Life cycle of remanufactured engines

The life cycle index of remanufactured engines was assessed by using the method of life cycle assessment (LCA). A remanufactured engine of a certain domestic brand was taken as researching object. Engine reproducing engineering was investigated from three aspects which were energy, material and environment. The application of LCA on remanufacturing engines was discussed in detail with a practical case. The results indicate that remanufackg CO2 , 6.09 kg CO, 1.01 kg NOx, 3. 985 kg SOx and 288. 725 kg solid waste. The remanufacturing of engines possesses great economic value and practicability.     

Benefit analysis and contribution prediction of engine remanufacturing to cycle economy

The first automobile engine remanufacture company in China, Jinan Fuqiang Power Co, Ltd, was introduced. The engine remanufacturing technological process of this company was described. The benefit statistic of remanufacturing 10 000 Styer engines were analyzed, and the contribution of engine remanufacturing to cycle economy was predicted. The results show that remanufacturing engineering could use the maximal additional values of obsolete engines, and make contributions to materials conservation, capital saving, energy conservation and environment protection. 10 000 engines are supposed to be remanufactured per year, the following benefits would be obtained: reclaiming additional values of RMB3.23 hundred million, saving metallic materials about 7.65 thousand tons, saving energy of 16 million kilowatt-hours, reducing emission of CO₂ about 11.3–15.3 thousand tons, and providing employment for 500 persons. According to the survey and analysis, tremendous benefits will be gained by the year of 2020. For example, reclaiming additional values per year of 1424–2236 hundred million RMB, saving energy per year of 60–90 hundred million kilowatt-hours, reducing emission of CO₂ about 6.67–9.69 million tons. It can be deduced that developing remanufacturing will play an important role in enriching the cycle economy and accelerating the development of national economy. Foundation item: Key Project(50235030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Benefit analysis and contribution prediction of engine remanufacturing to cycle economy

The first automobile engine remanufacture company in China, Jinan Fuqiang Power Co, Ltd, was intro duced. The engine remanufacturing technological process of this company was described. The benefit statistic of re manufacturing 10 000 Styer engines were analyzed, and the contribution of engine remanufacturing to cycle economy was predicted. The results show that remanufacturing engineering could use the maximal additional values of obsolete engines, and make contributions to materials conservation, capital saving, energy conservation and environment protection. 10 000 engines are supposed to be remanufactured per year, the following benefits would be obtained:reclaiming additional values of RMB3.23 hundred million, saving metallic materials about 7.65 thousand tons, saving energy of 16 million kilowatt-hours, reducing emission of CO2 about 11.3 - 15.3 thousand tons, and providing employment for 500 persons. According to the survey and analysis, tremendous benefits will be gained by the year of 2020. For example, reclaiming additional values per year of 1424 - 2236 hundred million RMB, saving energy per year of 60 - 90 hundred million kilowatt-hours, reducing emission of CO2 about 6.67 - 9.69 million tons. It can be deduced that developing remanufacturing will play an important role in enriching the cycle economy and accelerating the development of national economy.     

Effect of doped Mn on piezoelectric properties of （Na0.5Bi0.5 ）0.92 Ba0.08 TiO3 lead-free ceramics

Piezoelectric ceramics (Na0.5Bi0.5)0.92Ba0.05TiO3 x%MnCO3(BNBT-Mn, x=0-1.6,mass fraction)were synthesized by conventional solid state reaction. The results show that when the addition of MnCO3 is 0-1.4%, BNBT-Mn ceramics exhibit a single-phase perovskite structure. With the increase of content of MnCO3, piezoelectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor increase rapidly when x is lower than 0.3. Then they both decrease when x is in the range of 0.3 and 1.6. When x=0.3, piezoelectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor reach the maximum value of 160 pC/N and 58.5% respectively, which can improve the temperature stability of BNBT-Mn.     

