常减压装置换热网络的优化设计

在夹点技术的基础上,结合工艺流程模拟软件（HYSYS）和换热网络计算软件（HEXTRAN）对原有常减压装置换热网络进行优化,并得出了近于最优的换热网络。优化后的换热网络经实际生产运行取得了良好的效果和可观的经济效益。     

基于遗传/模拟退火算法考虑压降的换热网络优化改造

工艺系统中需要加入新物流、现存的换热网络结构需要改动、换热网络有较大的能量回收潜力,这些都是换热网络需要进行改造的原因.本文基于非等温混合分级超结构,建立了换热网络优化改造的MINLP数学模型,同时考虑了改造后的公用工程费用、新增换热器的费用、原有换热器新增面积的费用、新增动力设备的费用.将用于换热网络综合的分级超结构模型进行了简要的改进,增加了一些和现存设备相关的限制条件和二元变量.通过对现存换热网络进行分析,充分的利用原有的换热设备和换热网络结构,基于GA/SA算法求解可 得到优化改造的换热网络结构.实际算例的计算结果和文献结果对比表明,本文得到的改造方案用较少的投 资,实现了较多的公用工程节省,新增设备费用的静态投资回收期为0.53年,为换热网络改造提供了好的可行方案.     

夹点技术在换热网络优化中的应用

在夹点技术的基础上,利用工艺流程模拟软件（ASPEN PLUS）和换热网络计算软件（ASPEN PINCH）,将热力学原理和系统工程相结合,对原有二甲醚工艺的换热网络进行用能分析,找出了其能量利用不合理的环节,并得出了近于最优的换热网络。优化后的换热网络经实际生产运行取得了良好的效果和可观的经济效益。     

换热器结垢与换热网络裕量设计方法研究进展

从结垢现象影响换热系统正常运行的角度出发,介绍了近几年换热网络裕量设计以及针对结垢问题不同学者研究出的换热网络优化设计。总结了在换热网络设计中对换热器清洗时序、清洗周期优化或者增加换热网络的裕量设计的不同换热网络设计最优方法,但这些方法都是在换热网络设计之初,考虑换热器结垢最严重的情况即换热网络在“最差”工况下进行的优化,因此优化得到的换热网络难以保证换热网络全运行周期的持续节能优化。本文结合现有换热网络设计方法的利弊,针对结垢过程的慢时变、持续特点,提出一种基于长周期持续节能的换热网络设计优化方法,在换热网络设计之初,定量分析结垢对网络结构的影响,以换热网络全周期累积总费用为目标函数,实现换热网络的最优综合。     

应用夹点技术实现换热网络的优化

文章首先介绍了过程能量综合方法夹点技术的基本原理,后在对东北某石化厂常压装置模拟的基础上用夹点技术对其原油换热网络进行了节能改造优化。改造后的换热网络同原有的换热网络相比,节省了加热炉需提供的部分热量,从而节省了大量的燃料油,同时冷却负荷量也降低相同数量,避免了公用工程的双重浪费;而且本着利旧的原则充分利用了现有闲置的换热器;各段和全局的传热温差变化比较均匀,同时换热网络的总传热系数也得到较大提高。     

基于多重群体遗传算法的换热网络同步综合

通过对YEE换热网络分级超结构的分析和改进,建立了包含更多可行结构的换热网络超结构及其数学模型,扩大了网络结构的搜索范围。针对普通遗传算法和其他优化算法无法保证换热网络综合质量和效率的缺点,结合多重群体遗传算法进行网络优化综合,提高优化过程的稳定性,该方法将换热网络结构信息转化为种群和繁殖群体中个体的染色体信息,选择繁殖种群中优秀个体进入种群淘汰较差个体,实现种群的逐步新陈代谢。利用多重群体遗传算法对实际换热网络问题进行了优化。结果表明:多重群体遗传算法能有效提高换热网络优化的稳定性和鲁棒性,在优化变量和非凸性增加时,能获得综合性能良好的换热网络结构。     

