普通玉米杂交种间淀粉糊化过程中热力学性质的差异研究

采用湿法在试验室条件下提取了52种普通玉米杂交种淀粉。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了这些玉米杂交种淀粉的糊化过程中的热力学性质。结果表明:52种普通玉米杂交种间淀粉糊化过程中的热力学性质存在明显区别:热焓值变化范围为8.95~15.54 J/g,起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终止糊化温度及温度变幅的变化范围分别为64.72~70.28℃、70.37~75.03℃、77.16~84.16℃及9.49~17.43℃;52种普通玉米杂交种淀粉平均热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终止糊化温度及温度变幅分别为10.87 J/g、68.17℃、72.68℃、81.01℃和12.85℃;某些热力学性质参数间存在显著的相关性;依据热焓值大小,可以将52种普通玉米杂交种分为5个组别。     

乳熟期玉米糊化热力学性质的分析

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对18种乳熟期玉米的糊化热力学性质进行研究,探讨玉米中主成分(水分,直链淀粉,支链淀粉及蛋白质质量分数)对其糊化热力学行为的影响,分析其成分与玉米糊化热力学参数之间的相关性。结果表明:水分质量分数、直链淀粉和支链淀粉的质量分数与起始糊化温度(T0)、峰值糊化温度(TP)均为极显著正相关,而与终止糊化温度(TC)、热焓值(ΔH)的相关性均不显著;此外,热焓值(ΔH)与终止糊化温度(TC)是极显著相关。     

羟丙基化改性对普通玉米杂交种淀粉糊化热力学性质的影响

采用湿法在实验室条件下提取18种普通玉米杂交种淀粉,并制备了羟丙基淀粉.采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了原淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的糊化过程中的热力学性质.结果表明羟丙基化改性显著降低了所有普通玉米杂交种淀粉的热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度,平均降幅分别为29.6%、13.9%、12.2%和7.8%.但羟丙基化改性对不同的普通玉米杂交种淀粉热力学性质的影响程度明显不同,即热力学性质各参数的降幅在杂交种间存在显著差异,热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度及终止糊化温度的降幅的变化范围分别为10.95～47.15、9.1%～16.9%、8.7%～14.3%、4.8%～12.2%.     

海藻酸钠对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉物化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、动态流变仪、物性测试仪等,研究了海藻酸钠对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化、凝胶及老化性质的影响。结果表明:海藻酸钠显著影响高直链玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉及蜡质玉米淀粉的物化性质,且对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉物化性质的影响不同。海藻酸钠使3种玉米淀粉的糊化难度增大,起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终止糊化温度升高,糊化焓增加。海藻酸钠提高3种玉米淀粉的峰值黏度、末值黏度、表观黏度及损耗模量。海藻酸钠提高高直链玉米淀粉的热稳定性和抗老化性,使高直链玉米淀粉的衰减值、老化率降低。海藻酸钠阻碍高直链玉米淀粉形成凝胶,使高直链玉米淀粉的损耗角正切值升高、凝胶硬度降低。     

磷酸酯化改性对玉米杂交种淀粉糊化过程中热力学性质的影响

采用湿法在实验室条件下提取18种玉米杂交种淀粉,并制备了磷酸酯淀粉.采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了原淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的糊化过程中的热力学性质.结果表明:磷酸酯化改性显著降低了所有玉米杂交种淀粉的热焓值,小幅度降低了起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度,平均降幅分别为15.1%、6.3%、4.8%和1.7%.但磷酸酯化改性对不同的玉米杂交种淀粉热力学性质的影响程度明显不同,即热力学性质各参数的降幅在杂交种间存在显著差异,热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度及终止糊化温度的降幅的变化范围分别为0 7%～37 0%、3 3%～10 2%、2 6%～7 8%、0 2%～6 4%.     

