基于改进EMD-BSS算法的地铁齿轮箱单通道轴承微弱故障特征提取

地铁齿轮箱振动情况复杂,微弱故障特征常被噪声湮没而难以提取。本文提出一种改进的EMDBSS算法,通过计算IMF分量的相关系数矩阵,优化单通道EMD-BSS方法中的IMF信号重组过程,并对重组后的信号进行微弱故障特征提取。将该算法应用于仿真信号及实测地铁齿轮箱轴承故障振动信号中,成功提取出微弱故障特征,验证了算法的有效性。该算法的提出对于单通道微弱故障特征提取具有积极意义。     

基于参数优化MCKD的行星齿轮箱微弱故障诊断研究

针对行星齿轮箱在故障早期时振动信号比较微弱,受噪声污染严重、且传递路径复杂多变,实际情况下故障特征难以准确提取与分离的问题,提出了基于参数优化最大相关峭度解卷积(MCKD)的微弱故障特征提取方法。首先通过最大相关峭度解卷积对原始信号进行了降噪处理,设置了峭度和自相关峰态系数作为筛选准则,对算法参数组合进行了优化选取,检测周期性故障冲击特征;然后对降噪后的信号进行了希尔伯特包络谱分析,从而获得了准确故障特征频率。仿真信号和实验数据分析结果表明:该方法对于强背景噪声下的行星齿轮箱微弱故障诊断具有良好的效果,有效抑制了噪声干扰,成功提取了故障特征。     

瞬态成分Laplace小波稀疏表示及其轴承故障特征提取应用

机械系统中轴承局部故障会导致振动信号中出现瞬态冲击响应成分,可通过对瞬态成分的分析与提取实现故障特征的提取。稀疏表示是强背景噪声下微弱特征提取的有效方法之一,在信号稀疏表示理论的基础上,针对冲击响应信号的特点,提出其在Laplace小波基底下的稀疏表示,并应用于轴承局部弱故障状态下振动信号中瞬态冲击成分的提取。在选定匹配基底函数的前提下,运用分裂增广拉格朗日收缩算法求解基追踪去噪(Basis pursuit denoising,BPD)问题,将信号中的瞬态冲击成分转化为一系列稀疏表示系数,实现强背景噪声下弱特征的有效提取。仿真信号和轴承微弱故障下的特征提取表明提出的方法能有效地检测和提取强背景噪声下的微弱故障。     

基于粒子滤波与负向选择算法的GIS设备故障检测

为了及早发现故障合理安排设备检修计划,提出一种基于粒子滤波与负向选择算法的GIS故障检测方法。首先,选取GIS设备金属外壳振动信号分形维数作为特征变量,有效削弱了设备负载变化对外壳振动的影响。同时,基于粒子滤波及支持向量回归算法处理设备正常状态下的振动信号分形维数特征样本,建立GIS设备振动特征估计器。将实时测量的振动特征输入特征估计器,计算估计器输入值与输出值之间的残差并作为检测指标。最后,利用负向选择算法处理正常状态下检测指标数据,间接获取GIS故障状态下检测指标区间,进而实现设备故障的检测。通过对现场实际测量数据的仿真分析,验证了所提方法的可行性。     

DTCWPT-TV在高速列车齿轮箱轴承故障诊断中的应用

齿轮箱轴承作为高速列车转向架上的关键部件,其故障特征主要体现在其振动信号中,但是列车运行过程中存在强电磁噪声。针对强背景噪声下信号中故障特征频率的提取,提出双树复小波包变换(Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Package Transform,DTCWPT)和全变差(Total Variation,TV)结合的算法。该算法利用DTCWPT将齿轮箱轴承振动信号分解为不同尺度的信号分量,通过峭度指标选择冲击特征最显著的一个信号分量;针对含噪声的冲击特征,通过对该信号分量的全变差进行稀疏追踪从而得到信号的稀疏优化表示,使得振动信号中的冲击特征得到显著增强。通过构造一仿真信号对稀疏追踪算法的有效性进行了验证,并将该方法与DTCWPT结合并应用于齿轮箱轴承故障诊断中,结果表明:该方法能够很好地提取出信号中的冲击特征,并且频谱中的故障表征明显,能够有效地指导故障诊断。     

基于信号共振稀疏分解与包络谱的齿轮故障诊断

当齿轮出现断齿、裂纹等局部故障时,其振动信号会出现周期性冲击脉冲。在齿轮故障早期,由于冲击脉冲微弱,常淹没在齿轮的啮合频率、转频等谐波成分以及噪声中,因此,对于齿轮早期故障,直接对齿轮振动信号做包络谱分析以诊断齿轮局部故障通常效果不佳。针对这一问题,将信号共振稀疏分解方法与包络谱分析相结合,提出了基于信号共振稀疏分解与包络谱的齿轮故障诊断方法。该方法采用信号共振稀疏分解将冲击脉冲从齿轮振动信号中分离出来,然后对冲击脉冲做Hilbert包络分析,获取冲击脉冲出现的周期,进而对齿轮状态和故障进行识别。仿真算例和应用实例证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于单稳态随机共振的冲击信号自适应检测方法研究

