不同张开度裂隙类岩体循环加卸载下滞回环特征与损伤变形分析

为探究张开度和不同应力等级循环加卸载复合影响下裂隙岩体的损伤特性和裂纹演化规律,利用水泥砂浆制备不同张开度单裂隙类岩石材料,基于RMT-150B岩石力学试验机对类岩石材料开展了3种等级的应力循环加载试验,分析了裂隙类岩石材料的应力—应变曲线特征、滞回环面积变化规律、动弹性模量变化规律及损伤特性.试验结果表明:类岩石材料...     

冲击载荷作用下岩石破碎数值模拟及试验研究

运用数值模拟方法研究了冲击载荷作用下的岩石微观结构特性变化,通过对岩石内部应力分布及裂纹分布图可以得出冲击载荷破岩时岩石内部在垂直方向产生一个拉应力区和一个压应力区,刀具下方的拉应力最大;中间裂纹扩展速度比径向和侧向裂纹都要快,裂纹面呈三角形状。在多功能试验装置上对花岗岩进行冲击载荷破岩试验,试验结果表明:单纯提高冲击载荷对破岩效果不会有很大的提高,存在一个最佳破岩冲击能(63J)。     

冲击荷载下岩石裂纹扩展研究进展

为了给深部资源开采和大型地下空间工程中围岩体的变形机理及稳定性控制提供理论基础,通过查阅大量关于表征岩石裂纹扩展的裂纹扩展模型、应力强度因子和断裂韧性的国内外文献,总结了前人的研究成果。依据现有研究,提出了动荷载作用下岩石裂纹扩展的几点建议：（1）综合考虑弹性力学、断裂力学和损伤力学建立岩石材料从微观断裂到宏观破坏这一演变过程的理论模型,使理论模型更加适应岩石材料的非线性特征;（2）采用分形、自组织和混沌等非线性理论表征动荷载作用下岩石内部以及表面裂纹的扩展演化特征;（3）采用颗粒离散元和有限差分模拟岩石材料裂纹扩展演化特征。     

Plane-Strain Propagation of a Fluid-Driven Crack in a Permeable Rock with Fracture Toughness

A solution to the problem of a plane-strain fluid-driven crack propagation in elastic permeable rock with resistance to fracture is presented. The fracture is driven by injection of an incompressible Newtonian fluid at a constant rate. The solution, restricted to the case of zero lag between the fluid front and the fracture tip, evolves from the early-time regime when the fluid flow takes place mostly inside the crack toward the large-time response when most of the injected fluid is leaking from the crack into the surrounding rock. This transition further depends on a time-invariant partitioning between the energy expanded to overcome the rock fracture toughness and the energy dissipated in the viscous fluid flow in the fracture. A numerical approach is used to compute the solution for the normalized crack length and crack opening and net-fluid pressure profiles as a function of two dimensionless parameters: the leak-off/storage evolution parameter and the toughness/viscosity number. Relation of this solution to the various available asymptotic solutions is discussed. Obtained mapping of the solution onto the problem parametric space has a potential to simplify the tasks of design, modeling, and data inversion for hydraulic fracturing treatments and laboratory experiments.     

Energy Release Rate due to Friction at Bimaterial Interface in Dams

The interface between concrete dam and rock foundation is one of the most important regions governing the strength and stability of gravity dams. Many researchers have attempted to extend the fracture mechanics approach to study this rock concrete interface assuming stress free crack surfaces. In a real-life situation, because of the combined compression and shear loading, the crack faces come in contact resulting in a sizeable contact zone near the crack tip. Thus, frictional contact of the crack surfaces cannot be neglected. The frictional contact alters the stress singularity to become either weaker or stronger than the inverse square root singularity observed in homogeneous crack problems. Consequently, the strain-energy release rate as conventionally defined, either vanishes or becomes unbounded and thus cannot be used as a fracture parameter. In this work, an attempt is made to include the effect of friction associated with the sliding of crack surfaces and compute the energy dissipated during crack propagation. It is shown that the total energy release rate decreases with crack length when friction is accounted for between the rock-concrete interface in gravity dams.     

