依靠技术进步，推动绿色照明实施的重大举措

一、概述 现行国家标准——《民用建筑照明设计标准》（GBJ133-90）和《工业企业照明设计标准》（GB50034-92）颁布实施已多年，根据需要，建设部决定对以上两项照明国标进行修订，并且决定将两标准合并，定名为《建筑照明设计标准》，标准号暂定为GB50034-2004。预计新标准将于2004年12月实施。     

山西省绿色照明工程实施情况的回顾与展望

“绿色照明”活动发起于上世纪90年代初，是旨在推广应用高效照明产品、促进经济社会可持续发展的节能环保活动，是国际社会公认的实施可持续发展战略的成功范例。“十五”时期，我国政府与联合国开发计划署、全球环境基金合作开发了“中国绿色照明工程促进项目”，共同推进中国绿色照明工程。通过制定高效照明产品能效标准、制定建筑照明设计能效标准、提高照明电器产品国家实验室检测一致性、节能照明产品认证、公众宣传、教育培训、质量承诺等工作，取得了良好成效。山西省绿色照明工程在省经委和省绿色照明指导小组的领导下，近几年也得到了稳步发展。     

基于Design Builder的严寒地区超低能耗建筑研究

通过对严寒地区某办公建筑的建筑能耗进行分析,旨在更好地掌握我国严寒地区超低能耗建筑的节能潜力。采用Design Builder软件,建立宽甸某办公建筑模型,模拟建筑在《公共建筑节能(65%)设计标准》(DB21/T 1899—2011)下的采暖、制冷及照明等系统能耗,与实测能耗进行对比分析。实测建筑年能耗指标为11.0 kWh/(m²·a),冬季采暖能耗较参照建筑节能78.56%,全年综合节能率达到75.71%。     

严寒地区办公建筑室内照明对能耗的影响分析

通过分析办公建筑室内照明对能耗产生影响的原因,归结出照明功率密度、灯具安装方式、照明运行方式这3个影响因素。为了分析这3个因素对能耗的影响程度,建立严寒地区的模型建筑,改变3个影响因素的输入条件,对照明能耗、采暖能耗、空调能耗和总能耗进行敏感性分析,结果发现照明功率密度和照明运行方式是主要的影响因素,而灯具控制方式几乎不产生影响,提出照明功率设计和控制方式的建议。     

公共建筑能效测评标识发展现状及应用分析

对天津地区公共建筑能效测评标识(理论值阶段)发展现状进行了阐述。并以某家居生活广场公建为例,主要根据《建筑能效标识技术标准》(JGJ/T 288—2012)和《公共建筑节能设计标准》(GB 50189—2015)对其进行理论值标识测评,分析测评中存在的问题,同时,提出解决问题途径,从而指导能效测评工作顺利开展。     

《绿色建筑评价标准》(旧版)设计标识项目获得新版运行标识的评价要点分析

GB/T50378-2006《绿色建筑评价标准》自发布实施以来推动了我国绿建筑工作高速发展。为适应绿色建筑发展需要,建筑部发布GB/T50378-2014《绿色建筑评价标准》并于2015年1月1日起正式实施,之前通过2006版标准获得绿色建筑设计标识的项目在申请运行标识时,需采用GB/T50378-2014进行评价。为更好地运用GB/T50378-2014指导旧版设计标识项目的运行评价过程,本文以上海市冠捷大厦绿建三星运行标识项目为实际案例,对修订前后的《绿色建筑评价标准》的技术条文进行分析,并为后续的旧版设计标识项目获得新版运行标识的评价提供建议和参考。     

Carrousel氧化沟工艺设计优化及研究

介绍在污水处理厂设计过程中对Carrousel氧化沟工艺的改进、优化和运行经验。经处理后出水各项指标均达到国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中一级B标准,工程实践表明该处理系统具有耐冲击负荷,运行管理灵活,工程投资省、运行费用低等特点。     

绿色建筑技术在高层办公建筑节能优化中的应用

针对高层办公建筑季度性能耗较大的问题,将绿色建筑技术应用于高层办公建筑节能优化中。为反映各种经济发展水平城市的高层办公建筑实际形态特征,根据信息环境模型,综合利用绿色建筑技术进行高层办公建筑的节能优化。将绿色建筑技术分成两部分,应用主动式绿色建筑技术进行高层办公建筑的基础节能优化,应用被动式绿色建筑技术进行高层办公建筑的智能节能优化。实验结果表明,该方法的全年照明能耗、夏季制冷能耗均较低,以季度性节能实现了高层办公建筑整体节能。     

