共轨管微小孔磨粒流加工装备的设计与数值模拟

通过对磨粒流加工技术的研究,提出了解决共轨管零件微小孔结构的精密加工方法.设计了一种磨粒流加工装备,可实现对共轨管零件微小孔的精加工,并对该装备的关键部件进行了有限元分析.利用流体力学软件Fluent对磨粒流微小孔加工的加工状态进行了数值模拟,通过比较分析,得到了理想的磨粒流加工方案.     

Prediction of surface roughness during abrasive flow machining

An analytical model is proposed to simulate and predict the surface roughness for different machining conditions in abrasive flow machining (AFM). The kinematic analysis is used to model the interaction between grain and workpiece. Fundamental AFM parameters, such as the grain size, grain concentration, active grain density, grain spacing, forces on the grain, initial topography, and initial surface finish (R _a value) of the workpiece are used to describe the grain-workpiece interaction. The AFM process is studied under a systematic variation of grain size, grain concentration and extrusion pressure with initial surface finish of the workpiece. Simulation results show that the proposed model gives results that are consistent with experimental results.     

磨粒流精密光整加工的微切削机理

利用磨粒流的流变特性,通过对应力张量的分析,研究了磨粒流加工中的微切削力。提出了磨粒流加工是兼挤压与微去除方式为一体的复合加工,微切削动力主要来自于磨粒挤压力、磨粒的犁削力及磨料介质的剪切力。建立了磨粒流动力学模型,通过改变磨粒流流道的加工条件和测试加工过程的接触区压力、去除量及表面粗糙度等参数,用量化的方式揭示了磨粒流加工中抽象微切削力的变化规律。最后,结合COMSOL Multiphysics软件的CFD模块数值仿真了剪切力。结果显示:基于加模芯的方法有效地提高了磨粒流加工的微切削力,滑块4经15次循环后表面粗糙度由加工前的2.918μm下降为1.027μm,而去除量下降了0.09g。实验表明,磨粒流加工中去除量确有变化,但随着加工次数增加去除作用迅速削弱,而表面粗糙度在挤压力的作用下仍有所降低。     

模具结构化表面SAF精密光整技术

针对模具结构化表面难以采用传统抛光工具实现精密光整加工的问题,提出了一种基于软性磨粒流(SAF)的模具结构化表面无工具精密加工新技术.该技术通过约束模块与结构化表面组合构成特定形状的磨粒流流道,利用SAF在流道中的湍流流动使磨粒对结构化表面进行微力微量切削,进而实现光整加工.介绍了SAF加工技术原理、SAF流体力学特征...     

面向软性磨粒流加工的流速模糊控制

针对软性磨粒流加工过程中因粘度变化导致工件表面加工质量不均匀的问题,提出了一种通过实时的调节流速来提高表面加工均匀度的方法.针对软性磨粒流加工流速调控的复杂性以及高度非线性的特点,设计了一套面向软性磨粒流加工的模糊控制系统,利用模糊控制不需要知道控制对象的精确数学模型的特点,较好地实现了对软性磨粒流流速的控制,达到了传统的控制方式所无法实现的控制目的;根据软性磨粒流的加工特点和加工经验,设计了合理的隶属度函数和模糊控制规则,从而使模糊控制器的设计更为合理;利用Matlab软件中的模糊逻辑工具箱和Simulink模块对模糊控制器和模糊控制系统进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,模糊控制可以很好地实现对软性磨粒流加工流速的调速,并且能获得较为满意的控制精度.     

Particle movement patterns and their prediction in abrasive flow machining

Abrasive particle movement pattern is an important factor in estimating the wear rate of materials, especially, as it is closely related to the burring, buffing and polishing efficiency of the abrasive flow machining (AFM) process. There are generally two kinds of particle movement patterns in the AFM process, i.e. sliding–rubbing and rolling. In mechanism, AFM grain–workpiece interaction is taking place in any one or a combination of the possible modes: elastic/plastic deformation by sliding–rubbing grain movement; elastic/plastic deformation by rolling grain movement; chip formation (micro‐cutting) by rubbing grain movement; ridges formation by rubbing and rolling grain movement; and low‐cycle fatigue wear. Therefore, the machining efficiency of a machine part is predominantly dependent upon the particle movement patterns. In this paper, normal load, particle size and hardness of machine parts were investigated to understand the involved parameters of particle movement patterns and propose a computer statistic prediction of particle movement patterns. It has been found that there are two cases. In case of large‐size particles, the ratio of rolling particles is increased with increasing normal load. For small‐size particles, the ratio of grooving particles is increased with increasing normal load and vice versa. When normal load is light, the particle size cannot usually give an effect on movement patterns. That influence will be predominant under heavy normal load. Most of the particles will tend to groove when the particle size is below a certain value. Hardness of the material and their hardness difference for tribological pairs are other important monitors in predicting particle movement patterns. In this research, increasing hardness of materials results in more rolling particles, which results in much less cutting particles. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Forces prediction during material deformation in abrasive flow machining

To study the finishing mechanism of abrasive flow machining (AFM), theoretical model of forces acting on a single grain has been developed. An experimental research has been carried out by measuring the axial force, radial force and active grain density during the AFM process. Results obtained from theoretical model for grain–workpiece interaction during material deformation have been compared with the experimental data of force and active grains obtained during AFM. Scratching experiments have also been carried out to study the mechanism of material removal during the AFM process. The conclusions arrived by the analysis about the presence of rubbing and ploughing is in agreement with the experimental AFM and scratching results.     

Deburring of burrs in spring collets by abrasive flow machining

Micro burrs occurring inside the small and large diameters adversely affect the properties of products. Manual deburring of micro burrs in particular damages the processed surface and reduces production efficiency. In this study, spring collets made of chrome-molybdenum are used to test the deburring of the surface of collets including crossed micro grooves by abrasive flow machining. This revised version was published online in October 2004 with a correction to the issue number.     

Study of the rheological properties and the finishing behavior of abrasive gels in abrasive flow machining

Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is an effective method to finish the smooth surface in the complex holes. Abrasive media are key elements which dominate the polished results in AFM. But it is hard to develop the machining model of these abrasive gels because of its complicated mechanism. In this research, a non-Newtonian flow is used to set up the abrasive mechanism of the abrasive media in AFM. Power law is a main equation of the non-Newtonian flow to describe the motion of the abrasive media. Viscosities vs. shear rates of different abrasive gels are used to establish the power law in CFD-ACE⁺ software first. And the working parameters of AFM were applied as input to study the properties of the abrasive gels in AFM. Finally, the relationships between the simulations and the experiments were found. And the abrasive mechanism of the abrasive gels was set up in AFM. The simulated results show that the abrasive gel with high viscosity can entirely deform in the complex hole than the abrasive gel with low viscosity. And the abrasive gel with high viscosity generates a larger shear force than the abrasive gel with low viscosity in the same area. Moreover, the strain rate is seriously changed when the abrasive gel cross over the narrow cross-section of the complex hole. It also means that abrasive gel will produce large finish force in that area. And these results indeed consist with the experiments in AFM.     

Mathematical modeling and process parameters optimization of ultrasonic assisted electrochemical magnetic abrasive machining

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - A new machining technique called ultrasonic assisted electrochemical magnetic abrasive machining integrates ultrasonic vibrations, electrochemical...     

Modeling of abrasive flow rotary machining process by artificial neural network

Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is one of the non-traditional machining processes applicable to finishing, deburring, rounding of edges, and removing defective layers from workpiece surface. Abrasive material, used as a mixture of a polymer with abrasive material powder, has reciprocal motion on workpiece surface under pressure during the process. In the following study, a new method of AFM process called henceforth abrasive flow rotary machining (AFRM) will be proposed, in which by elimination of reciprocal motion of abrasive material and the mere use of its stirring and rotation of workpiece, the amount of used material would be optimized. Furthermore, AFRM is executable by simpler tools and machines. In order to investigate performance of the method, experimental tests were designed by the Taguchi method. Then, the tests were carried out and the influence of candidate effective parameters was determined and modeled by artificial neural network (ANN) method. To evaluate the ANN results, they were compared with reported results of AFM. An agreement between our ANN results on predictions of AFRM material removal value and surface roughness was observed with AFM data. The results showed through AFRM, in addition to saving of abrasive material, surface finish is achievable same as AFM’s.     

Numerical simulation for abrasive water jet machining based on ALE algorithm

In dealing with fluid impact and large deformation problems by traditional Lagrange grid, calculation failure often happens due to grid distortion. An abrasive water jet machining model is created to simulate the whole stage by software LS-DYNA from the jet into the nozzle to the workpiece material removal process using ALE (Arbitrary Lagrange–Euler) algorithm. The mesh for the abrasive and water is based on the ALE formulation, while the target mesh applies the Lagrange formulation. The effect of jet penetration is implemented by coupling the grids of ALE and Lagrange. The jet traverse speed is achieved by definition of the movement of ALE grid to reduce the mesh domain. The abrasive constitutive equations are also presented in this paper. The uniform mixture for abrasive and water is achieved by definition of volume percentage of the two materials in the initial ALE elements. Simulation results give the relationships between processing parameters and the cutting depth. The good agreement between simulation results and experimental data verifies the correctness of the simulation.     