分步式的化工装置换热网络优化改造策略

相较于新设计,换热网络的优化改造需要考虑更多的因素和可行性。为了使优化改造方案切实可行,本文提出了一种分步式的换热网络优化改造策略。本文对化工装置进行了用能分析,然后再进行优化方案的筛选、对比和确定。本文选取某一化工装置为研究对象,以其真实的设计和运行数据为基础,对其换热网络进行了优化改造。     

有旁路换热网络全周期节能的动态优化控制实现方法

为了实现换热网络的全周期持续节能,在网络上设置旁路从而增加其控制自由度,同时设计一定的裕量来提供优化控制的操作空间。为了较好地利用旁路调节和裕量空间,提出一种基于换热网络动态模型的在线优化控制方法,巧妙地结合原有常规控制回路,不但扩大了优化控制的可行域,并且满足原常规控制回路的精度要求。该方法以换热网络一定周期内的累积费用最小为目标函数,同时考虑扰动对换热网络的影响,在满足工艺条件的基础上,求解最佳旁路开度,以实现换热网络的持续节能。由于采用闭环校正、迭代计算和滚动优化的实施方法,始终把优化建立在实际的基础上,尽管它每次不一定能得到全局最优解,然而使得实际控制结果达到最优。最后,以某炼油厂的常减压脱盐前换热网络为具体的研究对象,说明所提方法的有效性和使用前景。     

基于实际热负荷分布的换热网络优化改造

采用非等温混合分流分级超结构,建立了基于实际热负荷分布的换热网络改造模型,以由改造费用和运行费用组成的年度化总成本为目标,并采用遗传算法进行求解。改造费用涉及现有换热器增加换热面积、配置新换热器、重新布置管道以及移动现有换热设备所产生的费用,充分考虑了原有换热网络经改造后结构的变化所引起的改造成本。在回用原有换热设备后,根据设备实际面积来计算换热网络的热负荷分布和温度分布,即基于实际热负荷分布对换热网络进行改造。案例研究表明,改造后的换热网络结构具有良好的节能效益,合理地再利用了原网络中的旧换热设备,并以较少的改造成本实现了较高的能量回收,投资回报期仅为0.43年,验证了所提改造方法的有效性和实用性。     

一种基于并行计算的混合算法优化有分流换热网络

换热网络优化是化工过程系统工程领域的研究难点,其数学模型具有高度的非凸、非线性,在使用单一启发式算法优化时,往往具有局限性。研究以换热网络的年综合费用最小为目标,针对强制进化随机游走（RWCE）算法在优化时由于个体间独立进化,导致优化过程中信息缺乏交流的问题,提出将遗传算法（GA）与其混合。混合后的算法在保持前一半优势种群中的个体单独进化的基础上,通过周期性的交叉、变异等操作产生子代来替换掉劣势种群,从而增强了原有算法的整型变量优化能力,并弥补了弱势个体无法更新的不足。为了兼顾算法在大种群下优化有分流换热网络的计算效率,节约时间成本,使用OpenMP系统将混合算法实现了并行化设计。通过三个不同规模的换热网络问题对并行后的混合算法进行验证,结果表明该算法能在有效提升优化质量的前提下相比串行算法大幅缩短计算时间,其中两个算例突破了目前文献最优解。     

有分流换热网络的弹性设计-基于温度波动情形

提出了基于温度波动的有分流换热网络的超结构模型和同步优化的弹性设计方法。首先对于起始温度在一定范围内波动的物流进行预处理。即分段处理。然后建立换热网络同步优化的数学模型,最后对分段物流进行合并,并通过能量松弛方法得取满意一定弹性要求的换热网络结构。     

