Research on tool path planning method of four-axis high-efficiency slot plunge milling for open blisk

The great mass of machining allowance for blisk is removed in the rough milling, so improving the rough machining efficiency for the blisk’s tunnel is the key of realizing high-efficiency machining of blisk. According to the structure characteristic of open blisk’s tunnel, a four-axis plunge slot rough milling with high-efficiency and low machining cost is advanced. First, the plunge slot process for blisk and the generation process of the ruled enveloping surface for the freeform surface of the blisk’s blade are put forward. Then, the generating method of the ruled enveloping surface for the blade’s freeform surface and the tool path generation method of four-axis plunge slot milling for blisk are studied. The rough milling region of open blisk’s tunnel is determined by generating the ruled enveloping surface of blade’s offset surface, and the algorithm of tool path for four-axis plunge milling is given. When using a ruled surface to approach a freeform surface, the problem of getting boundary is solved, and the error from the calculation of tool path is avoided by the algorithm. At last, the experiment shows that comparing to the traditional side slot milling, the cutting force of four-axis plunge milling can be reduced by 60% and even the rough machining efficiency can be increased to more than double.     

基于误差补偿的叶片铣削加工过程仿真研究

对发动机叶片在现有夹具定位下的螺旋铣削加工状态进行了研究,建立了基于瞬时铣削力的叶片变形模型,提出了基于加工表面静态误差预测、补偿的离线多层次误差补偿方案,利用有限元模拟技术结合铣削力模型,迭代求解各个刀位点处的弹性让刀变形量,据此修正原始的数控刀具轨迹代码,达到消除加工变形误差的目的;并通过有限元ANSYS仿真,得到实时误差补偿刀位轨迹,通过实验验证补偿方案的正确性和实用性。     

汽轮机叶片精锻模具预补偿方法研究

针对汽轮机叶片加工精度要求高、精锻模具误差补偿难度大以及加工效率低等问题,以某型号汽轮机叶片为例,利用DEFORM-3D数值模拟软件分别对叶片精锻模具Z=5 mm叶根截面、Z=35 mm叶身截面以及Z=75 mm叶尖截面在不同锻压步数下的弹性变形进行了模拟分析,得出精锻模具型腔曲面变形规律。基于数值模拟结果,提出利用反向迭代补偿与黄金分割相结合的方法来修正精锻模具型腔。以该汽轮机叶片最大允许误差80μm为迭代目标,采用黄金分割法调整迭代区间,对各迭代点进行仿真,确定最优修正系数为0.94,最后得到满足终锻叶片精度要求的合理模具型腔,大大提高了模具设计质量与效率。     

面铣刀铣削表面微观几何形貌仿真系统

以面铣刀为研究对象,结合刀具的进给方式,建立了刀具刃形的数学模型,提出了面铣削加工的仿真算法,并研究主轴转速、进给速度、刀盘直径、刀片边长、刀具刃数、吃刀量、刀片形状等参数对加工表面几何形貌的影响规律,发现铣削表面质量随刃数的增加越来越好。在同一种切削条件下,进给量越大,粗造度越大。通过开发的铣削表面几何形貌仿真系统,对铣削表面粗糙度的预测及表面质量的改善有着重要的指导意义。     

航空发动机整体叶盘刀具性能灰色综合评价

以某型航空发动机钛合金整体叶盘的数控铣削为研究对象,提出了一种面向航空发动机整体叶盘的数控铣削刀具性能灰色综合评价方法。首先设计涵盖航空发动机整体叶盘难加工特征的基准件模型,然后基于灰色关联度分别构建了粗精加工刀具性能灰色综合评价模型,最后进行基准件的切削试验并应用所建立的灰色综合评价模型对刀具性能进行综合评价。研究结果表明,所构建的基准件模型和灰色综合评价模型可以快捷、有效地评价刀具性能。     