高渗透压和不对称围压作用下深竖井围岩损伤破裂机理

随着矿产资源开采深度的不断增大,地应力、地温和孔隙水压随之显著增大,岩石的非线性力学行为更加凸显。针对高渗透压和不对称围压作用下深竖井围岩损伤破裂问题,构建了流固损伤耦合效应力学分析模型,分析了流固耦合条件下深竖井开挖围岩有效应力,探讨了孔隙水压及地应力场对围岩损伤破裂演化的作用机制。研究结果表明:孔隙水压及孔隙水压梯度越大围岩损伤破裂区面积越大,围岩损伤破裂区面积随围岩渗透率的减小逐渐增大并趋于稳定;地应力场对围岩破裂形态具有重要控制作用,最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力差异较小时,围岩损伤破裂区集中在最小水平主应力方向,以剪切损伤为主,最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力差异较大时,在最大水平主应力方向上会产生拉伸损伤破裂区。值得关注的是,由于孔隙水压的存在,最大有效水平主应力与最小有效水平主应力之间的比值增大,即围岩发生拉伸破坏的风险增大。本文研究表明,竖井选址和设计过程中应避开构造应力大、孔隙水压大的区域,从而保障井筒施工安全。      

深部岩体水耦合爆破裂纹扩展数值模拟研究

为认识深部高地应力岩体水耦合爆破裂纹扩展过程及机理,选择试验验证的RHT本构,采用LS-DYNA对水耦合装药单孔在不同原位应力场下的岩体爆破裂纹扩展进行数值分析.模拟结果表明:水耦合的方法延长了爆炸作用时间,提高了岩体中爆炸应力峰值和PPV(质点振动速度峰值),增强了爆破致裂岩体的效果;原位应力在深部岩体水耦合爆破中起...     

循环荷载下花岗岩应力门槛值的细观能量演化及岩爆倾向性

为研究三轴循环加卸载条件下三山岛花岗岩细观能量演化规律, 采用颗粒流理论确定了花岗岩的应力门槛值(起裂应力σ_ci、损伤应力σ_cd和峰值强度σ_f), 研究了应力门槛值对应的边界能、应变能(线性接触应变能和平行黏结应变能)、耗散能(摩擦能和阻尼能)、动能随围压变化的规律, 并从能量角度建立了岩爆倾向性评价指标W_x. 结果表明: 三山岛花岗岩不同围压下相应的σ_ci/σ_f位于37.0%~44.8%区间, σ_cd/σ_f位于81.2%~89.0%区间, 随着围压的增大, 起裂边界能、应变能和耗散能呈线性关系增加, 损伤(峰值)边界能、应变能和耗散能呈指数关系增加; 其中耗散能受围压影响最为敏感, 增幅倍数最大, 其次是边界能, 最后为应变能. 围压对起裂应变能比例影响不大, 损伤和峰值应变能比例随围压增大缓慢减小, 峰值应变能比例下降幅度最大. 基于岩爆倾向性评价指标W_x可知, 当围压在20 MPa内, 三山岛花岗岩岩爆倾向性相对较小; 当围压达到30 MPa时岩爆倾向性开始迅速增加. 研究成果为岩爆倾向性的评价提供了新的参考指标, 进一步为井下岩体工程的稳定性研究提供了新思路.      

层状复合岩体损伤演化规律及分形特征

利用砂岩、大理岩、花岗岩制作6种不同组合方式的层状复合岩石,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统,对不同组合方式的层状岩石进行动态冲击试验,利用高速相机记录其破坏形态,分析复合岩石材料的动态断裂模式、波阻抗效应以及能量耗散规律,探究不同复合岩石试件的动能及断裂能关系. 利用离散格子弹簧模型模拟复合岩石试件的动态断裂过程,分析复合试件的应力波传播特性及应力、损伤演化规律. 研究结果表明：复合岩石材料的动态断裂特征与上下层材料具有相关性,当下层材料动态起裂韧度较低时,裂纹从起裂至扩展到岩石胶结面历时较短. 上层材料对于复合岩石的应力传导作用具有较大的相关性,上层材料密度越大,更有利于透射波传递,应力传导效果越好,而下层材料与上层材料密度相差越大,胶结面上下端应力差越大;受波阻抗效应影响,复合岩石试件应力波的传播行为具有明显差异,波阻抗越大应力波传播速度越快,透射系数越大,产生更多的透射能;复合岩石试件的耗散能时密度、动能及断裂能与上下层岩石材料的密度有关,下层材料不变,上层材料密度越大时,耗散能时密度及断裂能更小,试件完全断裂时获得较大的动能.     

