穿孔等离子弧焊正面弧光传感技术研究

小孔的稳定性是影响穿孔等离子弧焊焊接过程稳定性及接头质量的重要因素。在等离子弧发射光谱分析的研究基础上,研制了轻便实用的弧光传感器,采用普通光电器件和滤光镜片替代赘重昂贵的光谱分析系统,可以捕捉到表征小孔特征状态的信号。介绍了弧光传感器的组成、物理模型及信号特征。     

低功率脉冲激光-电弧复合热源高效焊接过程中的“匙孔”行为研究

激光-电弧复合热源焊接技术由于具有焊接熔深大、效率高、质量好等优点而受到广泛关注。采用低功率脉冲激光-钨极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊电弧复合热源技术进行镁合金板材的焊接,研究激光脉冲作用消失之后的等离子体行为和激光"匙孔"行为。在上述试验结果的指导下优化工艺参数,对比研究采用单独激光焊、TIG电弧焊和复合热源焊这三种方法实现镁合金板材对接焊相同效果时焊接效率的差异。研究结果表明,激光"匙孔"和"匙孔"等离子体的形成是实现复合热源高效焊接的前提条件,恰当的工艺参数可以使得激光"匙孔"维持稳定的开口状态,这种状态提高了电弧的稳定性和能量密度,延长了镁等离子体的恢复时间,因此能够提高复合热源的焊接效率。达到相同焊接效果时复合热源的焊接效率分别达到单独激光焊接效率的7.14倍和单独TIG电弧焊接效率的4.29倍。     

等离子弧焊接穿孔行为的声信号传感

使用高精度传声器采集穿孔型等离子弧焊接过程中的声音信号 ,围绕焊接过程中出现的“小孔效应” ,开展了等离子弧焊接熔透的声音信号传感方法的研究。结果表明 ,焊接过程中的声音信号在熔池的过渡阶段产生了剧烈的低频振动 ,与熔池的振动有关 ,说明声音信号的低频段分量中包含有熔池穿孔状态的信息。频域分析表明 ,声音信号的低频段分量 (0～ 10 0Hz) ,在熔池处于不同阶段时有明显的变化 ,熔池处于过渡阶段时其值大 ,穿孔后小 ,未穿孔时居中。据此 ,设计出了声音信号的A算法 ,用于识别焊接过程中熔池的穿孔状态 ,该算法可靠性较高 ,为等离子弧焊接熔透质量监测及闭环控制提供了前提条件     

受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接控制系统

穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中存在的一些问题制约了该工艺在现代工业中的推广和应用,如焊接工艺合理参数区间窄,可调裕度小,导致焊接过程中小孔的稳定性较差等。熔池的小孔行为是直接影响焊接过程稳定性和接头质量的关键因素,为拓展合理工艺参数范围,提高焊接过程稳定性和焊缝质量,研制出受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接控制系统。基于简易测试装置,实时采集焊接过程中的尾焰电压信号,可靠描述焊缝熔池穿孔与否以及小孔尺寸;采用受控脉冲穿孔的控制策略,适时调整峰值电流和基值电流的作用时间,使得小孔一直处于"准稳态"。实现"一脉一孔",但脉冲时间和基值电流并不固定,取决于每个脉冲过程小孔的建立时间和存在时间;保证穿孔,使小孔尺寸在预定值附近波动,并防止烧穿的发生;大幅拓展穿孔等离子弧焊接合理工艺参数区间。工艺试验结果表明,当工件散热条件和厚度发生变化时,控制系统能够迅速做出调节,运行稳定可靠,控制效果显著。     

Weld quality analysis and evaluation of plasma arc welds in electrical stators

The use of plasma arc welding (PAW) has increased in the last years as a substitute for the gas tungsten arc welding in the automotive, electrical and appliance industries. Although the use of PAW in the industry has increased, there are still a limited number of theoretical methods and simulation tools to predict the metal flow characteristics and its interaction with the process parameters during the welding process. Therefore, weld design must still rely on the designer’s experience and the trial-and-error method. As a consequence, the process parameters and the weld quality may not be as originally expected at the design process. In this paper, a weld quality analysis of the PAW process is presented to guarantee a good quality of the product. To measure the influence of process parameters on weld quality, first, “quality” is defined. Weld quality measurement methods are then proposed based on visual inspection, electrical tests and mechanical tests of the welds. Using these methods and the experimental data obtained from the actual welding process at the production line, a new approach to evaluate the weld quality is proposed based on a circular shape model of the weld cross-section area. Finally, a relationship between the weld geometry and weld quality is proposed and intended to be used as a practical online monitoring method of weld quality.     

