非离子表面活性剂囊泡(niosome)的研究进展——制备、表征及化妆品应用(待续)

在过去的十年里,构建以表面活性剂为基础的囊泡引起了广泛的兴趣和关注,尤其是考虑到其作为纳米药物载体用于改善药物传递方面所具有的潜力.非离子表面活性剂囊泡(niosome)是由非离子表面活性剂、胆固醇或其他两亲分子在水中形成的自组装囊泡状纳米载体,是一种多功能给药体系,其应用范围广泛,包括经皮输送、脑靶向输送等.本综述对...     

囊泡的制备与应用研究进展

囊泡是表面活性剂溶液中的一种特异聚集形态,它可以通过表面活性剂的复配形成,也可以在生物体内自发的形成.囊泡的微小尺寸和多层结构为纳米材料开发以及生物膜研究提供一种途径,因此受到科研人员的广泛关注.文章综述了囊泡的形成及其在医药和纳米粒子制备方面的应用.     

阴阳离子表面活性剂复配制备囊泡的研究

采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠与阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基氯化铵复配,在合适的比例自发形成囊泡。考察了形成囊泡的复配比例,发现温度升高和滴加有机溶剂都会使囊泡稳定时间更长,通过粒度分析仪检测囊泡的平均粒径在140nm左右,并且囊泡大小均匀。     

甲氨蝶呤囊泡的制备和体外释放性能研究

用非离子表面活性剂和胆固醇为原料,采用薄膜分散法制备甲氨蝶呤囊泡,通过透析法分离未包封的药物,紫外分光光度法测定包封率和体外释药性。结果显示,Span 60与胆固醇形成的囊泡(VSpan 60∶VCHOL=5∶3),在50℃超声40 m in的条件下,对0.60 g/L的甲氨蝶呤包封率可达65%以上,在模拟胃流体和模拟肠流体中均有良好的缓释作用。     

聚合物构筑的囊泡及应用

综述了形成囊泡的两亲聚合物的结构,如双链两亲聚合物、单链两亲聚合物、正／负离子复合聚合物、聚合物与小分子化合物及可聚合化两亲聚合物;介绍了这些聚合物形成囊泡的特点和形成条件;概括了囊泡在反应微环境、药物释放、基因载体和生物矿化等方面的潜在应用;并提出了聚合物构筑囊泡的发展前景。     

Bola型表面活性剂自组装囊泡的研究进展

介绍了Bola型表面活性剂的结构特点,并详细概括了Bola型表面活性剂自组装形成单分子囊泡的原理、囊泡与胶束的相互转变及区别。综述了Bola型表面活性剂自组装囊泡的合成研究进展,并对其在纳米材料、催化作用、药物缓释、模拟生物离子通道等方面的应用作了介绍。最后对Bola型表面活性剂的研究前景进行了展望。     

含氟表面活性剂囊泡及其应用

介绍了含氟表面活性剂中的单链两亲分子、双链两亲分子和阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系囊泡的不同形成机理,并从分子结构角度阐述了其囊泡与碳氢表面活性剂囊泡相比具有更稳定、渗透率更低的特点,囊泡的特殊结构和性质决定其在生物膜模拟、药物释放、催化、提供反应的微环境等领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

阴阳离子表面活性剂自发形成囊泡的影响因素

在阴阳离子表面活性剂(SDS/CTAB)复配体系中自发形成囊泡。通过TEM、Zeta粒径分析和表面张力测定等手段进行表征,结果表明浓度、温度、溶剂、pH值等因素对囊泡稳定性有影响,在T=40℃,40%的乙醇为溶剂,调控pH=5,复配浓度在2×10-3mol/L条件下形成的囊泡稳定性最佳。     

金属离子诱导形成囊泡研究进展

金属离子诱导表面活性剂分子在水溶液中形成囊泡相,以其特有的作用方式以及潜在的应用价值而引起了广泛的关注。本文对金属离子诱导形成囊泡相的主要研究工作进行了综述,着重介绍了常见金属离子Cu2+,Ca2+,Fe3+与表面活性剂进行配位作用诱导形成囊泡相的研究进展及其作用机理,最后对金属离子诱导形成囊泡相的发展方向作出了展望。     