复杂腔槽五轴数控加工的干涉检查及修正算法研究

针对复杂腔槽多轴数控加工的干涉问题进行了分析研究,进而给出腔槽侧面及底面无干涉刀位的计算方法。对于开口槽侧面边缘处的加工,通过检验侧面边缘与刀轴的干涉而确定粗加工走刀终止条件;对于腔槽底面加工,提出了刀具与底面及相临侧面间干涉的定量计算,并在此基础上根据干涉量一次性修正刀位,生成无干涉的合理刀位。     

硬质合金可转位面铣刀的正确使用方法浅析

从铣刀的安装、铣削方式、刀具切削角度的组合、螺旋角的选择、铣刀轴线的位置、修光刀片的使用等方面,讨论了硬质合金面铣刀的合理使用技术。     

整体叶盘数控铣削优化技术探讨

针对整体叶盘数控铣削过程中存在的难题,从最优化的角度出发,结合近年来国内外文献研究,从铣削工艺方案优化和工艺参数优化两方面进行介绍,重点对刀具可达性、加工效率、颤振变形、刀具磨损以及优化模型、优化算法等相关优化技术的研究现状进行综述。通过分析现有研究中存在的一些难题,探讨了整体叶盘数控铣削优化技术的研究方法,对后期开展整体叶盘制造技术研究具有一定的参考意义。     

螺旋锥齿轮数控加工中刀盘误差的补偿

在进行螺旋锥齿轮数控加工过程中,用直廓截形代替盘状铣刀刀刃理论截形所产生的偏差会影响螺旋锥齿轮齿面加工精度。针对该问题,分析了螺旋锥齿轮数控加工原理,并在此基础上建立了从刀刃到形成齿面的数学模型;依据空间啮合理论计算盘状铣刀刀刃实际截形,分析并建立了盘状铣刀刀盘半径偏差与齿面误差的关系;进一步推导出刀具实际截形误差的计算过程;最后根据螺旋锥齿轮的加工原理对刀具的误差进行了补偿计算,并对补偿结果进行了仿真实验验证,证明了该算法的可靠性。     

Design and fabrication of a new micro ball-end mill with conical flank face

Micro ball-end milling is an efficient method for the fabrication of micro lens array molds. However, it is difficult to meet the machining quality of micro dimple molds due to the wear and breakage of the milling cutter, which presents large challenges for designing geometric structure and edge strength of micro ball-end mills. In this study, a new configuration of a micro ball-end mill for micro dimple milling is designed and named the micro conical surface ball-end mill. The cutting edge is formed by intersecting the conical surface and the inclined plane. A practical grinding method is proposed based on the kinematic principle of the six-axis computer numerical control (CNC) grinding machine for micro conical surface ball-end mills and is validated by grinding simulations and experiments. Micro dimple milling experiments are conducted on the hardened die steel H13 to investigate the cutting performance of the mill. The milling force, the micro dimple roundness error, and the tool wear morphology are observed and analyzed. The results show that the radial milling force is more stable and the wear resistance is improved for the micro conical surface ball-end mill compared to the traditional micro spiral blade ball-end mill. Therefore, a more stable roundness at the entrance hole of the micro dimple can be obtained by using this design after a number of micro dimples have been milled.     

Surface topography and roughness in hole-making by helical milling

Helical milling is used to generate holes with a cutting tool traveling on a helical path into the workpiece in which the diameter of the hole can be adjusted through that of the helical path. Based on an improved Z-map model, a 3D surface topography simulation model is established to simulate the surface finish profile generated after a helical milling operation using a cylindrical end mill. The surface topography simulation model incorporates the effects of the relative motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece, in which the effect of the insert runout error of the cutting tool is considered. Furthermore, the roughness parameters are deduced from simulations of the 3D surface topography. The experimental result shows that the proposed simulation algorithm can predict well the surface roughness in a helical milling operation. The surface topography simulation model is used to study the effects of cutting conditions such as the tangential feedrate, the diameter of the cutting tool and the hole, the insert runout error of the cutting tool, as well as the revolution of the cutting tool around the axis of the hole on the surface finish profile. It is found that the surface quality can be improved by optimization of the cutting conditions. As a result, the proposed model will be helpful in determining the cutting conditions to meet surface finish requirements in helical milling operation.     

Thermal deformation analysis and compensation of the direct-drive five-axis CNC milling head

The machining precision of the milling head is primarily affected by the thermal errors that originated from the thermal deformation. Thermal error compensation is an economical and efficient method to overcome these thermal errors. The milling head’s heat source is analyzed to calculate the thermal boundary load based on component parameters of the milling head. The milling head’s thermal deformation is then simulated using ANSYS software to achieve the milling head’s temperature distribution and the amount of thermal deformation. Through the design and construction of the milling head temperature and thermal deformation experiment platform, the thermal deformation experiment of the milling head is performed. Accordingly, the measuring point temperature and the tooltip offset are obtained. Finally, a thermal error compensation method is proposed based on the homogeneous transformation. The research results give a theoretical reference and technical support for the thermal error compensation, optimized design, and development of milling heads.

     

自由曲面铣削误差预测

在航空航天工业等行业中,对于复杂薄壁曲面零件,极易产生由工件变形引起的加工误差,这直接影响了零件的加工精度及表面质量。本文研究了薄壁叶片型面精加工切削过程中工件变形对加工精度的影响:首先利用正交试验求出球头铣刀的铣削力公式,进而结合有限元方法,编写柔性切削变形迭代算法,计算出薄壁叶片的最终变形量,并分析了叶片的变形规律,这对提高叶片加工精度具有重要的实际应用价值。     

Geometric error compensation for five-axis ball-end milling by considering machined surface textures

Arbitrarily adjusting tool poses during error compensation may affect the quality of surface textures. This paper presents one tool center limitation-based geometric error compensation for five-axis ball-end milling to avoid the unexpected machined textures. Firstly, the mechanism of cutter location generation with cuter contact (CC) trajectory is analyzed. Due to zero bottom radius of ball-end cutter, CC points of the surface are only related to the tool center of the cutter. Realizing that, tool center limitation method of ball-end milling is established based on the generation of movements of all axes in order to ensure the machined textures. Then, geometric error compensation of ball-end milling is expressed as optimizing rotation angles of rotary axes by limiting tool centers of cutter locations. Next, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is intergraded into the geometric error compensation to obtain the compensated numerical control (NC) code. The limited region for particles of rotation angles is established, and moving criterion with a mutation operation is presented. With the help of the tool center limitation method, fitnesses of all particles are calculated with the integrated geometric error model. In this way, surface textures are considered and geometric errors of the machine tool are reduced. At last, cutting experiments on five-axis ball-end milling are carried out to testify the effectiveness of the proposed geometric error compensation.     

铣削钛合金加工表面形貌特征参数的预测

钛合金在铣削过程中受迫振动明显,刀—工接触关系不断变化,加工表面形貌特征参数难以预测,已成为制约加工表面质量进一步提高的瓶颈。针对铣削振动与加工表面形貌的非线性随机变化特性进行了切削钛合金试验,采用高斯过程回归法构建铣削振动作用下的加工表面形貌高斯过程模型。分析刀齿误差和铣削振动对加工表面形貌特征参数的影响规律,为以加工表面质量分布一致性为前提的铣削钛合金工艺设计提供参考依据。     

螺旋锥齿轮切齿仿真和虚拟齿面误差检验

介绍了利用CATIA软件对螺旋锥齿轮整个齿轮进行完全自动化切齿的仿真方法,即在CATIA中通过编程输入机床的位置和运动参数,控制齿坯和刀具之间的关系,以便进行切齿仿真,实现了高精度齿面的虚拟加工。介绍了在CAT-IA中导入格里森TCA方法,得到理论齿面离散点后直接在软件中将仿真的齿面与理论齿面比较来验证齿面精度的方法,不仅可以仿真出高精度三维理论齿面与过渡曲面,还将为误差齿面的有限元分析以及研究机床的切齿误差形成原理及补偿方法(切齿调整)提供一个虚拟的三维齿面数据研究平台。     