Optimal fuzzy PID controller with adjustable factors based on flexible polyhedron search algorithm

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｍａｎｙａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔｄｅ ｃａｄｅｓ,ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎａｌ ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌ ｄｅｒｉｖａｔｉｖｅ (     

Fluorescence properties and application of doping complexes Eu1-xLx (TTA)3Phen as light conversion agents

Light conversion agents Eu1-x Lx (TTA)3 Phen (L denotes La3+ , Gd3+ , Y3+ ) complexes were prepared,and the influence of doping ions on fluorescence properties was investigated by elementary analysis, FTIR and fluorescent spectra. The results show that FTIR spectra of Eu1_x Lx (TTA)3 Phen complex system are identical with that of EuTTA3 Phen, which indicates that the complexes Eu1 xLx(TTA)3Phen are similar in structure to Eu (TTA)3Phen. For the above doping elements, co-fluorescence enhancement has the following order: Gd3+ ＞Y3+ ＞La3+ , and the optimum mole fractions of doping elements are 0.4, 0.2 and 0.5 respectively for Gd3+ , Y3+ ,La3+. Among all the complexes, Eu0.6 Gd0.4 (TTA)3 Phen complex has the strongest fluorescent intensity. Applying Eu0.6 Gd0.4 (TTA)3 Phen complex to plastic and printing inks, bright red fluorescence plastic and printing inks are obtained when the content of europium reaches 0.1% (mass fraction).     

Scanner external calibration algorithm based on fixed point in robot remanufacturing system

This paper deals with the scanner exterior calibration algorithm when the scanner is arranged by the robot and the object scanned is fixed on a rotate device in the Robot Remanufacturing System. The method of calibrating the relationship between the scanner coordinate and the robot Tool₀, such as the rotation, R _x , R_y, R_z, and the transformation X, Y, Z is studied. The data of Tool₀ can be directly obtained from the relationship with the robot base-coordinate. So, the coordinate relationship between the scanner coordinate and the robot base coordinate can be easily gotten. This paper explains the basic algorithm theory, computing method, data collecting process and the resulted data in detail. The calibration algorithm is deduced under the orthogonal coordinate. Foundation item: Project (50075086; 50235030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project (413270103) supported by National Basic Research Foundation of China; Project (2000-476) supported by the Ministry of Education for the Outstanding Teachers     

Remanufacturing strategy for chemical equipment

Failure, especially induced by cracks, usually occurred in the service process of chemical equipment, which could cause the medium leakage, fire hazard and explosion and induced the personnel casualty and economic losses. To assure the long-term and safety service, it is necessary to apply the remanufacturing technology on the chemical equipment containing cracks. The recent research advances on the remanufacturing, the failure modes and the life extension technology for chemical equipment were reviewed. The engineering strategy of the remanufacturing for the chemical equipment was proposed, which could provide a reasonable and reliable technical route for the remanufacturing operation of chemical equipment. In the strategy, the redesign was also been considered. Foundation item: Project (50235030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Synthesis and Characterization of LiCoxMn2-xO4 Cathode Materials

LiCoxMn2.04 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were synthesized by mechanical activation-solid state reaction at 750 ℃ for 24 h in air atmosphere, and their crystal structure, morphology, element composition and electrochemical performance were characterized with XRD, SEM, ICP-AES and charge-discharge test. The experimental results show that all samples have a single spinel structure, well formed crystal shape and uniformly particle size distribution. The lattice parameters of LiCo Mn2-xO4 decrease and the average oxidation states of manganese ions increase with an increase in Co content. Compared with pure LiMn2O4, the LiCo Mn2xO4 （x=0.03-0.12） samples show a lower special capacity, but their cycling life are improved. The capacity loss of LiCo009Mn191O4 and LiCo0.1Mn1.88O4 is only 1.85% and 0.95%, respectively, after the 20th cycle. The improvement of the cycle performance is attributed to the substitution of Co at the Mn sites in the spinel structure, which suppresses the Jahn-Teller distortion and improves the structural stability.     

Using hybrid modeling for life cycle assessment of motor bike and electric bike

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is environmental evaluation of products, materials, and processes over their life cycle. Truncation uncertainty and corresponding uncertainty are main problems occurred in process life cycle assessment (PLCA) modeling and economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA) modeling. Through combination of these two modelings in different life cycle stage and use of an uncertainty reduction strategy, a hybrid life cycle assessment modeling method was proposed in this study. Case studies were presented on gasoline-powered motorbikes (M-bike) and electricity-powered electric bike (E-bike). Web-based software was developed to analyze process environmental impacts. Results show that the largest part of life cycle energy (LCE) is consumed at use stage. Less energy is consumed in life cycle of E-bike than that of M-bike. GWP (Global Warming Potential), CO (Carbon Monoxide), PM10 (particulate matter) emission of M-bike are higher than that of E-bike, especially at use stage, AP (acidification Potential) emission of E-bike is higher than that of M-bike. Comprehensively, E-bike is energy efficient and less emitting, and better choice for urban private transportation. Foundation item: Project (G-0205-06347) supported by David and Lucile Packard Foundation in Partnership with the US Energy Foundation; Project (ICA4-2002-10023) supported by European Union     