Crack closure load measurements for microcracks developed during the fatigue of Al 2219-T851

A compliance technique is utilized to determine the closure load for surface microcracks of one grain size and smaller produced by fully reversed loading fatigue of Al 2219-T851. Specimens are fatigued in flexure in air at 5, 18, and 45 pct relative humidities. Scanning electron microscopy is then utilized to measure crack compliance for selected microcracks and crack closure load is inferred from the break point in the linear relationship between crack opening and applied stress. For zero applied load the microcracks are found to be partially opened and a linear relationship is found between the closure load measured for the microcracks and the zero load crack opening normalized to crack length. This relationship holds regardless of the ambient humidity during fatigue, although there are significant changes in the zero load crack openings developed with humidity. An empirical relationship between the irregularity of the microcrack propagation path as affected by humidity and crack opening at zero load is also identified, which can be used to estimate crack closure load from crack dimensional parameters measured at the specimen surface.     

应力—渗流耦合作用下损伤岩石渗流特性

地下矿产资源开采过程中,频繁的应力扰动会对深部硬岩造成一定的损伤.硬岩内部孔隙和裂隙在高地应力和高渗透压的状态下迅速扩展贯通,严重威胁岩体工程的安全和稳定性.针对损伤花岗岩开展了一系列应力—渗流耦合试验,结合CT扫描,考虑渗透压、围压和损伤程度等因素的影响,综合分析了损伤岩石在应力—渗流耦合作用下的力学和渗流特性.试验...     

Elasto-Plastic Test of Q235 Steel Bending Beam With Cracking Resistance

More than 30 bending beams with rectangular cross-section and different thicknesses and heights were prepared from Q235 steel. The specimen dimensions were about 240 mm (length) × 60 mm (height) × 70 mm (thickness). Flaws were cut along its middle line with a wire cutter, with lengths ranging from 6 to 35 mm. Each specimen was tested with three-point bend loading, and a process curve was obtained between load and the displacement of the loading point, in order to analyze the fracture process when opening the crack. A deformation near the prefabricated crack was observed in the testing period, and the variation of the fracture characteristic parameters was analyzed for different sizes. For a comprehensive understanding of carbon steel fracture resistance behavior, its elasticity and plasticity were established by determining its Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio with an optical strain gauge. This gauge was also used for the loading process test. It was found that the fracture toughness varied with the dimensions, and the toughness of the elastic limit loading was almost constant. Using the relationship of crack resistance stress intensity factor and fracture criterion, the bearing capacity of the material structure could be estimated, which shows a good agreement with the experimental test data.     

不同应力路径下岩石细观力学性能离散元研究

岩体工程中的应力状态对围岩的稳定性具有重要影响。为研究地下巷道中岩体应力状态对围岩稳定性的影响规律,基于离散元理论,对地下巷道开挖过程的应力状态进行分析,开展了围压卸载—轴压增加、围压卸载—轴压不变和围压卸载—轴压减少3种不同卸载路径下的三轴压缩数值模拟试验,并与常规三轴压缩试验进行对比,分析了不同应力路径下的岩石宏观强度特征及细观损伤过程差异性。结果表明：强度准则和应力张量状态不受卸载路径的影响,但不同应力路径下岩体的损伤过程不同,围压卸载—轴压不变应力路径下的微观裂纹发育最密集,而围压卸载—轴压增加应力路径下的裂纹丛集速度最快。研究结果可为地下巷道开挖过程中的围岩应力卸载破坏分析提供参考。     

Fatigue Crack Growth under High Pressure of Gaseous Hydrogen in a 15-5PH Martensitic Stainless Steel: Influence of Pressure and Loading Frequency