针对强背景噪声环境下微弱故障冲击信号特征提取困难等问题,对单稳态随机共振系统和衡量指标等方面进行了研究,对低速回转支承的故障诊断策略进行了分析,提出了一种基于单稳态随机共振的冲击信号自适应检测方法。考虑到系统参数的关联性,利用灰狼优化算法(GWO)对系统的多个参数进行了优化,实现了系统参数间的同步优化过程;并以加权负熵指标作为GWO的适应度函数,对仿真冲击信号和低速回转支承振动信号进行了状态监测与故障分析。研究结果表明:该系统方法简单易行、收敛速度快、参数优化效果理想,能够在强背景噪声环境下,有效地利用噪声能量来增强微弱故障信号,凸显仿真冲击信号的特性;能准确地诊断出低速回转支承故障模式,在工程实际中具有良好的工程应用前景。     

一种基于增强型最大二阶循环平稳盲解卷积的齿轮箱复合故障诊断

针对齿轮箱复合故障振动信号易受到背景噪声干扰,使得传统方法对复合故障冲击特征难以准确分离的问题,提出一种自适应最大二阶循环平稳盲解卷积(ACYCBD)与1.5维导数增强谱相结合的复合故障诊断方法。首先,利用循环谱分析检测复合故障振动信号中与故障特征相关的循环频率成分,构建不同目标类型的循环频率集;之后,根据不同类型的循环频率集,提出一种以三阶累积量稀疏度(TCS)为指标,自适应地选取最大二阶循环平稳盲解卷积(CYCBD)的最优滤波器长度的改进算法,从而更好地获得包含不同故障冲击成分的CYCBD最优滤波信号;最后,提出一种新的1.5维导数谱进行特征增强,提高信噪比,并分析谱图中突出的故障特征频率进而判别故障类型。通过仿真信号与故障实验平台数据对算法进行验证,结果表明该方法能够实现齿轮箱复合故障的准确分离与诊断。     

非凸罚正则化稀疏低秩矩阵的大型减速机圆锥滚子轴承微弱故障诊断

在强烈外界噪声下或轴承故障早期发展阶段,从轴承非平稳故障信号中提取微弱冲击成分是一个难点,针对这一问题,提出了一种新的基于非凸罚正则化稀疏低秩矩阵（Non-convex penalty regularization sparse low-rank matrix,NPRSLM）的轴承微弱故障特征提取方法。该方法不依赖振动信号结构的先验知识,也无需采集大量的样本信号来训练字典,避免了传统稀疏表示设计冗余字典带来的缺乏物理意义,通用性差等缺陷。该方法的核心思想是把采集的振动信号与待提取的故障脉冲看作一维矩阵（向量）,通过求解稀疏正则化的反问题得到故障脉冲信号。在建模上,通过引入非凸罚函数代替了传统最小化L1-norm融合套索算法,建立非凸罚正则化稀疏低秩矩阵模型,理论推导了所建立模型的严格凸性,并利用交替方向乘子法（Alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM）对模型进行求解,同时讨论了模型参数对模型算法的收敛性问题、凸性与非凸性边界取值问题等。仿真算例与大型减速机圆锥滚子轴承诊断实例表明：该方法不仅能提取隐藏在强烈外界噪声中的微弱冲击特征,而且改善了传统最小化L1-norm融合套索算法在提取微弱故障冲击时产生的脉冲能量大幅衰减与脉冲数目丢失问题。     

基于Teager能量算子的改进MOMEDA方法在铁路轮对轴承故障诊断中的应用

铁道车辆轮对轴承在故障发展的早期阶段,其振动信号中故障冲击成分比较微弱,容易淹没在轮轨冲击的强背景噪声中,在根据多点峭度谱周期区间最大值选择时总是选出干扰噪声周期而非故障周期,导致所提取信号中包含的故障信息较少,难以识别轴承故障。针对这一问题,提出了基于Teager能量算子的改进MOMEDA方法,采用Teager能量算子增强原始信号的冲击性和周期性,确保MOMEDA算法选取到精确的故障周期,进而准确提取轴承故障信息,同时引入周期误差率指标,用于衡量实际周期偏离理论周期的程度。通过仿真信号与货车轮对轴承试验及高铁轴承试验的验证,可以发现该方法提取故障信息的准确性较传统方法有了很大提升。研究结果对提升现有铁路轴承故障识别的准确率具有一定的理论和应用价值。     

