双通道接收的无扫描激光成像技术

比较了几种无扫描激光三维成像技术的优缺点,提出一种基于双通道接收的强度调制型无扫描激光三维成像技术,该技术具有成像速度快、精度高、可靠性好、距离远的特点。采用大功率脉冲激光器作为激光照射源,两路ICCD同时接收,双通道分光系统将接收回波分到两路ICCD,通过两路ICCD强度信息反演出目标各点距离信息。重点介绍了该项技术工作原理和实现方法,研制了原理样机,进行了成像实验,对成像结果进行了分析,实现了作用距离5.1 km、作用距离30 m时距离分辨率0.25 m的技术指标。     

基于国产三代微光ICCD探测器的三维激光成像雷达

针对高分辨、高帧频激光三维视频成像问题,基于国产三代微光像增强器,采用线性增益调制单ICCD成像方法,建立激光发射功率和成像距离的数学模型、测距模型。考虑激光光源功率波动、脉宽误差、同能量脉冲误差因素,对三维成像测距误差进行分析,得出远距离高精度三维成像的解决措施。开展单ICCD增益调制激光三维成像雷达工程样机研制,并进行外场成像试验,结果表明该激光三维成像雷达具有25 Hz帧频、720×576高分辨率,220米外测距精度优于001m,实现对目标的三维成像,验证了分析与措施的有效性。     

无扫描四维激光成像技术研究

采用激光全视场照射,ICCD面阵接收,由于像增强器的增益指数与其工作电压成正比,通过对ICCD的像增强器的选通电压进行调制提取目标四维图像.即在激光发射后一定的延迟时间内控制其工作电压递增,使在脉冲选通时间内目标距离越远的回波信号通过像增强器时增益倍数越大.这样所成的像经过ICCD图像采集输出,其各像素的幅值信号包含目标的距离增益信息和目标反射的灰度信息.再从幅度信息中滤除目标反射灰度信息和大气传输的影响,提取目标的距离信息,最终从面阵探测器中提取距离信息,实现无扫描激光四维成像制导技术.     

一种无扫描三维成像激光雷达的实验研究

研究了一种无扫描三维成像激光雷达.采用脉冲固体激光器作为发射光源,而带有像增强器的CCD(ICCD)作为成像探测器.激光器发射光脉冲的同时用随时间单调变化的高压调制ICCD中的像增强器,使其产生随时间单调变化的增益调制,这样不同距离的目标回波被放大的程度不同.通过对被放大信号能量的比较分析,就可以解算符个脉冲的飞行时间,从而得到各个脉冲对应的距离.结果验证了这种成像系统可有效地消除回波强度不均匀性的影响.通过室内成像实验验证系统成像,在35～41 m的距离上成功地获取了目标的距离像,测距精度可达1 m以下.     

非扫描脉冲成像激光雷达灵敏度方程

非扫描成像激光雷达是激光雷达的重要发展方向之一.激光雷达的一个非常重要的性能指标就是给定条件下的最大探测距离,这需要通过激光雷达灵敏度方程对其进行计算.分析了脉冲直接探测的非扫描成像激光雷达与扫描成像激光雷达的不同,介绍了增益调制型非扫描激光雷达系统构成及成像原理,并给出了基于像增强器型CCD(ICCD)能量积分器件作为探测器的该激光雷达成像中的信号和噪声.最后,提出了一种基于对比度和图像信噪比的增益调制非扫描成像激光雷达灵敏度方程.     

线性增益调制激光雷达系统参数对测距精度的影响

测距精度是激光雷达系统的重要参数,测距精度影响因素的研究对于提高激光雷达系统性能具有重要价值。增益调制无扫描激光雷达是一种新体制的激光雷达,其测距精度的影响因素不同于传统飞行时间测量的激光雷达系统。从增益调制激光雷达距离表达式出发,推导了增益调制激光雷达各系统参数对于距离精度的影响,综合考虑了ICCD的调制误差、回波强度较低时的光子噪声、探测器噪声、微通道板的增益饱和等因素,给出了测距精度与回波功率的关系曲线。得出增益调制无扫描激光雷达系统存在一个回波强度区间,在该强度区间内,无扫描激光雷达的测距精度是区间外的2倍以上。     

增益调制非扫描激光雷达测距精度的理论分析

非扫描成像激光雷达是激光雷达重要发展方向之一.介绍了增益调制型非扫描激光雷达系统的成像原理.根据该激光雷达的成像原理可以得出,脉冲宽度和背景光积累将会对激光雷达的测距精度产生较大影响.分析了脉冲宽度、回波展宽以及背景光会对距离精度产生的影响.在考虑脉冲宽度和背景光积累,忽略其他噪声和目标表面粗糙度的情况下,对大气传输和目标对回波脉冲展宽的影响进行了分析,对增益调制型非扫描激光雷达在不同的系统及目标参数情况下的回波波形和测距精度进行了仿真计算,为系统性能参数的选择和距离图像的后续处理提供了理论依据.     

增益调制非扫描激光雷达距离像的仿真及实验验证

仿真研究有助于增益调制非扫描激光雷达系统设计的优化,并对其构成和成像原理进行分析。建立了增益调制非扫描激光雷达的理论模型,提出一个用于雷达成像的标准目标,根据所建立的理论模型和成像过程,编制了仿真软件,对增益调制非扫描激光雷达系统进行仿真模拟,并与实验结果进行对比。仿真实验结果与实验结果的一致性表明,仿真模型比较贴近实际,有助于增益调制非扫描激光雷达系统的方案设计和参数优化。     

线性增益调制激光雷达系统参数对测距精度的影响

增益调制非扫描激光雷达是一种新体制的激光雷达,其测距精度的研究具有重要价值。从增益调制激光雷达距离表达式出发,研究了增益调制激光雷达各系统参数对于距离精度的影响关系,综合考虑了回波强度较低时的光子噪声和距离精度较高时微通道板的增益饱和带来的影像,给出了测距精度与回波功率的关系曲线,得到了增益调制无扫描激光雷达系统存在一个回波强度区间,通过调整系统参数控制回波强度在该区间内,可以保证系统获得最高的测距精度。     

非扫描激光主动成像系统性能分析

介绍了面阵非扫描型激光主动成像系统的原理、特点及影响其性能和成像距离的因素。对激光主动成像模型、ICCD探测器性能、灵敏度指标换算和目标识别性能进行了分析计算。依据入射辐照度和探测器辐照度灵敏度,建立了探测距离公式和入射辐照度需大于探测器辐照度灵敏度2倍的距离估算方法。采用808 nm波段激光进行的主动成像实验证明了理论分析的有效性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.