In this study, the effect of gaseous hydrogen pressure in relation with the loading frequency on the fatigue crack growth behavior of a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel is investigated. It is found that increasing the hydrogen pressure from 0.09 to 9 MPa induces an enhancement of the fatigue crack growth rates. This enhancement is pronounced particularly at higher stress intensity factor amplitudes at 9 MPa. Meanwhile, decreasing the frequency from 20 to 0.2 Hz under 0.9 MPa of hydrogen reveals a significant increase in the crack growth rates that tends to join the curve obtained under 9 MPa at 20 Hz, but with a different cracking mode. However, it is shown that the degradation in fatigue crack growth behavior derives from a complex interaction between the fatigue damage and the amount of hydrogen enriching the crack tip, which is dependent on the hydrogen pressure, loading frequency, and stress intensity factor level. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the fracture surfaces are used to support the explanations proposed to account for the observed phenomena.     

不同地应力下爆破振动效应分析

为研究岩石在不同地应力下的爆破振动效应,选择经验证过的岩石本构,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA隐式—显式序列求解方法,对不同侧压力系数下岩石爆破过程进行数值分析。分别构建了侧压力系数为0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0条件下的计算模型,数值模拟结果表明：初始地应力对爆破有较强的抑制作用,岩石破碎区受侧压力系数的影响较小,爆破裂纹优先向较大的地应力方向延伸;岩石质点振动速度峰值（PPV）到达时间不受侧压力系数的影响;当侧压力系数小于1.0时,水平方向的质点振动速度峰值大于竖直方向;当侧压力系数大于1.0时,竖直方向的质点振动速度峰值大于水平方向。     

复杂应力路径下裂隙泥岩渗透演化规律试验研究

油气主要储集在岩石孔隙和缝洞内,深部复杂应力环境下储层岩石裂隙渗透演化直接影响油气的运移规律,是油气勘探开发的重要研究对象。为了解复杂应力路径下含裂隙岩石的渗透演化特性,利用高精度渗流?应力耦合三轴实验设备,对含随机分布裂隙泥岩开展了单试样?复杂应力路径加卸载过程中的渗透性演化试验研究,试验方案依次为:(i) 围压递增条件下渗透性测试;(ii) 渗透压力递增条件下渗透性测试;(iii) 偏应力循环加卸载条件下渗透性测试;(iv) 围压、偏应力同步增长条件下渗透性测试。结果表明裂隙泥岩中的渗流可视为低渗流速度的层流;裂隙发育丰富岩样（R2）渗透率及应力敏感性明显较高。渗透率随渗透压力、围压分别呈正、负的指数函数变化。偏应力加载导致渗透率降低,卸载引起渗透率上升,但整体呈不可逆降低;围压、偏应力同步增长引起渗透率呈下降趋势,并逐步趋于稳定;围压10.3 MPa作用下,渗透率基本保持恒定。由此,基于裂隙双重介质模型,考虑泥岩变形过程中裂隙系统和基质系统的相互作用以及外部应力作用下的裂隙膨胀变形,构建了裂隙泥岩渗透率演化力学模型;模型模拟结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性。相关成果可为裂隙泥岩渗透性演化预测和油气高效开采提供重要的理论依据。      

The effect of the carbide phases on the crack grow of 0.5 pct Mo-B steels under impact,cyclic, and monotonically increasing loading

A study of the influence of carbide phases on the cracking resistance of as-quenched and of quenched and tempered 0.5 pct Mo-B steels was made using notched or notched and precracked specimens that were subjected to impact, cyclic, and monotonically increasing loading. The carbide influence on fracture, while limited in extent, was found to increase as load, loading rate, volume fraction, and particle size increase. The results for the asquenched condition showed that the susceptibility of these steels to crack initiation under impact loading at temperatures below - 100°F is greater when even a small amount of titanium carbide (less than 0.2 vol pet of 1 to 5 μm particles) is present than when none is present. At room temperature, this same carbide concentration has no influence on impact properties, fatigue-crack initiation (in the presence of a notch), fatigue-crack growth rate, or the ductile fracture resistance under monotonically increasing loading at slow strain rate. In the case of the quenched and tempered materials, the alloy containing a large amount of M₂₃C₆ (2 vol pct of 1 to 10 μm particles) exhibited behavior similar to that observed in the as-quenched materials containing titanium carbide. That is, the presence of M₂₃C₆ was associated with increased susceptibility to crack initiation for impact loading at low temperature. In addition, at room temperature this alloy had a reduced impact energy for crack propagation. For monotonically increasing loading at slow strain rate, this same carbide distribution had no influence on the net section stresses required to initiate stable or unstable crack growth. These stresses fall closely in line with, respectively, the yield stress and tensile strength of the material. The alloy containing M₂₃C₆ required less crack opening for a given crack extension—an effect most pronounced after maximum load. Finally, some attention is directed to the use of Charpy test data to assess fracture resistance for modes of loading other than impact.     