Rolling bearing composite fault diagnosis method based on EEMD fusion feature

Aiming at the problem that the composite fault vibration signal of rolling bearing is complex and it is difficult to effectively extract the impact characteristics of the composite fault, a composite fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing based on multi-scale fuzzy entropy feature fusion is proposed. Compared with traditional fault feature extraction methods that can only extract single fault feature information, this method can increase the discrimination of composite fault features, effectively separate multiple composite fault features, and more comprehensively characterize composite fault feature information. First, the signal is processed by EEMD, getting a series of IMF components. Secondly, the energy and kurtosis index of the IMF component are calculated, the appropriate IMF component is selected through the correlation coefficient to obtain a new time series, the multi-scale fuzzy entropy is calculated, and feature fusion performed. Finally, the least square support vector machine is used to diagnose the fault of the fusion feature. The method is verified by a mechanical failure simulation test bench. The experimental results show that this method can quantitatively characterize the data information of fault signal, improve the anti-interference ability, have good feature extraction ability of composite fault of rolling bearings, and can effectively identify the type of composite fault. Compared with the method using multi-scale fuzzy entropy, energy and kurtosis index alone, the accuracy of fault diagnosis increases by 8.12 % and 11.65 %, respectively.

     

Transient modeling and parameter identification based on wavelet and correlation filtering for rotating machine fault diagnosis

At constant rotating speed, localized faults in rotating machine tend to result in periodic shocks and thus arouse periodic transients in the vibration signal. The transient feature analysis has always been a crucial problem for localized fault detection, and the key aim for transient feature analysis is to identify the model and its parameters (frequency, damping ratio and time index) of the transient, and the time interval, i.e. period, between transients. Based on wavelet and correlation filtering, a technique incorporating transient modeling and parameter identification is proposed for rotating machine fault feature detection. With the proposed method, both parameters of a single transient and the period between transients can be identified from the vibration signal, and localized faults can be detected based on the parameters, especially the period. First, a simulation signal is used to test the performance of the proposed method. Then the method is applied to the vibration signals of different types of bearings with localized faults in the outer race, the inner race and the rolling element, respectively, and all the results show that the period between transients, representing the localized fault characteristic, is successfully detected. The method is also utilized in gearbox fault diagnosis and the effectiveness is verified through identifying the parameters of the transient model and the period. Moreover, it can be drawn that for bearing fault detection, the single-side wavelet model is more suitable than double-side one, while the double-side model for gearbox fault detection. This research proposed an effective method of localized fault detection for rotating machine fault diagnosis through transient modeling and parameter detection.     

滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取方法研究

提出基于小波包分析和包络检测的滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取力法。根据滚动轴承的故障冲击能激起轴承座或其他机械零部件产生共振的特性，对轴承振动信号进行快速傅里叶变换FFT分析，在频谱图中自动识别高频共振频带。然后利用小波包分析可以在全频带内把信号分解到相邻的不同频带上的特性，对滚动轴承的振动信号进行小波包分解，自动提取共振频带上的信号并进行重构。最后，对重构后的信号进行包络检波，实现滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取。通过对实际滚动轴承振动信号的分析，发现这种方法能非常有效地检测和诊断滚动轴承的故障．     

基于LMD能量特征的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承故障振动信号的多载波多调制特性,提出一种基于局域均值分解(local mean decomposition,简称LMD)能量特征的特征向量提取方法,并与支持向量机相结合用于滚动轴承的故障诊断。首先,采用LMD方法将复杂调制振动信号分解为若干单分量信号乘积函数(production function,简称PF);然后,对反映信号主要特征的PF基于时间轴积分,得到各PF分量能量矩并构造特征向量;最后,将其输入多分类支持向量机中,用于区分滚动轴承的故障类型与故障程度。对滚动轴承内圈故障、外圈故障及滚动体故障振动信号的分析结果表明,该方法能有效提取滚动轴承各工作状态信号的故障特征,能准确识别故障类型,同时对故障程度的判断表现出较高的识别率。     

Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing using a new optimal scale morphology analysis method

Periodic transient impulses are key indicators of rolling element bearing defects. Efficient acquisition of impact impulses concerned with the defects is of much concern to the precise detection of bearing defects. However, transient features of rolling element bearing are generally immersed in stochastic noise and harmonic interference. Therefore, in this paper, a new optimal scale morphology analysis method, named adaptive multiscale combination morphological filter-hat transform (AMCMFH), is proposed for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis, which can both reduce stochastic noise and reserve signal details. In this method, firstly, an adaptive selection strategy based on the feature energy factor (FEF) is introduced to determine the optimal structuring element (SE) scale of multiscale combination morphological filter-hat transform (MCMFH). Subsequently, MCMFH containing the optimal SE scale is applied to obtain the impulse components from the bearing vibration signal. Finally, fault types of bearing are confirmed by extracting the defective frequency from envelope spectrum of the impulse components. The validity of the proposed method is verified through the simulated analysis and bearing vibration data derived from the laboratory bench. Results indicate that the proposed method has a good capability to recognize localized faults appeared on rolling element bearing from vibration signal. The study supplies a novel technique for the detection of faulty bearing.     