羟丙基和磷酸酯化对不同玉米杂交种淀粉糊化特性的影响

采用了实验室方法提取了高直链、糯性和普通玉米杂交种的淀粉，并分别进行了羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应。采用快速粘度分析仪（RVA）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）分别分析了淀粉的糊化和热力学性质。结果表明：羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应都不同程度地降低了所有淀粉的热焓值和糊化温度，缩短了出峰时间，增加了峰值粘度。二者相比，羟丙基化更显著地降低了原淀粉的糊化温度和热焓值，缩短了出峰时间；而磷酸酯化则更明显地提高了原淀粉的峰值粘度和终粘度．     

共轭亚油酸对玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪和动态流变仪研究了共轭亚油酸对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、热学性质和流变学性质的影响。研究表明,添加相同量的共轭亚油酸使普通玉米淀粉的峰值黏度等黏度值增加,对高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉的糊化性质影响不显著。添加共轭亚油酸使普通玉米淀粉糊化焓值增加,添加量为1%时其糊化焓值增加幅度最大。添加2%的共轭亚油酸使高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉糊化焓值降低,其中蜡质玉米淀粉糊化焓值降低尤为明显,下降了17%。添加2%的共轭亚油酸,可抑制高直链玉米淀粉的短期老化和长期老化,老化率分别由0.45、0.63降低到0.31、0.55。添加共轭亚油酸增加3种玉米淀粉的表观黏度和稠度系数,增加普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉的贮能模量和损耗模量,降低其tanδ值,促进其形成弹性凝胶。     

不同类型玉米灌浆期淀粉的热力学和晶体特性

以普通玉米、糯玉米、爆裂玉米和甜玉米为材料,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X-射线衍射仪分析玉米籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉热力学特性和晶体特性的变化趋势和差异。结果表明,随着籽粒灌浆,DSC糊化峰向低温方向移动,峰宽增大,峰值、糊化温度、热焓及结晶度呈逐渐降低趋势。说明与籽粒灌浆后期相比,灌浆前期的玉米淀粉较难糊化。类型间比较,糯玉米和甜玉米分别具有最大和最小的热焓。说明糯玉米淀粉难以糊化,甜玉米淀粉容易糊化。     

不同类型玉米发育过程中淀粉糊化特性的比较

采用DGC方差分析法,比较普通玉米、糯玉米和爆裂玉米籽粒生长过程中胚乳淀粉糊化特性和直链淀粉含量的变化及差异。结果表明,普通玉米和爆裂玉米RVA谱的尾部高于峰顶,而糯玉米RVA谱的尾部低于峰顶。普通玉米的低谷黏度授粉后10 d达最高,峰值黏度和最终黏度分别在20 d和30 d时最高;糯玉米的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度均在30 d时最高,爆裂玉米均在40 d时最高。说明,普通玉米胚乳的淀粉膨胀力、耐剪切能力和淀粉胶的硬度最先达到最大,其次为糯玉米,爆裂玉米最晚。糯玉米胚乳中直链淀粉含量最低,回复值最低,最不易老化。授粉20 d后,爆裂玉米淀粉的峰值时间最长,糊化温度最高,最难糊化。相关分析发现,糯玉米的直链淀粉含量与回复值和糊化温度分别呈显著正和负相关,爆裂玉米直链淀粉含量与消减值呈显著正相关,而普通玉米直链淀粉含量与RVA特征值间不存在显著相关性,即相关性的大小受玉米类型的影响。     

陈化前后大米的淀粉结构及理化性质分析

对比分析陈化前后6个不同品种大米淀粉结构与理化性质,结果表明,不同品种大米淀粉的直链淀粉含量、体积平均粒径（D[4,3]）、结晶度及糊化起始温度（To）、峰值温度（Tp）、终止温度（Tc）、热焓（ΔH）分别介于17.24%~22.69%、5.74~7.09 μm、16.45%~18.19%、64.77~73.03 ℃、71.73~81.13 ℃、77.17~87.40 ℃、12.62~18.44 J/g之间,陈化后大米淀粉的直链淀粉含量显著（p<0.05）上升,结晶度显著下降,陈化对淀粉晶型及短程有序性无明显影响;陈化对回生前后大米淀粉糊化特性均有明显影响,大米淀粉经回生处理后,To、Tp、Tc及ΔH明显下降;随着温度升高,大米淀粉溶解度与膨胀度明显上升,陈化降低了大米淀粉膨胀度、溶解度和透光率。大米淀粉的直链淀粉含量与其To、To＇（回生淀粉To）正相关;大米淀粉的D[4,3]与其To、To＇、透光率正相关;大米淀粉结晶度与其To、ΔH、ΔH＇（回生淀粉ΔH）正相关。该研究结果可为湖北稻米资源合理利用、陈米资源高效利用及产品开发提供理论依据。     