基于温度和热容流率同时变化的有分流换热网络弹性设计的研究

A new superstructure model of heat exchanger networks (HEN) with stream splits based on rangers of streams supply temperatures and heat capacity flow rates is presented. The simultaneous optimal mathematical model of flexible HEN synthesis is established too. Firstly, the streams with rangers of supply temperatures and/or the streams with the rangers of heat capacity flow rates are pretreated; Secondly, several rules are proposed to establish the superstructure model of HEN with splits and the simultaneous optimal mathematical model of flexible HEN; Thirdly, the improving genetic algorithm is applied to solve the mathematical model established at the second step effectively, and the original optimal structure of HEN based on the maximum operation limiting condition can be obtained easily; Finally, the rules of heat exchange unit merged and the heat load of heat exchanger relaxed are presented, the flexible configuration of HEN satisfied the operation condition between the upper and down bounds of supply temperature and heat capacity flow rates can be obtained based on the original optimal structure of HEN by means of these rules. A case study demonstrates the method presented in this paper is effective     

Minimizing investment cost for multi-period heat exchanger network retrofit by matching heat transfer areas with different strategies

Multi-period heat exchanger network (HEN) retrofit is usually performed by targeting and matching heat trans-fer areas. In this paper, based on the reverse order matching method we proposed previously, three strategies of matching heat transfer areas are proposed to minimize the investment cost for the retrofit of HEN in multi-period, in which replacement of heat exchangers, addition of heat exchangers and addition of heat transfer areas are performed. We demonstrate the procedures through three scenarios, including maximum number of substituted heat exchangers after retrofit, minimum additional heat transfer areas in the retrofitted HEN, and minimum investment cost for retrofit. The strategies are extended to a single period HEN retrofit problem. The results of multi-period and single period HEN retrofit problems indicate the effectiveness of the strategies. More-over, these results are better than those reported in literature. The strategies are simple and easy to implement, which are of great benefit to large-scale HEN retrofit in practice.     

Margin design,online optimization,and control approach of a heat exchanger network with bypasses

During the life cycle operation of a heat exchanger network (HEN), factors such as equipment aging, gradually decrease heat transfer performance and increase energy consumption. Industrial HEN design currently fails to effectively solve these problems. To resolve this problem, we present an online optimization and control approach method for an HEN with bypasses. The approach is based on the principles of sustainable energy conservation during the life cycle. The area margin of the heat exchanger is gradually released via bypass adjustment, thereby resulting in energy conservation. First, bypasses are set on the HEN to enhance HEN control and enable optimal manipulation of the equipment. Then, the total cumulative cost increment of the HEN, including the increment of utility costs and equipment investment costs, is regarded as the objective function. The effects of the heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchanger and the effects of bypass adjustment are also taken into account. We solve the optimal design margin of the HEN, thereby providing an operational space for optimal control. Finally, using the margin optimization design of the HEN with bypasses as basis, we treat the cumulative costs of the HEN in a certain cycle as the objective function to solve the optimal opening dynamically. While, we present an optimal control structure, which is combined with existing conventional control loops. The HEN of a given crude distillation unit in a refinery is chosen as the research object. And, results illustrate the effectiveness and application prospects of the proposed method.     

Strategy for Synthesis of Flexible Heat Exchanger Networks Embedded with System Reliability Analysis

System reliability can produce a strong influence on the performance of the heat exchanger network (HEN). In this paper, an optimization method with system reliability analysis for flexible HEN by genetic/simulated annealing algorithms (GA/SA) is presented. Initial flexible arrangements of HEN is received by pseudo-temperature enthalpy diagram. For determining system reliability of HEN, the connections of heat exchangers(HEXs) and independent subsystems in the HEN are analyzed by the connection sequence matrix(CSM), and the system reliability is measured by the independent subsystem including maximum number of HEXs in the HEN. As for the HEN that did not meet system reliability, HEN decoupling is applied and the independent subsystems in the HEN are changed by removing decoupling HEX, and thus the system reliability is elevated. After that, heat duty redistribution based on the relevant elements of the heat load loops and HEX areas are optimized in GA/SA. Then, the favorable network configuration, which matches both the most economical cost and system reliability criterion, is located. Moreover, particular features belonging to suitable decoupling HEX are extracted from calculations. Corresponding numerical example is presented to verify that the proposed strategy is effective to formulate optimal flexible HEN with system reliability measurement.     