Experimental study of effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine

Effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine are investigated by experiment. The intake oxygen concentration is controlled by adjusting CO₂. The results show that very low levels of both soot and NO _x emissions can be achieved by modulating the injection pressure, timing, and boost pressure at the low levels of oxygen concentration. However, both CO and HC emissions and fuel consumption distinctly increase at the low levels of oxygen concentration. The results also indicate that NO _x emissions strongly depend on oxygen concentration, while soot emissions strongly depend on injection pressure. Decreasing oxygen concentration is the most effective method to control NO _x emissions. High injection pressure is necessary to reduce smoke emissions. High injection pressure can also decrease the CO and HC emissions and improve engine efficiency. With the increase of intake pressure, both NO _x and smoke emissions decrease. However, it is necessary to use the appropriate intake pressure in order to get the low HC and CO emissions with high efficiency. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50636040, 50676066)     

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads

Achieving simultaneous reduction of NO _x , CO and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research. The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel (diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads. The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads. However, it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency, resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NO _x emissions. CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%, respectively. The NO _x emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.     

Remanufacturing system based on totally automatic MIG surfacing via robot

Remanufacturing system is a term of green system project which conforms to the national sustainable development strategy. With the demand of the high adaptability of the varieties of waste machining parts, the short product cycle, the low machining cost and the high product quality are offered. Each step of the remanufacturing system from the beginning of the scanning to the accomplishment of the welding was investigted. Aiming at building a remanufacturing system based on totally automatic MIG surfacing via robot, advanced information technology, remanufacturing technology and management, through the control of the pretreatment and the optimization to minimize the time of remanufacturing and realize the remanufacturing on the terminal products of varieties, were applied. The steps mainly incude: 1) using the visual sensor which is installed at the end of the Robot to rapidly get the outline data of the machining part and the pretreatment of the data; 2) rebuilding the curved surface based on the outline data and the integrated CAD material object model; 3) building the remanufacturing model based on the CAD material object model and projecting the remanufacturing process; and 4) accomplishing the remanufacture of the machining part by the technology of MIG surfacing. Foundation item: Projects(50075086; 50235030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(413270103) supported by the National Basic Research Foundation of China; Project(2000-476) supported by the Ministry of Education for the Outstanding Teachers     

End-of-life vehicle recycling based on disassembly

The end-of-life vehicle recycling was studied based on the disassembly. The end-of-life recycling and the disassembly were reviewed and discussed. A disassembly experiment of an end-of-life engine was carried out, which strictly recorded the process of dismantling. Based on the results, a model of the end-of-life recycling was presented. In this model, the end-of-life parts were classified by three ways which included to recycle directly, to recycle after remanufacturing and to discard. By using this model, the dismantling efficiency and the recycling rate can be improved. Also, it obtains a good result after used in a dismantling factory. Foundation item: Key Project (50235030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Electronic band structures of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> with heavy nitrogen doping

The first-principles density-functional calculation was conducted to investigate the electronic band structures of titanium dioxide with heavy nitrogen doping （TiO2-xNx）.The calculation results indicate that when x≤0.25,isolated N 2p states appear above the valence-band maximum of TiO2 without a band-gap narrowing between O 2p and Ti 3d states.When x≥0.50,an obvious band gap narrowing between O 2p and Ti 3d states was observed along with the existence of isolated N 2p states above the valence-band of TiO2,indicating that the mechanism proposed by Asahi et al operates under heavy nitrogen doping condition.     