玉米深加工综合利用的前景

本文重点介绍用玉米作原料的淀粉行业、发酵酒精行业利用其生产中的副产品———玉米胚芽提取高质量保健食用油     

甜玉米及其加工品营养特点与食用品质评价研究进展

近年来,我国甜玉米栽培面积和产量均大幅提高;但甜玉米加工技术及产品品质评价工作则相对滞后。该文对国内外甜玉米及其加工产品营养和食用品质研究进展进行综述,并针对我国目前加工产品形式单一、研究基础薄弱等状况提出展望。     

Performance of dairy cows fed annual ryegrass silage and corn silage with steam-flaked or ground corn

Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6-wk randomized block design trial with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of feeding ground corn (GC) or steam-flaked corn (SFC) in diets based on either annual ryegrass silage (RS) or a 50:50 blend of annual ryegrass and corn silages (BLEND). Experimental diets contained 49.6% forage and were fed as a total mixed ration once daily for 4 wk after a 2-wk preliminary period. No interactions were observed among treatments. Cows fed BLEND consumed more dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) than those fed RS, but total-tract digestibility of OM, NDF, and ADF was greater for RS than for BLEND. No differences in nutrient intake were observed among treatments during wk 4 when nutrient digestibility was measured, but digestibility of DM and OM was greater for SFC than for GC. Cows fed BLEND tended to produce more energy-corrected milk than those fed RS, resulting in improved efficiency (kg of milk per kg of DM intake). When diets were supplemented with SFC, cows consumed less DM and produced more milk that tended to have lower milk fat percentage. Yield of milk protein and efficiency was greatest with SFC compared with GC. Blood glucose and milk urea nitrogen concentrations were similar among treatments, but blood urea nitrogen was greater for cows fed GC compared with those fed SFC. Results of this trial indicate that feeding a blend of annual ryegrass and corn silage is more desirable than feeding diets based on RS as the sole forage. Supplementing diets with SFC improved performance and efficiency compared with GC across forage sources.     

Performance of lactating dairy cows fed ryegrass silage and corn silage with ground corn, steam-flaked corn, or hominy feed

Forty-eight mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 6-wk completely randomized block design trial with a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of feeding different proportions of corn silage and ryegrass silage with supplemental ground corn (GC), steam-flaked corn (SFC), and hominy feed (HF) on the performance of lactating dairy cows. Forage provided 49% of the dietary dry matter in the experimental diets, which were formulated to meet National Research Council requirements. Ryegrass silage provided 100, 75, 50, or 25% of the total forage dry matter, with corn silage supplying the remainder. There were no interactions between the proportion of forage provided by ryegrass silage and energy supplement. Dry matter intake and milk protein percentage decreased linearly with increasing proportions of ryegrass silage, but milk protein yield was similar among forage treatments. There were no differences among forage treatments in milk yield, milk fat percentage and yield, and energy-corrected milk yield. Dry matter intake was higher and there was a tendency for increased milk fat percentage for GC compared with SFC or HF. No other differences were observed in milk yield or composition among energy supplements. Plasma urea nitrogen and glucose concentrations were similar among treatments. Under the conditions of this trial, our results indicate that feeding a combination of corn silage and ryegrass silage is more desirable than feeding ryegrass silage alone, whereas supplementation with GC, SFC, or HF supports similar levels of milk production.     

Effect of feeding a corn hybrid selected for leafiness as silage or grain to lactating dairy cattle

A leafy corn hybrid was compared to a grain corn hybrid as silage and high moisture grain to evaluate dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows averaging 97 DIM were used in a feeding trial based on 4 x 4 Latin squares with 21-d periods. Each of four diets contained (dry basis) 8% chopped hay, 42% corn silage, 11% high moisture corn grain, 10% whole, fuzzy cottonseed, and 29% protein concentrate. One diet used leafy corn as both high moisture grain and silage. A second diet contained grain corn hybrid (control) as both high moisture grain and silage. A third diet contained leafy corn for high moisture grain and control corn for silage and the fourth diet used control corn for high moisture grain and leafy corn for silage. Cows fed diets containing leafy silage produced more milk and milk protein and ate more DM than cows fed control silage. The corn hybrid used for high moisture grain did not influence milk yield or composition. Dry matter intake was greater for cows fed the diet containing both leafy high moisture grain and leafy silage than for cows fed both control high moisture grain and control silage, but milk yield and composition were not different. When fed as silage, the leafy corn hybrid used in this experiment supported greater DMI as well as higher milk and protein yields when compared to the grain corn hybrid.     