工业锅炉的能效监测及节能减排措施

1工业锅炉能效监测1.1监测依据《锅炉节能技术监督管理规程》(TSG G0002-2010)、《工业锅炉能效测试与评价规则》(TSG G0003-2010)和《燃煤工业锅炉节能监测》(GB/T 15317-2009)等相关国家标准。贵阳市10t/h以上在用燃煤工业锅炉的能耗占全市工业锅炉能耗的70%以上,通过对其能效管理情况进行测试和评价,提出燃煤锅炉节能减排的有效措施。     

绿色建筑技术应用案例分析

总结常用的绿色建筑技术，介绍美国的LEED-CS和中国的《绿色建筑评价标准》（GB/T 50378—2014）绿色建筑评价体系。以长沙滨江国际金融中心项目为例，介绍项目的基本概况，对项目应用的提升围护结构热工参数、排风热回收、太阳能热水、绿色照明、节水与水资源利用以及节能电梯等绿色建筑技术进行分析，通过合理设计并优化，该项目达到我国绿色建筑三星级标准和美国评价体系LEED-CS金奖的要求。     

Implementation conditions for energy saving technologies and practices in office buildings: Part 1. Lighting

This paper provides a review of lighting energy saving and energy efficiency policies and practices in office buildings. The results of a face to face survey of 685 managers of companies are presented, which give insights into the factors that have influenced them to invest in lighting saving technologies. The assessment of the available lighting technologies in use in office buildings, showed that the installation of lighting saving technologies was positively influenced by a number of parameters, such as high annual financial turnover, recently established companies and companies managed by older, highly educated and energy aware people. The acceptability of the adoption and use of new efficient lighting technologies and the willingness to pay for proposed new efficient office lighting technologies, following a technico-economic information session, were also investigated. The willingness of a manager to invest in lighting energy saving/efficient technology was positively influenced by a number of factors including when a company was located in old buildings, if it was companies affected by electricity shortages, and/or if it had a large floor area.     

Minimizing lighting power density in office rooms equipped with Anidolic Daylighting Systems

Electric lighting is responsible for up to one third of an office building’s electricity needs. Making daylight more available in office buildings can not only contribute to significant energy savings but also enhance the occupants’ performance and wellbeing. Anidolic Daylighting Systems (ADS) are one type of very effective façade-integrated daylighting systems. All south-facing office rooms within the LESO solar experimental building in Lausanne (Switzerland) are equipped with a given type of ADS. A recent study has shown that these offices’ occupants are highly satisfied with their lighting environment. The most energy-efficient south-facing offices have a lighting power density of less than . The lighting situation within these “best practice”-offices has been assessed using the lighting simulation software RELUX Vision. Because this lighting situation is very much appreciated by the occupants, it was used as a starting point for developing even more energy-efficient office lighting designs. Two new lighting designs, leading to lighting power densities of and , respectively, have been suggested and simulated with RELUX Vision. Simulation results have shown that the expected performances of these new systems are comparable to that of the current lighting installation within the “best practice”-offices or even better. These simulation results have been confirmed during experiments on 20 human subjects in a test office room recently set up within the LESO building. This article gives engineers, architects and light planers valuable information and ideas on how to design energy-efficient and comfortable electric lighting systems in office rooms with abundant access to daylight.     

DAYLIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES IN NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS

Natural daylight is an inexpensive and very efficient light source provided that the amount of daylight entering a building is controlled according to demand. In commercial buildings electricity for lighting can be cut by 50-75% using daylighting design techniques in combination with efficient artificial lighting. New lighting control technologies and advanced computer simulation tools lo optimize large buildings makes it possible to exploit these energy savings.

Daylight is a very efficient light source, providing more light for less input of thermal energy than any other artificial light source. Efficient shading systems are now emerging systems that can control the admission of daylight to the room according to requirement, and avoid overheating. Some of these systems, such as reflective light shelves, will also contribute to a better distribution of the daylight available by redistributing some daylight to the back of the room. However, more work is needed to develop and test such combined daylight and shading systems.