First-principle investigation on stability of Co-doped spinel λ-Mn4-xCoxO8

The mechanism of stability of Co-doped spinel λ-MnO2 that is referred to as spinel LixMn2O4 （x=0） was studied by using the first-principle calculation method. The total energy and formation enthalpy can be decreased remarkably due to the Co substation, resulting in a more stable structure ofλ-MnxCr2-xO4. The bond order and DOS analysis were given in detail to explain the nature of stability improvement. The calculated results show that as the content of Co dopant increases, the bond order of Mn-O becomes larger and the peak of density of states around Fermi level shifts toward lower energy. The charge density distribution illustrates that the Mn-O bonding is ionic and partially covalent, and the covalent Mn-O bonding becomes stronger with the increase of Co dopant content. The results confirm that the Co-doping will enhance the stability of λ-MnO2 and hence improve the electrochemistry performance of LixMn2O4.     

Magnetostrictive distortion in Pr0.15Tbx Dy0.85-xFe2 polycrystals by X-ray diffraction

The ingots of Pr0.15 Tbx Dy0.85-x Fe2 (x=0.10-0.85) series compounds with a single phase were prepared by a arc melting method. The X-ray diffraction patterns were measured using a Philips X‘pert MPD X-ray diffractometer with a non-ambient sample stage at different temperatures, the magnetostfictive distortion in Pr0.15 Tbx Dy0.85-x Fe2 polycrystals was investigated by X-ray diffraction patterns and the magnetostfiction coefficient λ111 was calculated. The results show when the temperature is raised above the spin reorientation temperature region, a splitting appears in the reflection (440); the λ111 increase with the increasing of Tb content for Pr0.15 Tbx Dy0.85-x Fe2 polycrystals and thefull width at half maximum (FWHM) of the reflection (440) increases gradually with the increasing of Tb content.Moreover, as the FWHM of the reflection (440) decreases gradually with the increasing of temperature, the λ111 decreases slightly with the increasing of temperature at the temperature region of 223 -373 K for Pr0.15 Tb0.3 Dy0.55 Fe2 alloy.     

Structural evolution and stability of mechanically alloyed Fe-Ni nanocrystalline

The structural evolution and stability of Fe100-xNix(x=10, 20, 35, 50) alloys prepared by mechanical alloying were investigated through X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The intrinsic conditions of preparation determining phase stability in nanocrystalline were clarified. After being milled for 120 h, the powders of Fe90Ni10 and Fe80Ni20 consist of a single α(bcc) phase, Fe30Ni30 powders are a single γ(fcc), and for Fe65Ni35 powders there is co-existence of α and γ phases. The as-milled Fe80Ni20 powders annealed at 680 ℃ exhibits the stability of high-temperature γ phase at room temperature, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction.     

Development of magnetocaloric materials in room temperature magnetic refrigeration application in recent six years

Some magnetocaloric materials were used successfully in magnetic refrigeration application and became one of the critical parts of magnetic refrigeration technology whose delightful progresses were made worldwide in the past 30 years. At the same time, the research on giant magnetocaloric materials will accelerate the development of room temperature magnetic refrigeration. In this paper, the new theoretical and experimental investigations on magnetic materials in room temperature application were described, including Gd and its binary and ternary intermetallic compounds, Mn-based compounds, La(Fe_13−x M _x )-based compounds and manganites. Based on the analysis of hysteresis, corrosion, cost and heat process, the comparison between different families of magnetic materials was discussed. Further research of room temperature magnetic refrigerant was suggested. Foundation item: Project(50876082) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project (IRT0746) supported by the Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University     

Microscopic phase-field simulation for coarsening behavior of L12 and DO22 phases of Ni75Cr x Al25? x alloy

Based on the microscopic phase-field dynamic model and the microelasticity theory, the coarsening behavior of L1₂ and DO₂₂ phases in Ni₇₅Cr _x Al_25−x alloy was simulated. The results show that the initial irregular shaped, randomly distributed L1₂ and DO₂₂ phases are gradually transformed into cuboidal shape with round corner, regularly aligned along directions [100] and [001], and highly preferential selected microstructure is formed during the later stage of precipitation. The elastic field produced by the lattice mismatch between the coherent precipitates and the matrix has a strong influence on the coarsening kinetics, and there is no linear relationship between the cube of the average size of precipitates and the aging time, which does not agree with the results predicted by the classical Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner. The coarsening processes of L1₂ and DO₂₂ phases are retarded in elastically constrained system. In the concurrent system of L1₂ and DO₂₂ phases, there are two types of coarsening modes: the migration of antiphase domain boundaries and the interphase Ostwald ripening. Foundation item: Project(50671084) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(20070420218) supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation