基于相邻频繁模式段的闭合序列模式挖掘算法

直接对生物序列进行频繁模式挖掘会产生很多冗余模式,闭合模式更能表达出序列的功能和结构。根据生物序列的特点,提出了基于相邻闭合频繁模式段的模式挖掘算法－JCPS。首先产生闭合相邻频繁模式段,然后对这些闭合频繁模式段进行组合,同时进行闭合检测,产生新的闭合频繁模式。通过对真实的蛋白质序列家族库的处理,证明该算法能有效处理生物序列数据。     

Integration of K-means algorithm and AprioriSome algorithm for fuzzy sequential pattern mining

Since Agrawal and Srikant proposed sequential pattern mining in 1995, there have been many scholars working to improve the efficiency and reduce the processing time of algorithms. This study intends to propose a fuzzy AprioriSome algorithm for fuzzy sequential patterns mining with integration with clustering technique, K-means algorithm. Two experiments performed using transaction data provided by a securities firm and foodmarket data from SQL sever 2000 demonstrate the strength of fuzzy AprioriSome sequential pattern mining in mining large quantity of transaction data.     

基于相邻模式段组合的生物序列模式挖掘算法

传统的序列模式挖掘算法应用在生物序列上有其局限性,根据生物序列的特点,提出了基于相邻频繁模式段的模式挖掘算法－JPS。首先产生相邻频繁模式段,然后对这些频繁模式段进行组合,产生新的频繁模式。通过实验分析,该方法在相似性很强的序列数据库中比传统的PrefixSpan算法效率高。通过对真实的蛋白质序列家族库的处理,证明该算法能有效处理生物序列数据。     

Batch incremental processing for FP-tree construction using FP-Growth algorithm

In the present scenario of global economy and World Wide Web, large sets of evolving and distributed data can be handled efficiently by incremental data mining. Frequent patterns are very important in knowledge discovery and data mining process, such as mining of association rules, correlations. FP-tree is a very versatile data structure used for mining of frequent patterns in knowledge discovery and data mining process. FP-tree is a compact representation of transaction database that contains frequency information of all relevant frequent patterns (FP) of the database. All of the existing incremental frequent pattern mining algorithms, such as AFPIM, CATS, CanTree, CP-tree, and SPO-tree, perform incremental mining by processing one transaction of the incremental part of database at a time and updating it to the FP-tree of initial (original) database. Here, in this paper, we propose a novel method that takes advantage of FP-tree representation of incremental transaction database for incremental mining. We propose a batch incremental processing algorithm BIT_FPGrowth that restructures and merges two small consecutive duration FP-trees to obtain a FP-tree of the FP-Growth algorithm. Our BIT_FPGrowth uses FP-tree as preprocessed data repository to get transactions (i.e., item-sets), unlike other sequential incremental algorithms that read transactions from database. BIT_FPGrowth algorithm takes less time for constructing FP-tree. Our experimental results show that, as the size of the database increases, increase in runtime of BIT_FPGrowth is much less and is least of all the other algorithms.     

使用序列模式精简基挖掘序列模式

传统的序列模式挖掘方法在挖掘由短的频繁序列模式组成的数据库时有良好的性能．但在挖掘长的序列模式或支持度阈值很低时，这些方法可能遇到固有的困难，因为产生的频繁序列模式的数量经常太大．在许多情况下，用户可能只需要那些覆盖许多短模式的长模式．此外，在很多应用中，只要得到产生的频繁序列模式的近似支持度就已足够，而不需要它们的精确支持度．介绍了能将误差控制在确定范围内的频繁序列模式精简基的概念，并开发了一个挖掘这种序列模式精简基的算法．实验结果显示计算频繁序列模式精简基是很有前途的．     

Mining top-k co-occurrence items with sequential pattern

Frequent sequential pattern mining has become one of the most important tasks in data mining. It has many applications, such as sequential analysis, classification, and prediction. How to generate candidates and how to control the combinatorically explosive number of intermediate subsequences are the most difficult problems. Intelligent systems such as recommender systems, expert systems, and business intelligence systems use only a few patterns, namely those that satisfy a number of defined conditions. Challenges include the mining of top-k patterns, top-rank-k patterns, closed patterns, and maximal patterns. In many cases, end users need to find itemsets that occur with a sequential pattern. Therefore, this paper proposes approaches for mining top-k co-occurrence items usually found with a sequential pattern. The Naive Approach Mining (NAM) algorithm discovers top-k co-occurrence items by directly scanning the sequence database to determine the frequency of items. The Vertical Approach Mining (VAM) algorithm is based on vertical database scanning. The Vertical with Index Approach Mining (VIAM) algorithm is based on a vertical database with index scanning. VAM and VIAM use pruning strategies to reduce the search space, thus improving performance. VAM and VIAM are especially effective in mining the co-occurrence items of a long input pattern. The three algorithms were evaluated using real-world databases. The experimental results show that these algorithms perform well, especially VAM and VIAM.     

