、铁的投加量等因素对铀去除率的影响,得到了最佳实验条件.通过试验对比了铁粉和废铁屑对铀废水的处理效果,发现废铁屑比铁粉对铀的去除率更高.最后分析探讨了铁粉和废铁屑对废水中铀的去除机理,指出零价铁对废水中铀的去除符合Langmuir吸附规律.     

降低含氟废水中氟含量的研究

以含氟聚合物凝聚过程产生的含氟废水为试验对象,采取化学沉淀和混凝沉淀的处理方法,确定并验证了含氟废水的最佳处理条件。氢氧化钙调节废水pH为9~11后,添加聚合氯化铝400~600 mg/L,含氟废水的氟离子浓度大幅降低,可进入企业污水管线,氟离子浓度甚至可降低至10 mg/L及以下,达到上海市污水排放标准。     

彩管厂含氟废水的强化混凝处理效果研究

针对彩管厂含氟废水常规处理工艺存在的问题,提出了合理的污泥回流强化混凝处理工艺,并在实验室小试研究和实际生产运行中取得了很好的处理效果。出水F^-质量浓度控制在10．5mg／L以下,工厂混合后的排放水F^-质量浓度基本稳定在4～6mg／L。同时,省去了氯化钙投药系统,石灰用量比原来减少40％,产污泥量减至原来的一半,混凝剂用量减至原来的1／5～1／4,沉淀效率比原来提高50％,处理成本则由2．75元／m^3降至1-35元／m^3,取得了显著的经济效益。     

Removal of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Different Types of Industrial Waste Materials: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

Abstract

A comparative study of the adsorbents prepared from several industrial wastes for the removal of Pb²⁺ has been carried out. Fertilizer industry waste viz. carbon slurry and steel plant wastes viz. blast furnace (B.F.) slag, dust, and sludge were investigated as low‐cost adsorbents after proper treatment in the present study. The adsorption of Pb²⁺ on different adsorbents has been found in the order: B.F. sludge>B.F. dust>B.F. slag>carbonaceous adsorbent. The least adsorption of Pb²⁺ on carbonaceous adsorbent even having high porosity and consequently greater surface area as compared to other three adsorbents, indicates that surface area and porosity are not important factors for Pb²⁺ removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Pb²⁺ has been studied as a function of contact time, concentration, and temperature. The adsorption has been found to be exothermic, and the data conform to the Langmuir equation. The kinetic results reveal that the present adsorption system follows Lagergren's first order rate equation. Since all three waste products from the steel industry show higher potential to remove lead from water, therefore, it is suggested that these metallurgical wastes can be fruitfully employed as low‐cost adsorbents for effluent treatment containing toxic metal ions.     

On-site destruction of radioactive oily wastes using adsorption coupled with electrochemical regeneration

Intermediate level waste (ILW) organic liquids and high alpha oils are difficult to dispose of via existing routes and are typically stored on site, classified as orphan wastes. Taking these sites to care and maintenance requires these wastes to be retrieved and treated to assure either passive storage as an immobilised waste or destruction of the waste. In this study adsorption coupled with electrochemical regeneration has been investigated as a method of treatment of contaminated oils. The process results in the complete destruction of the organic phase where the radioactivity is transferred to liquid and solid secondary wastes that can then be processed using existing authorised on-site waste-treatment facilities. Following successful laboratory and pilot scale trials, a demonstrator unit was commissioned at the Magnox Trawsfynydd decommissioning site to destroy 10 L of radioactive oils, comprising high alpha/ILW oils. Over 99% of the emulsified oil was removed and destroyed with the majority of activity (80–90%) being transferred to the aqueous phase. Secondary wastes were disposed of via existing routes with the majority being disposed of via the sites active effluent treatment plant. The regeneration energy required to destroy a litre of oil was 42.5 kWh. This on-site treatment approach eliminates the risks and cost associated with transporting the active waste oils off site for incineration or other treatment.     

农药品种及其原料和中间体开发现状与发展趋势（一）

本文按农药类型及化学结构对国内外农药用原料及中间体进行了简要的介绍,并预测其发展趋势。文中所介绍农药品种的生物活性、毒性、对作物及环境的安全性等方面均符合高效、低毒、安全的标准,并各具特点。含氟、含杂环、含氟杂环及立体选择性中间体的研究与合成,对现有中间体工艺的改进(使之收率更高、三废更少、成本更低)或“绿色工艺”的研究是农药原料或中间体的发展趋势。     