高速旋转电弧传感器的数学模型

以气保护焊接系统的数学模型和HALMOY焊丝熔化模型为基础,对高速旋转电弧传感器进行数学建模。利用该数学模型模拟焊接电流、弧长和焊丝伸出长度随时间的变化规律。实际焊接试验显示,模拟焊接电流与实际焊接电流波形高度吻合,说明建立的数学模型是准确的。结果表明,高速旋转电弧焊接时,弧长的变化较焊丝伸出长度的变化更为显著。利用每个电弧旋转周期内左半周与右半周平均电流值的差,可以判断焊枪的偏差量及其方向,同时还可根据平均电流值的大小来检测角接终止点。所建立的模型对于高速旋转电弧传感系统的设计具有指导意义。     

穿孔等离子弧焊发展历史与现状

阐述穿孔等离子弧焊的工艺特点和技术优势,回顾其４０多年的发展历史及在应用发展过程中存在的主要问题与解决的途径和方法。介绍几种在等离子弧焊基础上派生的新工艺和新技术。     

Investigations of some aspects of the spray process in a single wire arc plasma spray system using high speed camera

A high speed camera has been used to record and analyze the evolution as well as particle behavior in a single wire arc plasma spray torch. Commercially available systems (spray watch, DPV 2000, etc.) focus onto a small area in the spray jet. They are not designed for tracking a single particle from the torch to the substrate. Using high speed camera, individual particles were tracked and their velocities were measured at various distances from the spray torch. Particle velocity information at different distances from the nozzle of the torch is very important to decide correct substrate position for the good quality of coating. The analysis of the images has revealed the details of the process of arc attachment to wire, melting of the wire, and detachment of the molten mass from the tip. Images of the wire and the arc have been recorded for different wire feed rates, gas flow rates, and torch powers, to determine compatible wire feed rates. High speed imaging of particle trajectories has been used for particle velocity determination using time of flight method. It was observed that the ripple in the power supply of the torch leads to large variation of instantaneous power fed to the torch. This affects the velocity of the spray particles generated at different times within one cycle of the ripple. It is shown that the velocity of a spray particle depends on the instantaneous torch power at the time of its generation. This correlation was established by experimental evidence in this paper. Once the particles leave the plasma jet, their forward speeds were found to be more or less invariant beyond 40 mm up to 500 mm from the nozzle exit.     

高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接熔池表面流动行为

焊接熔池流动行为是影响焊缝成形和接头质量的关键因素之一,其特征难以直接获取。试验采用ZrO₂颗粒作为示踪粒子,利用高速相机观察示踪粒子运动轨迹,开展高氮钢激光-电弧复合热源焊接熔池表面流动行为的研究。研究结果表明：单独激光焊接时,其熔池的流动主要受匙孔尺寸变化的影响;单独电弧焊接时,其熔池的流动则主要受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响;而激光-电弧复合焊接时,其熔池的流动既受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响,同时,匙孔的存在也会影响其熔池的流动。在激光-电弧复合焊接过程中,示踪粒子的直线移动距离随着焊接电流和电弧电压的增加而增加;而激光功率的改变对其直线移动距离的影响并不显著。研究结果揭示了不同焊接工艺及其参数对高氮钢焊接熔池表面流动行为的影响规律,为高氮钢焊接工艺的选择提供了理论依据。     

金属罐体自动焊机径向自动跟踪装置设计

本装置利用物体重力,使自动焊机机头在垂直方向能随工件表面的起伏而位移,并使体表面保持固定距离,从而保证了焊接质量.本文研究了金属容器的焊接原理和方法,针对容器几何尺寸较大,难于手工焊接的情况,提出了用埋弧焊自动焊机代替手工焊的方案.通过进一步研究埋孤焊工艺要求和工件结构特点,设计了自动跟踪装置,其使焊枪和送料管与工件表面保持固定高度,并配有气压系统辅助,以保证该装置的可靠性与可调性.通过样机的试机,证明该方案能满足加工要求,安全可靠、设计合理.     