CFRP及叠层结构螺旋铣孔专用刀具切削性能评价

碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)及由钛合金Ti-6Al-4V和CFRP组成的金属复合材料叠层结构广泛应用于现代航空工业。大型客机结构件之间主要通过铆接和高锁螺栓连接,根据波音与空客公司发布的数据显示,最新一代B787与A380上装配孔的数量已超百万,装配过程中的制孔效率与质量直接决定了客机整体装配效率及关键结构件的疲劳寿命,从而间接影响了客机的生产成本以及飞行可靠性。随着飞机数字化装配的快速发展,传统的钻孔工艺会产生很多加工缺陷,工序复杂,加工孔质量不能满足要求,因此,有必要优化制孔工艺,设计新型专用刀具。本文通过研究螺旋铣孔运动学特性,分析螺旋铣孔的工艺特点,设计了一种新型螺旋铣孔专用刀具,并以加工过程的轴向切削力、出入口加工质量以及刀具磨损为评价指标,验证该新型专用刀具的切削性能。结果表明,专用刀具在干切削条件下能够实现复材孔无分层、钛合金孔无毛刺加工,大幅提高刀具寿命,解决了传统立铣刀对CFRP及CFRP/钛合金叠层结构进行螺旋铣孔时刀具寿命低、加工质量差等问题。     

球头铣刀刀具磨损建模与误差补偿

针对刀具磨损度量方式和模型建立的问题,以球头刀具为研究对象,提出球头铣刀刀具磨损的度量方式,建立球头刀具磨损模型.以复映磨损在硬度较软加工材料上的方式测量球头刀具磨损,确定刀具磨损模型系数,给出刀具磨损模型系数确定的具体实现方法.加工试验验证球头刀具磨损度量方式的合理性和所建立刀具磨损模型的正确性,同时针对数控铣削加工中球头铣刀刀具磨损引起的误差提出离线仿真误差补偿算法,给出离线仿真误差补偿算法的具体实现步骤,通过建立的刀具磨损引起的加工误差模型仿真获得加工走刀步的误差.对于误差超差的走刀步,预先修改数控加工(Numerical control,NC)程序,保证实际加工零件满足精度要求.误差补偿验证试验表明所提出的离线仿真误差补偿算法的正确性和有效性.     

基于奇异避免的薄壁件镜像铣削加工路径优化

在双五轴镜像铣削加工中,由于旋转轴运动突变带来的奇异问题,导致薄壁件表面加工质量以及加工效率降低。在分析奇异问题产生原因的基础上,提出一种奇异区域加工路径优化的方法。基于C-空间的概念,在奇异区域边界约束条件下,同时满足镜像铣削加工中刀轴矢量与工件表面保持垂直,以最小刀轴矢量距离确定备选刀轴矢量,对奇异区域的刀轴矢量进行局部修正。然后对整条加工路径进行B样条曲线拟合,基于最小参数曲线应变能建立优化模型,通过对参数曲线的调整,提高路径的光顺性,保证加工效率,提高加工质量。最后,通过仿真实验和实际加工结果验证所提方法的有效性。研究结果表明,最小壁厚误差减小50%,最大壁厚误差减小75%,整体壁厚误差范围缩小了68.75%,同时完整的路径加工时间缩短了2.1%。     

Form error compensation in ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path

This paper presents an integrated form error compensation approach for ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path. From the analysis of local cutting equilibrium in general milling, an integrated form error compensation strategy is derived. In this strategy, the tool deflection is adopted as compensation value. The compensation value and local cutting equilibrium can be directly obtained from nominal cutting conditions; moreover, the time-consuming iterative process is no longer needed. The integrated strategy is then expanded to ball-end milling of sculptured surface based on the differential idea. A tool path modification model is also suggested to record the compensation value into tool path. A numerical example of comparing the calculation process of traditional multilevel compensation strategy and that of the integrated compensation strategy is described. The results of numerical examples show that the essentials of proposed integrated strategy and multilevel strategy are consistent, but the needed calculation steps of the two strategies are about 1 vs. 30. In the validation experiment, two practical sculptured surfaces are machined. Experimental results reveal that the integrated form error compensation approach can significantly reduce form error in ball-end milling of sculptured surface.