Lactation performance of dairy cows fed rehydrated and ensiled corn grain differing in particle size and proportion in the diet

Rehydrated and ensiled mature ground corn has high ruminal starch digestibility, but particle size (PS) and dietary starch proportion (ST) can affect starch digestion and lactating cow performance. We evaluated the effect of rehydrated and ensiled corn (REC), PS, and ST on intake, lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation profile, and chewing behavior of dairy cows. Kernels from an 84% vitreousness hybrid were finely (FN) or coarsely (CS) ground, yielding geometric mean particle sizes of 1,591 and 2,185 µm, respectively. Ground kernels were rehydrated [60% dry matter (DM)] and ensiled in 200-L buckets for ≥205 d. The grinding rate (t/h) was 3.9 for FN and 11.7 for CS. The PS did not affect DM loss (11.3% of ensiled) or silage pH (3.8). Samples of each bucket (n = 15/PS) before and after silage fermentation were incubated in situ for 0, 3, 6, 18, and 48 h in 4 rumen-cannulated lactating cows. Ensiling increased the effective ruminal in situ DM degradation (63.7 vs. 34.1%), regardless of PS. Sixteen Holstein cows (152 ± 96 d in milk) in 4 × 4 Latin squares (21-d periods) were individually fed a 2 × 2 factorial combination of low (LO) or high (HI) starch diets with FN or CS. Cows were fed the same REC incubated in situ. Varied concentration of starch in the diet (29.2 vs. 23.5% of DM) was achieved by partial replacement of REC (22.0 vs. 14.2% of DM) with citrus pulp (0 vs. 8.2% of DM). Milk, protein, fat, and lactose yields did not differ. Milk fat percentage was reduced and protein percentage was increased by HI. Treatment FN increased feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/digestible organic matter intake) when fed with HI. Total-tract starch digestibility tended to be reduced by CS (96.4 vs. 97.2% of starch intake). Serum β-hydroxybutyrate was increased by LO. High-starch diet reduced the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate in ruminal fluid and increased propionate and isoacids. Particle size did not affect ruminal fermentation profile. Coarse grinding reduced plasma d-lactate concentration with HI. Diet HI reduced the proportion of daily intake from 1900 to 0700 h and induced preferential intake of feed particles <8 mm and greater refusal of particles >19 mm in the morning. Fine REC reduced rumination time per day and increased eating time per DM intake. Milk and plasma urea-N did not differ. Ensiling of mature flint corn for >200 d largely eliminated the effect of the PS of REC on the studied outcomes. The proportion of REC in the diet affected ruminal fermentation profile and milk solids concentration, but did not affect short-term performance and digestibility. Coarse grinding of REC may allow increasing the grinding rate and thus save labor and energy during ensiling.     

玉米蛋白开发利用新进展

该文介绍近年来玉米蛋白研究新进展,包括结构及其氨基酸组成,玉米蛋白改性,及玉米蛋白在食品中应用。     

玉米联产品工艺浅探

玉米联产品有:精制玉米粉、精制玉米糁、玉米油、玉米快餐粉等。本文介绍了玉米联产品加工工艺,包括玉米清理、破糁脱胚、压胚制粉、综合加工等部分的工艺流程、主要设备。     

甜玉米啤生产工艺的研究

本实验以甜玉米为研究对象,通过对玉米糊化、液化、糖化、发酵等工艺参数的研究和探讨,得出结果:玉米在含0.2%乳酸的热水中浸泡4h,100℃下糊化60min,在85～95℃下加0.3%酶液化,然后降温到60℃,加酶0.5%,糖化4h,最后在15℃下接种啤酒酵母发酵48h,得到色泽淡黄、晶莹透明、有典型玉米香气的发酵产品。     

即食玉米货架期间品质研究

跟踪监测即食玉米一年货架期内微生物指标、感观指标和营养指标变化,结果表明,即食玉米在一年货架期间内安全可食,具有较高营养价值.试验利用水煮和微波两种加热方式消除即食玉米回生现象;结果表明,热水加热3～5 min或微波加热2～3min,均可消除回生现象,保持玉米原有风味.