活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧的特性

针对活性剂等离子弧焊焊接过程,采用红外热像伪着色法测定了活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧温度场,并建立了活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧热流密度径向分布模型,对焊接电弧外形的变化,焊接电弧电压与活性剂之间的关系进行了研究。研究结果表明：活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧的温度分布比较紧凑,温度场外形窄,温度分布范围较集中,电弧径向温度梯度较大。电弧径向温度分布呈现正态Gauss分布模式。活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧收缩,弧尾翼消失,尾焰加大,电弧穿透力增强,电弧电压升高。     

等离子弧焊匙孔对电弧物理特性影响规律的研究

匙孔是等离子弧焊的重要特征。建立等离子弧焊电弧数值模型,对比分析含匙孔和不考虑匙孔的两种情况下,电弧温度场、流场、电磁场等物理特性的差异性,揭示匙孔对等离子弧物理特性的影响规律。采用光谱诊断方法计算电弧温度分布,从而验证模拟结果。数值模拟研究结果表明,匙孔的出现,导致电弧体积增大,弧柱区平均电流密度下降,从而导致电弧最高温度降低约2 400 K,等离子体最大流速从437 m/s降低到349 m/s。匙孔直径沿匙孔深度方向减小,对电弧产生附加的机械压缩作用,使匙孔底部电弧的温度和速度上升。数值模拟与光谱诊断获取的轴线上温度大小及变化规律相接近,证明电弧数值模型的可靠性,也说明建立等离子弧数值模型时,应当考虑匙孔的影响。     

变极性等离子弧立焊穿孔熔池的稳定建立

改进焊接工艺控制时序,编制起弧系统控制平台及信号采集程序。采用改进的起弧系统对2219铝合金和LF6铝合金薄板及中厚板进行变极性等离子弧立焊工艺试验,利用红外线测温仪检测起弧过程中焊接熔池区域附近的点随预热时间的温度变化,并把该曲线上的临界温度作为检测穿孔熔池是否形成的标志,计算机根据穿孔时刻的临界温度控制焊件行走的使能信号。研究表明：改进的起弧系统能够简化设备操作,提高自动化程度与工作效率;在穿孔形成的瞬间,检测点的温度有一个从高到低的突变过程(穿孔前的瞬间温度达到临界值),而且对于同一检测点,多次测量得到的临界温度基本稳定;起弧阶段向主焊接阶段过渡稳定,能够实现穿孔熔池的稳定建立,从而验证改进的起弧控制系统的可行性及可靠性。     

Multisensor-based monitoring of weld deposition and plate distortion for various torch angles in pulsed MIG welding

Manufacturing companies often fail to maintain good weld quality due to poor arc stability and distortion after welding. Weld quality can be improved by reducing the transverse shrinkage and the angular distortion in butt welding. The welding deposition efficiency is also an important economic factor. In this work, various pulse voltage parameters have been varied along with welding torch angle in pulsed metal inert gas (P-MIG) welding. The experimental results revealed that the peak voltage is the dominant pulse voltage parameter. Various sensors were also used to monitor arc current, arc voltage, arc sound, and also weld temperature. A strong relationship between arc sound (as well as arc power) and transverse distortion (as well as metal deposition) was found to exist in P-MIG welding. The frequency domain features of welding arc sound were also extracted and correlated to the process characteristics.     

System identification of controlled pulse keyhole plasma arc welding process

The development of closed-loop control systems is one of the most effective ways to improve the stability of the keyhole status during keyhole plasma arc welding (K-PAW). Due to the disadvantages of the "one-pulse-one-keyhole" technology based on the conventional square current waveform, the controlled pulse welding current waveform is newly applied to control the keyhole open and close periodically. In order to realize the real-time control on the keyhole behavior with this advanced current waveform, welding experiments and system identification are conducted based on the classical control theory. One complete welding cycle can be divided into 3 periods. The keyhole establishing time is the most important time variable, which determines the keyhole behavior and welding process stability. At the same time, the averaged efflux plasma arc voltage during one pulse cycle can reflect the real keyhole dimension and status in a real-time manner. Therefore, two single-input-single-output (SISO) systems are proposed, in which keyhole establishing time and keyhole average dimension are taken as the system controlled variables respectively. Welding experiments are designed with the peak current varying randomly. Experiments show that the keyhole establishing time changes in an opposite direction to the varied peak current, and the averaged efflux plasma arc voltage varies with the same trend as the peak current. Based on the least squares technique and F test of classical system identification, second order difference equation for keyhole establishing time/peak current system and first order difference equation for keyhole average dimension/peak current system are obtained. It is proved that the calculated data by the two mathematical expressions are well matched with the measured data. The proposed research provides mathematical expressions and theoretical analysis to develop closed-loop systems for the controlled pulse K-PAW.     