Early fault detection method for rolling bearing based on multiscale morphological filtering of information-entropy threshold

The scale of structure element is especially important to obtain good filtering results in multiscale morphological filtering (MMF) method. In general, the optimal scale of structure element is set to be a fixed value in traditional morphological filter, therefore it is difficult to extract the fault feature from rolling bearing vibration signal effectively. A novel multiscale morphological filtering algorithm is proposed based on information-entropy threshold (IET-MMF) for early fault detection of rolling bearing. Compared with traditional MMF method, several optimal scales of structure elements are achieved according to the energy distribution characteristic of different vibration signals. The information entropy theory is applied to quantify the analyzed signals, and the optimal threshold of information entropy is obtained by iterative algorithm to ensure integrity of useful information. The simulation and rolling bearing experimental analysis results show that the IET-MMF method can extract fault features of vibration signals effectively.

     

滚动轴承疲劳故障在线诊断的研究

通过对滚动轴承振动信号的在线监测提取出对疲劳故障敏感的参数：峭度、功率谱故障频带能量值、小波包故障频带能量值．选择足够的具有代表性的样本数据训练神经网络,用训练好的神经网络进行在线诊断,可以得出轴承发生疲劳故障的程度,再经过共振解调法诊断出轴承具体损伤的元件,实验表明本方法对滚动轴承的疲劳故障能正确诊断。该监测和诊断方法对其他设备的监测和诊断也有重要的意义。     

A new approach to detection of defects in rolling element bearings based on statistical pattern recognition

The paper presents a new approach to the classification of rolling element bearing faults by implementing statistical pattern recognition. Diagnostics of rolling element bearing faults actually represents the problem of pattern classification and recognition, where the key step is feature extraction from the vibration signal. Characterization of each recorded vibration signal is performed by a combination of signal's time-varying statistical parameters and characteristic rolling element bearing fault frequency components obtained through the envelope analysis method. In this way, an 18-dimensional vector of the vibration signal feature is obtained. Dimension reduction of the 18-dimensional feature vectors was performed afterward into two-dimensional vectors representing the training set for the design of parameter classifiers. The classification was performed in two classes, into defective and functional rolling element bearings. Main trait of parameter classifiers is simplicity in their design process, as opposed to classifiers based on neural networks, which employ complex training algorithms.     

一类滚动轴承振动信号特征提取与模式识别

复杂工况下滚动轴承振动信号通常表现出强烈的非平稳性,而一些典型的故障特征往往容易被其他成分所掩盖,这为故障特征提取带来了很大的困难。针对这一问题,首先,提出一种基于同步压缩小波变换的滚动轴承信号特征提取方法,对多种工况下的滚动轴承振动信号进行分析,提取出能够有效反映滚动轴承工况的信号特征空间;其次,采用非负矩阵分解对信号特征空间进行精简和优化,提炼出用于滚动轴承故障诊断和模式识别的特征参数;最后,采用支持向量机对多种工况的滚动轴承振动信号进行分类。研究结果表明,与传统的时域特征参数提取方法相比,所提出的方法具有更高的分类准确率。     

基于LSTM-RNN的滚动轴承故障多标签分类方法

为了提高长短时记忆神经网络模型(long short-term memory recurrent neural network, 简称LSTM-RNN)对滚动轴承故障分类的正确率并减少训练样本量,提出一种基于多标签LSTM-RNN的滚动轴承故障分类方法。首先,建立滚动轴承故障信号仿真模型,分析滚动轴承故障仿真信号频谱特征及其故障分类特点;其次,结合多标签LSTM-RNN模型结构特点,对滚动轴承频谱特征向量进行编码,并利用仿真故障信号验证多标签LSTM-RNN分类方法的有效性;最后,搭建滚动轴承故障模拟试验台,采集3类转速不同故障类型滚动轴承故障振动信号,并采用3种特征提取方法得到共9组试验数据,基于该数据对多标签LSTM-RNN分类方法和单标签LSTM-RNN分类方法进行对比试验。试验结果表明：多标签LSTM-RNN分类方法相比于单标签LSTM-RNN分类方法,平均分类正确率从69.07%提高到99.21%;在保证两种分类方法正确率相近情况下,多标签LSTM-RNN分类方法训练所需样本量比单标签LSTM-RNN分类方法平均减少69.55%。多标签LSTM-RNN分类方法适用于复杂振动信号分类,对于实现快速准确的旋转机械故障诊断具有应用价值。