Design of heat exchanger network based on entransy theory

The heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis problem based on entransy theory is analyzed. According to the characteristics of entransy representation of thermal potential energy, the entransy dissipation represents the irreversibility of the heat transfer process, the temperature difference determines the entransy dissipation, and four HEN design steps based on entransy theory are put forward. The present study shows how it is possible to set energy targets based on entransy and achieve them with a network of heat exchangers by an example of heat exchanger network design for four streams. In order to verify the correctness of the heat exchanger networks design method based on entransy theory, the synthesis of the HEN for the diesel hydrogenation unit is studied. Using the heat exchange networks design method based on entransy theory, the HEN obtained is consistent with energy targets. The entransy transfer efficiency of HEN based on entransy theory is 92.29%, higher than the entransy transfer efficiency of the maximum heat recovery network based on pinch technology.     

考虑系统可靠性分析的柔性换热网络综合

基于虚拟温-焓图法与遗传/模拟退火算法,提出了一种考虑系统可靠性水平的柔性换热器网络综合方法。为简化求解问题的复杂度,首先通过虚拟温-焓图法得到了柔性网络匹配,对于得到的网络结构,通过网络结构的连接矩阵分析网络之中的连接状况,搜索出换热网络中存在关联的换热器单元,以关联的换热器作为主线识别出网络之中不相关的子系统,根据包含换热器单元个数最多的不相关的子系统含有换热器的数量,计算出换热网络系统的可靠性。对于未能满足网络系统可靠性要求的网络结构,通过去掉与其它换热器相关联总数最多的换热器,进行网络解耦,改变换热网络的关联状况,提高了系统的可靠性。换热网络结构改变后,采用遗传/模拟退火算法对热负荷回路中相关换热器的热量分配和换热面积进行计算,得出满足系统可靠性需求,并且总费用最为节约的网络结构。本文所提出的方法可以将需要改善系统可靠性的网络结构系统可靠性提高至设计的容许范围,适用于包含系统可靠性分析的柔性换热网络综合。计算实例表明了所提方法的实用性与可行性。     

考虑冗余控制的多周期换热网络设计

实际多周期换热网络的设计不但要满足多个离散周期的操作条件要求,还应该满足单个周期下的柔性要求,以补偿实际操作中单周期下可能出现的参数波动。而根据工程经验增加换热面积裕量和采用文献中的最大面积思想进行设计,都会造成多周期换热网络中换热面积的过度冗余,导致资源的浪费和投资成本的增加。针对以上问题,在综合考虑多周期操作条件要求和单周期柔性要求的基础上,提出了一种控制面积冗余的多周期换热网络设计方法。该方法首先在单周期换热网络集成的基础上获取一个初始的多周期换热网络设计方案。然后以此方案为基础,构建一个基于单周期换热网络模型和柔性分析模型的换热网络修正模型,并通过求解该模型获得初始多周期换热网络在各周期下的最优修正方案。通过综合初始多周期换热网络设计和修正方案,即可完成最终的多周期换热网络设计。最后,通过将所得多周期换热网络与文献中所得结果进行对比,验证了方法的有效性。     

考虑本质安全的换热网络多目标优化

由于国内外重大化工事故的频发及化工行业节能降耗的需求日益迫切,研究本质更安全的换热网络多目标优化具有重要意义。采用评价指数的方法,对换热网络的本质安全易爆性、毒性、存量进行量化表征。采用数学规划法分别建立换热网络经济与本质安全易爆性、毒性、存量同步优化数学模型。采用归一化法构建经济和安全的目标函数。通过算例研究发现,考虑易爆性,倾向于不易爆流股间换热,减少易爆流股换热次数;考虑毒性,倾向于减少有毒流股流经换热器的次数;考虑存量倾向于减少换热网络的总存量。最后综合考虑易爆性、毒性、存量作为安全指标与经济同步优化,通过算例研究表明,多目标优化的最优换热网络在很大程度上取决于经济权重的选取。