Adaptive volumetric heat source models for laser beam and laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding processes

Laser + pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) hybrid welding process is an attractive joining technology in industry due to its synergy of the two processes. It is of great significance to conduct fundamental investigations involving mathematical modeling and understanding of the hybrid welding process. In this study, an adaptive heat source model is first developed for laser beam welding. Through combining the ray-tracing method with the keyhole profile determination technique based on the local energy balance, the keyhole shape and size are calculated and correlated to the distribution parameters of the volumetric heat source model. Then, thermal action characteristics in laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding are considered from viewpoint of macro-heat transfer, and a combined volumetric heat source model for hybrid welding is developed to take consideration of heat input from laser, pulsed gas metal arc, and overheated droplets. Numerical analysis of thermal conduction in hybrid welding is conducted. The shape and size of fusion zone and weld dimension in the quasi-steady state are calculated for various hybrid welding conditions, which have a fair agreement with the experimental results.     

等离子弧焊直接金属成形技术的工艺研究

提出了一种基于等离子弧焊的直接金属成形新方法,通过对成形工艺的试验研究,确定了焊接电流、成形速度与成形轨迹宽度之间的对应关系;针对成形轮廓的表面质量问题,实施了根据轮廓矢量进行切向送丝的填充方案;并采用循环水冷的温控措施解决了成形过程的过热问题。     

Accelerometer-based position and speed sensing for manual pipe welding process

For manual pipe welding process, welding position and speed are two of the most important welding parameters. Highly skilled pipe welders can well adjust their operation to produce high-quality welds. However, even experienced welders may sometimes have defected welds due to improper welding speed. The weld quality will be better guaranteed if the welding position and speed can be measured and other welding parameters can be changed accordingly. This paper introduced the development and experiment results on a practical accelerometer-based torch sensor to measure torch position and speed. Based on the measured acceleration data, the two important welding parameters were calculated with moderate computing load by an embedded control system. For future work, the welding position and speed calculation with sufficient accuracy can help the design of advanced control algorithm to various pipe welding processes.     

A vision-based algorithm for seam detection in a PAW process for large-diameter stainless steel pipes

Manual monitoring and seam tracking through welding images in real-time, by naked eye or industrial TV are experience-dependant, subjective, labor-intensive, and sometimes biased. So it is necessary to realize computer-aided seam tracking. We have developed a plasma arc welding (PAW) seam-tracking system, which senses the molten and the seam in a frame using a vision sensor, and then detects the seam deviation to adjust the work piece motion adaptively to the seam position sensed by the vision sensor with our collaborator. In this paper, we propose a novel molten pool area image-processing algorithm based on machine vision. The algorithm processes each image at a speed of 20 frames/s in real-time to extract three feature variables to get the seam deviation. It is proved experimentally that the algorithm is very fast and effective. Issues related to the algorithm are also discussed.     

新型柔性变极性等离子弧铝合金横焊技术研究

针对中厚板铝合金横向焊接的技术需求和瓶颈问题,开展变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊技术的研究。以8 mm厚铝合金板为研究对象,进行常规变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊试验,发现横焊穿孔熔池很难建立。通过横焊穿孔熔池受力计算、熔化金属流动分析,探究问题产生的原因。推导出熔池背面小孔临界半径与表面张力、电弧力和重力之间的关系式。当受力状态满足关系式时,小孔熔池才能闭合、形成焊缝。依据上述理论,提出柔性变极性等离子弧。该电弧在保证穿孔前提下,通过降低电弧压力,增大小孔临界半径,促进了穿孔熔池的稳定建立。利用该技术实现了8 mm板厚2219铝合金的穿孔横向焊接,接头成形优良。焊前预热和表面氧化膜刮削可大幅度降低横焊接头气孔缺陷。