Analytical Prediction of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals

An analytical model for fatigue crack propagation of long cracks in metals and metal alloys is presented. The key features of the model are an extension of Griffith’s theory of fracture to include fatigue, a dislocation model for the crack tip opening displacement, and cyclic plasticity-induced closure. The net cyclic stretch of the process zone at the crack tip plays a major role in the fatigue crack propagation under cyclic loading. Only constant amplitude loading is considered in this paper. The model predictions utilize only the readily available material properties, such as Young’s modulus, yield strength, threshold stress intensity factor, and the fracture toughness. There are no empirical fitting constants. The model predictions are validated by an extensive amount of published fatigue crack growth studies. The agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data is good.     

微扰动作用下预静载硬岩的断裂特性研究

为了研究预静载条件下硬岩在微扰动作用下的断裂特性变化规律,采用花岗岩制作中心直裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)试样,在MTS Landmark电液伺服试验机上,利用圆弧形加载方式,进行硬岩在平行于预制裂纹方向的预静载荷和微扰动载荷的组合作用下的断裂特性研究。设定预静载荷水平为常规准静态断裂载荷的90%,设定微扰动载荷幅值为常规断裂载荷值的10%,下限为常规断裂载荷的80%,上限为常规断裂载荷值。扰动频率分别为1 Hz、5 Hz、10 Hz、20 Hz、30 Hz、50 Hz和70 Hz。研究结果表明:在预静载加载段,岩石试样内部沿预制裂纹方向新的裂纹已经产生发展,并且裂纹扩展的速度随着载荷的增大而增大;在扰动载荷加载段,随着扰动次数的增加,裂纹扩展的速度越来越慢,岩石损伤程度逐渐积累;在断裂破坏段,岩石损伤程度超过了承受极限,裂纹贯穿沿预制裂纹方向贯穿试样,岩石断裂破坏;在预静载作用下,试样已经处于临界失稳状态,扰动作用会诱发试样的断裂失稳破坏,扰动频率超过10 Hz后,减韧效应随着扰动频率的提高并不明显,扰动使得试样的总体变形量有减小的趋势。     

Micromechanics and fatigue crack growth in an alumina-fiber-reinforced magnesium alloy composite

A study has been made of fatigue crack growth through the magnesium alloy ZE41A and a composite of this alloy reinforced with alumina fibers. Crack growth rates were measured and failure mechanisms characterized for specimens with fibers parallel to the loading axis and for two off-axis orientations. Crack opening displacements and matrix and fiber strains in the vicinity of the crack tip were measured using the stereomaging technique. Crack growth rates through the composite were retarded by the fibers. For the composite with fibers at 22.5 deg to the loading axis, fibers were found to fracture in the composite at the same stress as measured for the fibers alone. Fiber fracture was the dominant growth-controlling mechanism for fibers oriented on and 22.5 deg to the loading axis, and little fiber pullout was observed. However, for crack growth through material with fibers oriented at 45 deg to the loading axis, crack growth was found to exist principally through the interface. Driving forces for cracks in interfaces were determined to be smaller than the applied δK. It was found that approximate fatigue crack growth rates through the composites could be predicted from those through the matrix by adjusting the tensile modulus. The upper and lower bounds of fatigue crack growth rate were also computed for the composite using a micromechanics-based model that incorporated observed failure mechanisms. A. McMINN, formerly with Southwest Research Institute, is with Failure Analysis Associates, Washington, D.C.