带间隔约束的Top-k对比序列模式挖掘

对比序列模式能够表达序列数据集合间的差异,在商品推荐、用户行为分析和电力供应预测等领域有广泛的应用.已有的对比序列模式挖掘算法需要用户设定正例支持度阈值和负例支持度阈值.在不具备足够先验知识的情况下,用户难以设定恰当的支持度阈值,从而可能错失一些对比显著的模式.为此,提出了带间隔约束的top-k对比序列模式挖掘算法kDSP-Miner(top-k distinguishing sequential patterns with gap constraint miner).kDSP-Miner中用户只需设置期望发现的对比最显著的模式个数,从而避免了直接设置对比支持度阈值.相应地,挖掘算法更容易使用,并且结果更易于解释.同时,为了提高算法执行效率,设计了若干剪枝策略和启发策略.进一步设计了kDSP-Miner的多线程版本,以提高其对高维序列元素情况的处理能力.通过在真实世界数据集上的详实实验,验证了算法的有效性和执行效率.     

Efficient algorithms for discovering high utility user behavior patterns in mobile commerce environments

Mining user behavior patterns in mobile environments is an emerging topic in data mining fields with wide applications. By integrating moving paths with purchasing transactions, one can find the sequential purchasing patterns with the moving paths, which are called mobile sequential patterns of the mobile users. Mobile sequential patterns can be applied not only for planning mobile commerce environments but also for analyzing and managing online shopping websites. However, unit profits and purchased numbers of the items are not considered in traditional framework of mobile sequential pattern mining. Thus, the patterns with high utility (i.e., profit here) cannot be found. In view of this, we aim at integrating mobile data mining with utility mining for finding high-utility mobile sequential patterns in this study. Two types of algorithms, namely level-wise and tree-based methods, are proposed for mining high-utility mobile sequential patterns. A series of analyses and comparisons on the performance of the two different types of algorithms are conducted through experimental evaluations. The results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the state-of-the-art mobile sequential pattern algorithms and that the tree-based algorithms deliver better performance than the level-wise ones under various conditions.     

带通配符和One-Off条件的序列模式挖掘

很多应用领域产生大量的序列数据。如何从这些序列数据中挖掘具有重要价值的模式,已成为序列模式挖掘研究的主要任务。研究这样一个问题：给定序列S、支持度阈值和间隔约束,从序列S中挖掘所有出现次数不小于给定支持度阈值的频繁序列模式,并且要求模式中任意两个相邻元素在序列中的出现位置满足用户定义的间隔约束。设计了一种有效的带有通配符的模式挖掘算法One-Off Mining,模式在序列中的出现满足One-Off条件,即模式的任意两次出现都不共享序列中同一位置的字符。在生物DNA序列上的实验结果表明,One-Off Mining比相关的序列模式挖掘算法具有更好的时间性能和完备性。     

From sequential pattern mining to structured pattern mining: A pattern-growth approach

Sequential pattern mining is an important data mining problem with broad applications. However,it is also a challenging problem since the mining may have to generate or examine a combinatorially explosivenumber of intermediate subsequences. Recent studies have developed two major classes of sequential patternmining methods: (1) a candidate generation-and-test approach, represented by (i) GSP, a horizontal format-basedsequential pattern mining method, and (ii) SPADE, a vertical format-based method; and (2) a pattern-growthmethod, represented by PrefixSpan and its further extensions, such as gSpan for mining structured patterns. In this study, we perform a systematic introduction and presentation of the pattern-growth methodologyand study its principles and extensions. We first introduce two interesting pattern-growth algorithms, FreeSpanand PrefixSpan, for efficient sequential pattern mining. Then we introduce gSpan for mining structured patternsusing the same methodology. Their relative performance in l     

