微晶玻璃的特性、种类及其应用

概括了微晶玻璃的各种优异性能，按照微晶玻璃的基础玻璃成分，系统介绍了国内外研究的成果及进展，以及各类微晶玻璃系统的热处理制度、主晶相及热膨胀等特性，并简要叙述了各类微晶玻璃系统的应用．     

硬盘用基板微晶玻璃的研究与应用

介绍了适用于高容量、小型化硬盘用基板的各种微晶玻璃材料,简要讨论了各种微晶玻璃的化学组成、显微结构、主晶相种类以及各种微晶玻璃的特性,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

微晶玻璃研究进展

综述了关于微晶玻璃的种类、生产制备方法和制造原料的研究进展。其中，重点介绍了以废物固化为目的的微晶玻璃制造技术。以结晶为出发点，重点总结了微晶玻璃晶化过程的研究情况，包括不同工艺的成核机理、成核理论发展和分子动力学模拟研究进展。总结出微晶玻璃技术多样化、复杂化、精细化的发展趋势，并认为未来的基础研究不仅需要关注各种先进表征手段在观测玻璃晶化过程中的应用，更需要将实验手段与数学建模和理论计算等手段相结合。应用方面，介绍了微晶玻璃的4种具有突出价值的性能：透明度、发光性能、热膨胀性能和力学强度，这些性能赋予了其在各种高新技术领域中的巨大应用潜能。     

固废制备多孔微晶玻璃研究进展

固废多孔微晶玻璃是以固体废物、发泡剂及其他辅助试剂为原料，制备出的一种绿色材料。由于其主要原料为冶金固废、尾矿和城市固废等，且产品具有较高的机械强度、硬度，显著的耐腐蚀性，绝热、吸声、防火、防潮，使其在实现固废增值的同时，能应用于各种工业领域。文章阐述了烧结法制备固废多孔微晶玻璃的机理，重点论述了固废原料的选择和复合固废组成设计、发泡剂种类、掺量和材料性能、热处理制度对固废多孔微晶玻璃结构和性能的影响规律等方面国内外研究进展，介绍了固废多孔微晶玻璃的应用，对固废多孔微晶玻璃的研究和应用发展趋势进行了展望。     

国产V02微晶玻璃化学稳定性的研究

微晶玻璃的化学稳定性能直接影响到天文望远镜成像质量及其使用寿命的长短,我们重视微晶玻璃腐蚀机理,意在研究新型清洗剂配方,实验中对各种清洗液与V02微晶玻璃的腐蚀深度、面形以及反射率进行定性、定量测试,取得了一系列可参考的数据。     

微晶玻璃的制备与应用

微晶玻璃是科学科学上的一项最近的发展，它具有优良的力学、热学、电学、化学性能，已广泛地用在作结构材料和功能材料上，并且具有良好的发展前景。本文介绍了微晶玻璃的制备方法和在各种材料上的应用和性能。     

以粉煤灰为基础的微晶玻璃复合墙地砖研制

将粉煤灰引入微晶玻璃来制备复合墙地砖材料是一引人注目的课题。笔者以Li2O-CaO-Al2O3—SiO2为系统来制备微晶玻璃，利用其微负膨胀性，良好的析晶效果，易于与坯体相结合，消除内应力等优点来制备复合墙地砖。试验表明：将基础玻璃粉平铺于普通瓷质砖上，经一次烧结可制成表层为微晶玻璃，底层为普通瓷砖的复合材料。这既充分利用了粉煤灰，又具备微晶玻璃的各种优良性能，而且产品的工艺及合格率完全符合实际生产要求。     

粉煤灰在微晶玻璃中的应用

本文介绍制造粉煤灰微晶玻璃的方法，确定了微晶玻璃的基础玻璃配方、粉煤灰的合理引入量及晶核剂类型，测定了微晶玻璃制品的理化性能     

粉煤灰微晶玻璃的研究进展

综合分析了国内外粉煤灰微晶玻璃的研究现状。综述了粉煤灰微晶玻璃的主要原料、原料配比、晶核剂的发展方向、制备工艺及复合型粉煤灰微晶玻璃的研究趋势及应用前景，作为一种新型绿色材料，粉煤灰微晶玻璃在建筑装饰领域将具有广阔的发展前号。     

矿渣微晶玻璃的制备及展望

本文介绍了制备矿渣微晶玻璃的方法-熔融法和烧结法，总结了两种方法各自的优缺点，综述了基础玻璃的组成和晶核剂对制备矿渣微晶玻璃的主晶相及性能的影响；从矿渣微晶玻璃现状出发，展望了矿渣微晶玻璃的未来发展。     

Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells,Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the release of a plethora of mediators from mast cells culminating in serious respiratory, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous manifestations that can be fatal. Medications, foods, latex, exercise, hormones (progesterone), and clonal mast cell disorders may be responsible. More recently, novel syndromes such as delayed reactions to red meat and hereditary alpha tryptasemia have been described. Anaphylaxis manifests as sudden onset urticaria, pruritus, flushing, erythema, angioedema (lips, tongue, airways, periphery), myocardial dysfunction (hypovolemia, distributive or mixed shock and arrhythmias), rhinitis, wheezing and stridor. Vomiting, diarrhea, scrotal edema, uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, urinary incontinence, dizziness, seizures, confusion, and syncope may occur. The traditional (or classical) pathway is mediated via T cells, Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and 5), B cell production of IgE and subsequent crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils by IgE-antigen complexes, culminating in mast cell and basophil degranulation. Degranulation results in the release of preformed mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin G and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and of de novo synthesized ones such as lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes), platelet activating factor (PAF), cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Of these, histamine, tryptase, cathepsin G, TNF-α, LTC₄, PAF and VEGF can increase vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that mast cell-derived histamine and PAF can activate nitric oxide production from endothelium and set into motion a signaling cascade that leads to dilatation of blood vessels and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier. The latter, characterized by the opening of adherens junctions, leads to increased capillary permeability and fluid extravasation. These changes contribute to airway edema, hypovolemia, and distributive shock, with potentially fatal consequences. In this review, besides mechanisms (endotypes) underlying IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, we also provide a brief overview of IgG-, complement-, contact system-, cytokine- and mast cell-mediated reactions that can result in phenotypes resembling IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Such classifications can lead the way to precision medicine approaches to the management of this complex disease.     