The use of daylight to reduce electric lighting must be seen as an integrated part of the overall energy optimization of the building. An efficient control of the use of daylight and artificial lighting will not only reduce electricity use for lighting. Additionally, the use of electricity for ventilation and cooling can be reduced also, because the internal heat gains provocating these electricity uses are reduced. This calls for an integrated design approach to the overall energy design of the building, involving the architect and the engineer from the very beginning of the design phase.

Visual comfort of office buildings receives increasing attention, partially because of the VDU's (Visual Display Units) of the computers, that are now almost standard equipment of every work place. The performance requirements for both daylighting systems and artificial lighting systems have been sharpened, and the attention to this fact is crucial in future development of lighting systems.     

建筑自然采光方式探讨

将建筑自然采光方法分为不依赖于技术的方法、利用技术支撑建筑设计的方法和采用先进技术的方法三大类,介绍并分析顶部采光、侧向采光、导光管等八种采光方式的利弊及适用场合,同时结合相关典型案例的分析,使各类方法的实际应用较为直观地展现出来。     

The impact of shading design and control on building cooling and lighting demand

Shading should be considered as an integral part of fenestration system design for commercial and office buildings, in order to balance daylighting requirements versus the need to reduce solar gains. In this paper, the simultaneous impact of glazing area, shading device properties and shading control on building cooling and lighting demand was calculated using a coupled lighting and thermal simulation module. The interactions between cooling and lighting energy use in perimeter spaces were evaluated as a function of window-to-wall ratio and shading parameters. An exterior roller shade was used as an example. The impact of shading device type, properties and control on building cooling and lighting energy demand was quantified and analyzed. The simulation results indicate that, if an integrated approach for automatic control of motorized shading is used in conjunction with controllable electric lighting systems, substantial reduction of energy demand for cooling and lighting could be achieved in perimeter spaces, depending on climatic conditions and orientation.     

引进日光 关掉电灯

公共建筑自然采光的意义不仅在于节省照明能耗,减少碳排放,而且为室内的视觉作业提供舒适、健康的光环境,是良好的室内环境质量不可缺少的重要组成部分。文章介绍了新型自然采光技术——管道式日光照明装置,在与灯光照明、传统天窗采光和光纤集光照明等的比较中说明管道式日光照明装置的技术原理、结构功能和应用。     

城市道路照明节电措施探讨

提出了提高负载功率因数、调整供电变压器配置、适度降低线路电压、推广符合“绿色照明”标准的高效光源等主要节电措施,旨在节约道路照明电能。     

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑能耗模拟与分析

夏热冬暖地区是我国经济和建筑产业最发达的地区之一,也是建筑能耗最多的地区之一。分析和研究夏热冬暖地区建筑能耗的特点对建筑节能有重要的意义。本文用eQUEST建筑能耗模拟软件模拟了夏热冬暖气候下不同的建筑围护结构的能耗性能,并与实际调查结果进行了比较。结论表明:办公类建筑中的空调是最大的能耗终端,全年的能耗以办公设备和照明的能耗最稳定。有外保温措施和同时具有内、外保温措施最大区别在于节省空调电力消耗31.3%和39.1%。说明建筑外墙保温系统是建筑节能的重要手段。     

Energy conservation of residential buildings in Beirut

Energy conservation measures on buildings have a significant role to play in reducing the burden of the energy bill on the Lebanese economy. The residential sector is one of various sectors that energy measures can be applied to. Such measures include the use of insulation materials, double-glazed windows, shading, efficient air-conditioning systems, economical lighting and reduction of infiltration rates. It is demonstrated through detailed energy analysis of typical residential and office buildings that strict conservation is benificial on the micro- and macro-economic levels. A code of practice is suggested to establish acceptable standards for energy use in residential buildings and ranking is done of energy measures based on economical indices. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某办公楼动态能耗模拟与节能分析

以eQUEST能耗模拟软件为工具,为重庆市某办公楼建立了能耗仿真模型,分析了空调设定温度、制冷机COP值、室内照明密度对能耗的影响,并对三者相应的节能潜力进行了比较分析。结果表明,建筑电耗随照明密度的减小线性降低,照明密度对建筑节能有着巨大的影响。