考虑价格的跨种类模糊序列模式挖掘算法*

消费者对不同种类的产品具有不同的价格偏好,而传统的序列模式挖掘算法仅考虑序列中不同项目的出现顺序,使得挖掘到的序列模式没有包含产品价格以及种类等重要信息。为了克服传统算法的这一缺陷,在序列模式中体现更多的用户行为信息,本文基于模糊集理论,提出了一种在产品种类维度上进行的跨种类模糊价格序列模式挖掘算法。实验结果表明,与传统序列模式挖掘算法相比,该算法可以有效解决序列数据的稀疏性问题,能够挖掘得到更多个性化的序列模式。     

Discovering hybrid temporal patterns from sequences consisting of point- and interval-based events

Previous sequential pattern mining studies have dealt with either point-based event sequences or interval-based event sequences. In some applications, however, event sequences may contain both point-based and interval-based events. These sequences are called hybrid event sequences. Since the relationships among both kinds of events are more diversiform, the information obtained by discovering patterns from these events is more informative. In this study we introduce a hybrid temporal pattern mining problem and develop an algorithm to discover hybrid temporal patterns from hybrid event sequences. We carry out an experiment using both synthetic and real stock price data to compare our algorithm with the traditional algorithms designed exclusively for mining point-based patterns or interval-based patterns. The experimental results indicate that the efficiency of our algorithm is satisfactory. In addition, the experiment also shows that the predicting power of hybrid temporal patterns is higher than that of point-based or interval-based patterns.     

Mining sequential patterns by pattern-growth: the PrefixSpan approach

Sequential pattern mining is an important data mining problem with broad applications. However, it is also a difficult problem since the mining may have to generate or examine a combinatorially explosive number of intermediate subsequences. Most of the previously developed sequential pattern mining methods, such as GSP, explore a candidate generation-and-test approach [R. Agrawal et al. (1994)] to reduce the number of candidates to be examined. However, this approach may not be efficient in mining large sequence databases having numerous patterns and/or long patterns. In this paper, we propose a projection-based, sequential pattern-growth approach for efficient mining of sequential patterns. In this approach, a sequence database is recursively projected into a set of smaller projected databases, and sequential patterns are grown in each projected database by exploring only locally frequent fragments. Based on an initial study of the pattern growth-based sequential pattern mining, FreeSpan [J. Han et al. (2000)], we propose a more efficient method, called PSP, which offers ordered growth and reduced projected databases. To further improve the performance, a pseudoprojection technique is developed in PrefixSpan. A comprehensive performance study shows that PrefixSpan, in most cases, outperforms the a priori-based algorithm GSP, FreeSpan, and SPADE [M. Zaki, (2001)] (a sequential pattern mining algorithm that adopts vertical data format), and PrefixSpan integrated with pseudoprojection is the fastest among all the tested algorithms. Furthermore, this mining methodology can be extended to mining sequential patterns with user-specified constraints. The high promise of the pattern-growth approach may lead to its further extension toward efficient mining of other kinds of frequent patterns, such as frequent substructures.     

Discovering multi-label temporal patterns in sequence databases

Sequential pattern mining is one of the most important data mining techniques. Previous research on mining sequential patterns discovered patterns from point-based event data, interval-based event data, and hybrid event data. In many real life applications, however, an event may involve many statuses; it might not occur only at one certain point in time or over a period of time. In this work, we propose a generalized representation of temporal events. We treat events as multi-label events with many statuses, and introduce an algorithm called MLTPM to discover multi-label temporal patterns from temporal databases. The experimental results show that the efficiency and scalability of the MLTPM algorithm are satisfactory. We also discuss interesting multi-label temporal patterns discovered when MLTPM was applied to historical Nasdaq data.     

Sequential Pattern Mining in Multi-Databases via Multiple Alignment

To efficiently find global patterns from a multi-database, information in each local database must first be mined and summarized at the local level. Then only the summarized information is forwarded to the global mining process. However, conventional sequential pattern mining methods based on support cannot summarize the local information and is ineffective for global pattern mining from multiple data sources. In this paper, we present an alternative local mining approach for finding sequential patterns in the local databases of a multi-database. We propose the theme of approximate sequential pattern mining roughly defined as identifying patterns approximately shared by many sequences. Approximate sequential patterns can effectively summerize and represent the local databases by identifying the underlying trends in the data. We present a novel algorithm, ApproxMAP, to mine approximate sequential patterns, called consensus patterns, from large sequence databases in two steps. First, sequences are clustered by similarity. Then, consensus patterns are mined directly from each cluster through multiple alignment. We conduct an extensive and systematic performance study over synthetic and real data. The results demonstrate that ApproxMAP is effective and scalable in mining large sequences databases with long patterns. Hence, ApproxMAP can efficiently summarize a local database and reduce the cost for global mining. Furthremore, we present an elegant and uniform model to identify both high vote sequential patterns and exceptional sequential patterns from the collection of these consensus patterns from each local databases.     