基于响应曲面法的铁水预熔脱磷渣组成优化

铁水预脱磷的处理普遍采用石灰渣系,主要由CaO, FemOn和CaF2等组成,含CaF2高,炉衬侵蚀严重,且生成的含氟脱磷产物对环境危害大,不利于脱磷渣的综合利用。针对以上问题对脱磷渣系进行优化设计,采用FactSage软件考察单因素(FeO, Na2CO3和MnO含量、碱度和脱磷温度)对铁水脱磷效果的影响,采用响应曲面法(RSM)确定主要影响因素和水平,对铁水预熔脱磷渣配比进行优化。结合模拟结果,在CaO?SiO2?FeO渣系中添加助熔剂(Na2CO3与MnO)进行脱磷预处理实验。建立预测铁水脱磷率的多元回归模型,通过方差分析和响应曲面分析对各因素的交互作用进行优选,得到脱磷渣(CaO?SiO2?FeO?Na2CO3?MnO)的最佳配比。结果表明,脱磷率随碱度、FeO含量和助熔剂含量提高而增大,脱磷剂的最佳配比为37.79% FeO,6.24% Na2CO3,9.89% MnO,碱度4.50,温度1387℃。将预测结果用于实验,最终脱磷率为97.30%,相对误差为2.70%。响应曲面法可较好地预测和指导实验,按优化成分进行脱磷实验可获得较高的铁水脱磷率,此方法能为铁水脱磷提供理论指导。     

Complex processing of fluorine-containing wastes of fluorite ores

The possibility of processing fluorine-containing wastes of fluorite ore, which include fluorite, calcite, quartz, and anorthite, has been investigated. A manufacturing flow chart of the complex processing of the ore waste materials with the production of sodium fluoride, alumina, soda ash, and raw materials suitable for the production of Portland cement and wollastonite is suggested.     

CaF_2/ZnO的制备及光催化性能研究

ZnO因其费用低、活性高、无毒等特点,在光催化领域有着广泛的应用前景。通过向ZnO中掺入其它物质制备复合材料,可以达到调控ZnO的光催化性能的目的,扩大ZnO的具体应用范畴。以ZnO为主体研究材料,向ZnO中加入不同质量比的CaF_2,通过沉淀法制备CaF_2/ZnO复合材料。利用x-射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对此复合材料的晶相、组份及微观结构进行表征。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱研究该复合材料在可见光、紫外光下降解亚甲基蓝的效率,发现与纯ZnO相比,可见光下CaF_2/ZnO复合材料对亚甲基蓝的降解效率随着掺入CaF_2的质量比的提高,呈现先下降后升高的趋势;而紫外光下CaF_2/ZnO复合材料对亚甲基蓝的降解效率都要比纯ZnO要高。     

Application of apdc coupled polyurethane foam sorbent for the removal and recovery of toxic heavy metals Hg,Cd and Pb from industrial effluents

A novel, highly stable, selective and efficient sorption medium was synthesized for the removal of toxic metals from industrial effluents by coupling a chelating agent Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) with flexible open cell polyether polyurethane foam. The performance efficiency of the new sorbent was evaluated by static and dynamic methods for removing toxic heavy metals Hg, Cd and Pb from effluents. In fixed bed downflow column studies, a quantitative uptake of Hg (II) 400 mg/L, Cd (II) and Pb (II) 60 mg/L was attained at flow rates of 3.68 L/m²s. The design parameters using the APDC‐PUF as sorption material for a batch reactor and for column reactor and cost effectiveness of the process were evaluated. The sorption potential of the APDC‐PUF was demonstrated for the treatment of real industrial wastes from a common effluent treatment plant, Chloro alkali industry and municipal sewage.     

含CaF2纳米晶的透明玻璃陶瓷的制备工艺分析

采用熔融冷却法制备了组分为55SiO2-20Al2O3-5CaO-20CaF2及45SiO2-20Al2O3-10CaO-25CaF2两组玻璃,并通过热分析测定了玻璃的转变温度、核化温度和晶化温度。采取等温热处理工艺在不同温度下对两组玻璃进行3h晶化热处理并对热处理后的试样进行物相结构、透光率和微观形貌的表征。结果表明,将玻璃进行等温晶化热处理能制备含CaF2纳米晶的透明玻璃陶瓷;增加组分中CaF2及CaO的含量能提高体系的玻璃转变温度及成核温度;提高热处理温度使析晶程度增大,透光率下降;CaF2和CaO在玻璃中可引起成分偏聚而产生分相,提高玻璃的析晶程度。     

A two stage membrane treatment of secondary effluent for unrestricted reuse and sustainable agricultural production

Field experiments are in progress for secondary wastewater upgrading for unrestricted use for irrigation and sustainable agricultural production. The integrative treatment system for the secondary effluent polishing is based on implementing in series of two main treatment stages: ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane treatment. The pilot system has the capacity of around 8 m³/h. The UF effluent is used to feed the RO membrane stage. Different mixtures of UF and RO permeates are subsequently applied for drip irrigation of various agriculture crops. The field results indicate the importance of the UF component in the removal of the organic matter and the pathogens that are still contained in the secondary effluent (the secondary effluent is obtained from a waste stabilization pond treatment system). Under specific conditions, when the dissolved solids content is relatively low, the UF effluent can be applied directly for unrestricted irrigation. In the successive RO stage most nutrients are removed, allowing applying the effluent without jeopardizing the soil fertility and the aquifers. Preliminary economic assessment indicates that the extra cost for effluent polishing via the UF stage only is in the range of 8–12 US cents/m³. The extra cost for the RO stage is as well assessed at 8–12 US cents/m³. The additional treatment expenses depend to a large extent on the quality of the incoming raw secondary effluent and local requirements at the command agricultural production sites.