Hydrocarbon components of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly sex pheromone

The primary sex pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was found to include a series of straight-chain hydrocarbon dienes, all with the double bonds in the 9 and 19 positions and all with the (Z, Z) configuration. The major components, of 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In the field and the greenhouse, the synthetic dienes were far above control levels in activity but, at least during the first hours of bioassay, were somewhat less active than the female-derived materials on a weight basis. In the field, a mixture of all five synthetic dienes, in the proportions found in the females, was more attractive than any single one, on a mole basis. In addition, (Z, Z)-9,19 dienes of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 39 carbons have been detected in females in minor amounts. The first five were bioassayed, and each was found to be similar in activity to the 35-carbon component when compared on a weight basis. The synthetic dienes, while active by themselves, were strongly synergized by two, more polar, Florisil fractions derived from females. Experimental design considerations are discussed.     

Organokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Critical Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Organokines can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. Among RA patients, organokines have been associated with increased inflammation and cartilage degradation due to augmented cytokines and metalloproteinases production, respectively. This study aimed to perform a review to investigate the role of adipokines, osteokines, myokines, and hepatokines on RA progression. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were searched, and 18 studies were selected, comprising more than 17,000 RA patients. Changes in the pattern of organokines secretion were identified, and these could directly or indirectly contribute to aggravating RA, promoting articular alterations, and predicting the disease activity. In addition, organokines have been implicated in higher radiographic damage, immune dysregulation, and angiogenesis. These can also act as RA potent regulators of cells proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, controlling osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts as well as immune cells chemotaxis to RA sites. Although much is already known, much more is still unknown, principally about the roles of organokines in the occurrence of RA extra-articular manifestations.     

Field evidence of synergism and inhibition in the sesiidae sex pheromone system

The E,Z, Z,Z, and Z,E geometric isomers of 3,13 octadecadien-1-ol acetate were used singly and in binary combinations to trap sesiids in Wisconsin cherry orchards. The Z,E isomer alone did not capture any sesiids. A synergistic effect, however, of Z,E onSynanthedon pictipes response to its pheromone E,Z was demonstrated for the first time. Strong inhibitory effects of the Z,Z isomer onS. pictipes response to E,Z, and of the E,Z isomer onS. scitula response to Z,Z, were found. As little as 0.5% of Z,Z in E,Z completely inhibited theS. pictipes response. This species' response was also reduced by 85% when Z,Z was evaporated at 4 points, each ca. 6 m from the pheromone trap. Consistencies and discrepancies of the data with relevant experimental results from other geographical areas are briefly discussed.Lepidoptera: Sesiidae (=Aegeriidae), the clearwing moths.Research supported by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and by the Wisconsin Red Tart Cherry Ind. Market. Order.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定唇膏中4种金属的含量

唇膏经微波消解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铅、锰、铬、镉的含量。在优化的仪器工作条件下,质量浓度分别在32.0、8.0、8.0、8.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别为4.2、3.5、2.3、2.5μg/L,测得回收率在98%~103%之间,精密度分别为4.1%、3.6%、3.9%、2.7%。     

陶瓷名物探源二则

匋、陶、窑(窯)上古皆读成舌头音,意义又相通,实际为一个意义上先后产生的几个形体不同的字,先民以陶(匋)既称呼窑灶,又指窑灶出品之物,又指制作陶器;坏(坯)、瓶、瓬、瓿、甂、缶、钵、皿、杯(盃)、盆(瓫)均指窑灶所出之物或后世模仿窑灶出品之物,其字皆由重唇音演变而来,亦为同胞兄弟的同源词。     

典型过程强化技术在纳米材料制备中的应用进展

纳米材料被誉为21世纪的新材料,广泛应用于化工、电子、国防、陶瓷等领域.传统的纳米材料制备方法面临粒径控制较困难、批次间重复性差,存在放大效应等不足.过程强化技术是化学工程学科的研究前沿和热点方向之一,旨在通过在生产过程中采用新工艺、新设备等手段,实现缩减操作单元、减小设备体积、提高生产能力及能量利用效率的目的,是实现...     

木质素纳米颗粒的制备及其功能化应用研究进展

木质素是一种天然生物质资源,来源广泛,成本低廉。近年来,利用纳米技术将木质素制备成木质素功能化纳米颗粒极大推动了木质素的利用,同时显著解决了传统材料无法解决的突出问题。详细介绍了木质素功能化纳米颗粒的自组装法、机械法、聚合组装法、冻干炭化法等制备方法及其在催化剂、助剂、吸附剂、紫外防护和抗氧化、抗菌、载体材料、聚集诱导发光材料等领域的应用研究,展望了木质素纳米颗粒的应用前景。指出实现木质素纳米颗粒的可控制备、功能化修饰,将有利于推动木质素功能化纳米颗粒在环保、能源、催化和生物医学等领域的进一步应用。     

明胶分子量分布测定和表征的研究进展(二)

<正> 6.SDS—PAGE(十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯 酰胺凝胶电泳)法 从1959年Raymond和1964年Davis用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离人血清蛋白成功后,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳得到了广泛的发展,成为分离、分析蛋白质、核酸类生物