基于模式增长的高效用序列模式挖掘算法

高效用序列模式挖掘是数据挖掘领域的一项重要内容,在生物信息学、消费行为分析等方面具有重要的应用.与传统基于频繁项模式挖掘方法不同,高效用序列模式挖掘不仅考虑项集的内外效用,更突出项集的时间序列含义,计算复杂度较高.尽管已经有一定数量的算法被提出应用于解决该类问题,挖掘算法的时空效率依然成为该领域的主要研究热点问题.鉴于...     

Mining constrained inter-sequence patterns: a novel approach to cope with item constraints

Data mining has become increasingly important in the Internet era. The problem of mining inter-sequence pattern is a sub-task in data mining with several algorithms in the recent years. However, these algorithms only focus on the transitional problem of mining frequent inter-sequence patterns and most frequent inter-sequence patterns are either redundant or insignificant. As such, it can confuse end users during decision-making and can require too much system resources. This led to the problem of mining inter-sequence patterns with item constraints, which addressed the problem when end-users only concerned the patterns contained a number of specific items. In this paper, we propose two novel algorithms for it. First is the ISP-IC (Inter-Sequence Pattern with Item Constraint mining) algorithm based on a theorem that quickly determines whether an inter-sequence pattern satisfies the constraints. Then, we propose a way to improve the strategy of ISP-IC, which is then applied to the \(i\)ISP-IC algorithm to enhance the performance of the process. Finally, pi ISP-IC, a parallel version of \(i\)ISP-IC, will be presented. Experimental results show that pi ISP-IC algorithm outperforms the post-processing of the-state-of-the-art method for mining inter-sequence patterns (EISP-Miner), ISP-IC, and \(i\)ISP-IC algorithms in most of the cases.     

Closed inter-sequence pattern mining

Inter-sequence pattern mining can find associations across several sequences in a sequence database, which can discover both a sequential pattern within a transaction and sequential patterns across several different transactions. However, inter-sequence pattern mining algorithms usually generate a large number of recurrent frequent patterns. We have observed mining closed inter-sequence patterns instead of frequent ones can lead to a more compact yet complete result set. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a model of closed inter-sequence pattern mining and an efficient algorithm called CISP-Miner for mining such patterns, which enumerates closed inter-sequence patterns recursively along a search tree in a depth-first search manner. In addition, several effective pruning strategies and closure checking schemes are designed to reduce the search space and thus accelerate the algorithm. Our experiment results demonstrate that the proposed CISP-Miner algorithm is very efficient and outperforms a compared EISP-Miner algorithm in most cases.     

Knowledge gathering of fuzzy multi-time-interval sequential patterns

Mining sequential patterns to find ordered events or subsequence patterns is essential in many applications, such as analysis of consumer shopping data, web clickstreams, and biological sequences. Traditional patterns reveal which items are frequently purchased together and in what order. However, information about the time intervals between purchases is missing. Therefore, Yang proposed using multi-time-interval sequential patterns to consider the time intervals between each pair of items in a pattern. For example, 〈Bread, ti₁, Milk, (ti₂, ti₁), Jam〉 means that Bread is bought before Milk within an interval of ti₁, and Jam is bought after Bread and Milk within intervals of ti₂ and ti₁, respectively, where ti₁ and ti₂ are predefined time intervals. Although this new type of pattern considers the intervals between all pairs of items, it contains a sharp boundary problem; that is, when the time interval between two purchases is near the boundary of two predetermined time ranges, we either ignore or overemphasize it. In this study, we applied the concept of fuzzy sets to solve the sharp boundary problem. The discovered patterns, called fuzzy multi-time-interval sequential patterns, describe time intervals in linguistic terms for better understanding. Two algorithms, FuzzMI-Apriori and FuzzMI-PrefixSpan, were developed for mining fuzzy multi-time-interval patterns. Experiments using synthetic and real datasets showed the algorithms’ computational efficiency, scalability, and effectiveness.