Morphology and integrity of surfaces finished by centrifugal force assisted abrasive flow machining

Centrifugal force assisted abrasive flow machining (CFAAFM) process has recently been tried as a hybrid machining process with the aim towards performance improvement of assisted abrasive flow machining (AFM) process by applying centrifugal force on the abrasive-laden media with a rotating centrifugal force generating (CFG) rod introduced in the workpiece passage. In the CFAAFM process, the surfaces are generated by erosion from random attack of abrasive grains. CFAAFMed surfaces are unidirectional but random in nature due to transient media flow conditions. In the present paper, surface morphology, surface micro-hardness, X-ray analysis, and surface compressive residual stress produced in the finished surface layer by CFAAFM process is described. The CFAAFM process was performed under different rotational speeds of CFG rod while keeping other input parameters constant during the experiments. The increase in surface microhardness and compressive residual stress of the workpiece with an increase in the rotational speed of CFG rod is attributed to the work-hardening surface that possibly occurs due to ‘throw’ of abrasive particles upon specimen surface.     

Productivity of abrasive water-jet machining

The productivity in abrasive water-jet machining of titanium alloys and heat-resistant alloys is discussed. Empirical formulas for the rate of metal removal as a function of the machining parameters are presented.     

Finishing effect of abrasive flow machining on micro slit fabricated by wire-EDM

This experimental research use the method of abrasive flow machining (AFM) to evaluate the characteristics of various levels of roughness and finishing of the complex shaped micro slits fabricated by wire electrical discharge machining (Wire-EDM). An investigative methodology based on the Taguchi experimental method for the micro slits of biomedicine was developed to determine the parameters of AFM, including abrasive particle size, concentration, extrusion pressure and machining time. The parameters that influenced the machining quality of the micro slits were also analyzed. Furthermore, in the shape precision of the micro slit fabricated by wire-EDM and subsequently fine-finished by AFM was also elucidated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The significant machining parameters and the optimal combinations of the machining parameters were identified by ANOVA (analysis of variation) and the S/N (-to-noise) ratio response graph. ANOVA was proposed to obtain the surface finishing and the shape precision in this study.     

喷油嘴小孔磨粒流加工特性三维数值分析

磨粒流加工工艺已成为解决复杂型腔零件和微小孔结构零件的超精密加工方法,是一种高效、高质和经济的加工手段。本文利用数值分析软件FLUENT对磨粒流加工喷油嘴小孔结构进行了三维数值分析,获得了稳态压强、速度矢量、湍流动能、湍流强度及湍流粘度图像,为磨粒流加工工艺研究提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

Temperature as sensitive monitor for efficiency of work in abrasive flow machining

Work efficiency is considered as most concerned target in abrasive flow machining (AFM). It has many influence factors, such as, temperature, media viscosity, abrasive hardness, particles sharpness and density, workpiece hardness, pressure, piston moving speed, etc. The influence of temperature on work efficiency is most critical. In this investigation, both commercial AFM equipment and test rig are used to carry out AFM experiments. AISI1080, 1045 and A36 steels are used as specimens in the tests. It has been shown from AFM tests that media viscosity decreases continuously with increasing temperature. Media temperature increases with increasing cycles, which means media viscosity decreases with cycles increasing. AFM tests shows that increasing cycles extensively decrease materials removal and surface roughness decreasing efficiency. When media with different viscosity is used media with high viscosity has more effective material removal efficiency. The high viscosity media to surface roughness improvement is also better than the low viscosity media at the initial several cycle numbers. With further increasing cycles the roughness improvement difference among different media with different viscosity is reduced. It is found from Mooney viscosity–temperature relation of media that temperature rising directly results in the decrease of media viscosity. When work cycles are increased the media temperature is quickly increased. The media viscosity is also decreased dramatically. In order to understand the mechanism of decrease of material removal efficiency with temperature, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach is applied to predict the abrasive particles movement tendency. A two-dimensional model is constructed for AFM process. The simulation results show that the temperature rising of media results in increasing the rolling tendency of abrasive particles which causes work efficiency deteriorated.     

三维人脸逆向造型及数控加工仿真

以真实人脸为例,通过人脸数据获取、几何造型,利用Pro/E完成三维造型、加工仿真、合理性检验、NC代码自动生成的一系列操作,体现了逆向工程技术在人脸自由曲面构建和制造中的应用,提高了造型与制造的效率,为人脸模型更广泛地应用创造了良好的基础.