阴/阳离子表面活性剂复配体系的物化性能--不同乙氧基化数对溶解性及表面张力的影响

研究了十二烷基甲基聚氧乙烯氯化铵与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐复配体系在不同乙氧基化数的溶解性、表面张力及临界胶束浓度。复配体系的溶解性随乙氧基化数的增加而增加，乙氧基化数为2的阳离子与乙氧基化数为2、3的阴离子复配。在较大的浓度范围内可以在水中形成透明的均匀溶液；乙氧基化数为5的阳离子与乙氧基化数为2、3的阴离子复配。在活性物质量分数为25％以下时完全透明。复配体系的临界胶束浓度(cmc)及其表面张力(rcmc)较单一组分低得多。且表面活性随乙氧基化数增加而下降。未经提纯的阴、阳离子表面活性剂，复配后其r—c曲线中最低值现象明显减弱至消失。     

SDBS/DTAB复配微乳液驱与三元复合驱驱油效果研究

为探究阴-阳离子表面活性剂复配微乳液体系驱油效果,研究了SDBS与DTAB的最佳摩尔比以及复配表面活性剂的总质量分数确定最佳微乳液配方,并将复配的微乳液体系与三元复合驱进行驱油效果对比,说明微乳液驱的驱油能力。实验结果表明,复配微乳液驱油体系最佳配方为:正辛烷5 m L,水5 m L,总质量分数为1.5%的SDBS与DTAB的摩尔比为1∶4,正丁醇的质量分数为4%,Na Cl的质量分数为5.2%。与水驱相比,微乳液驱采收率增幅为6.48%~7.56%;与三元复合驱相比,微乳液驱采收率增幅为0.06%~0.35%。     

正负离子表面活性剂相互作用的理论和实验研究

Typical cationic and anionic surfactants were chosen and their interactions were calculated by quantumchemical method. Interaction energies are -0.2378kJ·mol~(-1),-3.3394kJ·mol~(-1) and 0.1204kJ·mol~(-1) for the molec-ular pairs with fluocarbon and hydrocarbon chain: C_4H_(10)/C_5H_(12), C_4F_(10)/C_5H_(12), and C_4F_(10)/C_5F_(12), respectively.When hydrophilic group with cationic and anionicions is introduced, interaction energies are -287.40kJ·mol~(-1),-311.18kJ·mol~(-1) and -345.83kJ·mol~(-1). The results show that there is strong static interaction between cationicand anionic surfactants. It has been predicted that mixed monolayer may be formed and surface activity is en-hanced favorably, especially for mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants with fluocarbon and hydrocarbonchains. The anionic surfactants, sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate perfluopolyetherbenzenesulonate(ANF-Ⅰ)wassynthesized, mixture effects of ANF-Ⅰ with sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate or dodecyldimethyl benzylammonium     

盐对阴阳离子表面活性剂水溶液相行为的影响

以阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系为研究对象,通过测定体系在不同种类盐溶液中的三元相行为,探索了盐对体系相行为中的双水相区位置及相区宽度的影响规律.研究发现,阴离子双水相区的位置与宽度主要受盐阳离子的影响,盐阳离子半径越大,极化率越高,阴离子双水相区向阴离子表面活性剂方向移动的趋势越大,相区越宽;而盐的阴离子是影响阳离子双水相区位置与宽度的主要因素.     

Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants with single and twin head groups: Adsorption and precipitation studies

This research reports on the adsorption and precipitation of mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants having single and twin head groups. The surfactant mixtures investigated were: (i) a single-head anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in a mixture with the twin-head cationic surfactant pentamethyl-octadecyl-1,3-propane diammonium dichloride (PODD)—adsorption was studied on negatively charged silica; and (ii) a twin-head anionic surfactant, sodium hexadecyl-diphenyloxide disulfonate (SHDPDS), and the single-head cationic surfactant dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPCI)—adsorption was studied on positively charged alumina. Whereas the mixed surfactant system of SHDPDS/DPCI showed adsorption on alumina that was comparable to the of SHDPDS alone, the mixed surfactant system of SDS/PODD showed increased adsorption on silica as compared with PODD alone. The adsorption of the SDS/PODD mixture increased as the anionic and cationic system approached an equimolar ratio. Precipitation diagrams for mixtures of single- and twin-head surfactant systems showed smaller precipitation areas than for single-head-only surfactant mixtures. Thus, the combination of single- and double-head surfactants helps reduce the precipitation region and can increase the adsorption levels, although the magnitude of the effect is a function of the specific surfactants used.     

偶联阳离子表面活性剂和常用阴离子表面活性剂混合溶液的相分离和微观结构

The properties of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of mixed solution containing gemini cationic surfactant trimethylene-l,3-bis(dodecyldimethyl ammonium) bromide (12-3-12, 2Br-) and traditional anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with or without added salt have been studied. An ATPS is formed in a narrow region of the ternary phase diagram different from that of traditional aqueous cationic-anionic surfactant systems. In ATPS region, the lowest total concentration of surfactants varies with the mixing ratio of geminis to SDS. Photographs obtained from freeze-etching, negative-staining and transmission electron microscopy show that the microstructures of two phases are different from each other. Micelles and vesicles can coexist in a single phase. The addition of salts can change the phase diagram of ATPS. Furthermore, the added salts promote the aggregation of rod-like micelles to form coarse network structure that increase the viscosity of solutions. The negative ions of the added salts are the determining factor.     

醇对正负离子表面活性剂双水相性质的影响

The effect of alcohol on the aqueous two-phase system properties of SDS/CTAB/H2O/Na2SO4 system was studied by the pseudo ternary phase diagram. The electrostatic forces (both attraction and repulsion) between cationic surfactant and anionic surfactant decreased because of the interaction of alcohol hydroxyl group and surfactant polar group. As a result, the phase area width of aqueous two-phase system increased. Long chain alcohol (more than five carbonatoms), which was in high concentration in the SDS/CTAB/H2O/Na2SO4) system, caused the anionic aqueous two-phase system area to vanish and the cationic aqueous two-phase system area to become wider. The CTAB rich phase turned from top phase to bottom phase.     

一些阴离子／阳离子二元混合体系的增溶行为

研究了十二烷基聚氧乙烯（约含3个EO基团）硫酸三乙醇铵（TADPS）分别与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTABr）、氯化十六烷基毗院（CPCI）以及氯化十二烷基吡啶（DPCI）的二元混合体系对正庚烷、正辛醇以及甲苯的饱和增溶行为。结果表明,混合体系在增溶方面的协同效应取决于增港物的极性或增港物在胶团中的位置．对增溶于胶团内核的非极性正庚烷,TAPDS／CTABr体系显示出较强的实际正协同效应,最大添加浓度（MAC）可用Nishikido的阴离子-阳离子复合物理想增港模型来预测;对既可增溶于胶团的内核,又可增溶于胶团栅栏中的微极性的甲苯,三个混合体系皆表现出实际的正协同效应;但对增溶于胶团栅栏,与表面活性剂形成混合胶团的两亲物质正辛醇,TAD－PA／CTABr体系显示出负协同效应,并且增溶物在胶团相和水相中的分布系数符合Treiner的非理想增溶模型。这些结果表明,阴离子／阳离子混合体系在胶团强化超滤（MEUF）技术中具有潜在的应用前景。     

脂肪醇醚磺酸盐类表面活性剂的合成进展

综述了国内外不同工艺路线:卤化脂肪醇醚法、烯基加成法、丙烷磺内酯法、羟乙基磺酸钠法、脂肪醇醚硫酸酯盐转化法和氯乙基磺酸钠法等合成脂肪醇醚磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂的研究工作,并从反应路线、产率、原料性能及工艺流程等方面进行了分析比较,讨论了各工艺中存在的问题及工业化的可行性。