一种三轴联动微细电火花加工装置的研制

1.微细电火花的加工原理及特点 微细电火花加工的原理与普通电火花加工并无本质区别。其加工的表面质量主要取决于电蚀凹坑的大小和深度,即单个放电脉冲的能量;而其加工精度则与放电间隙、工艺系统稳定性、电极损耗等     

微细轴加工技术

高精度的微细轴加工技术是产品小型化发展的基础.通过对微细轴切削加工和电加工技术的原理分析,对两种技术在微细轴加工方面的特点进行了归纳,并给出国内外应用切削加工技术和电加工技术加工微细轴具有代表性的实例.     

利用小直径电极的电火花微细轮廓加工

近年来,随着微细加工技术的发展,开发出各种不同的加工方法。有的有希望用来制造微型机器和医疗器械用的零件。就亚微米尺寸加工而言,目前,虽然溅射和蚀剂等加工方法在半导体制造方面占主流,但不适于复杂3维形状的加工。在此之前,电火花微孔加工已显示出高精度加工的效果。以往还曾利用圆柱形电极在低损耗条件下进行过轮廓加工。然而,当采用微小直径电极加工时,由于电极损耗大幅度增加,使电极瑞部棱角产生圆弧R,因而不能实现高精度加工。与上述情况相比,日本三菱公司却积极地利用电极损耗来保持加工底面的棱角,以谋求实现高精度微细形状的加工。一、简单电极轮廓加工原理微细轮廓电火花加工,主要采用微小直径的管状电极,使其在旋转状态下进行加工,以实现所要求的加工轮廓(图1)。在以往,主要是借助于圆柱状电极的侧面来进行轮廓加工见,如图2(a)所示,而微细轮廓加工则利用电极的底面,边反     

微细轴切削加工特性分析

分别采用传统的车削方法和先进的车铣方法进行微细轴的切削加工试验,从切削方式、切削速度、切削力等9个方面对两种切削方法进行了比较。试验结果表明,车铣技术更适合于微细轴类零件的加工,它在改善微小型零件的切削状态、实现高速切削、降低切削力、延长刀具寿命、保证零件加工质量、提高加工效率等方面都具有明显优势,只要合理匹配车削主轴与铣削主轴的转速比,同时合理辅以其他切削用量,就可以加工出理想的微小型零件。     

一种多轴联动加工轮廓误差的向量计算方法

针对进给系统动态特性造成的轮廓误差,提出了一种多轴联动加工轮廓误差的向量计算方法,该方法通过实时读取数控机床的位置反馈和插补器的输入数据,实时精确计算数控机床加工过程中的轮廓误差向量。通过直线、圆和抛物线的Matlab三轴联动加工仿真对该方法进行了验证,结果表明,该轮廓误差的向量计算方法能够简单准确地计算多轴联动加工过程中由于进给系统动态特性造成的轮廓误差向量,该误差向量可用于评价数控机床多轴联动加工精度和提供误差补偿的参考数据。     

新5轴联动加工技术

机床制造商在不断地开发和销售新5轴机床,这是当前市场形势的一个重要现状。因此,人们对5轴加工方案的需求也随之增长,这种需求不仅仅来自汽车工业和航天工业,它也来自生产各种模具以进行成型加工的模型和模具制造商。这种需求增长的主要原因来自于厂商对缩短模型和模具生产周期的要求。然而,要缩短模型和模具的生产周期就     

一种微细轴加工方法的研究

提出一种加工微细轴的新方法－电火花切割研磨法。这种方法与用传统方法加工微细轴的工作原理有所不同,经实验证明是可行的。     

压电自适应微细电火花加工技术

针对微细电火花加工技术的特点,开发、研制了新型的压电自适应微细电火花加工装置,介绍了该装置的结构和工作原理,分析了压电致动器的性能以及放电间隙与开路电压的关系,并利用该装置进行了试验研究。试验结果表明该加工技术可以实现放电间隙与放电状态的自适应调节,加工效率较高。     

基于误差模型的三轴联动加工轨迹预补偿方法

为了减小由于进给系统动态特性造成的多轴联动加工轮廓误差,提出了一种基于轮廓误差模型的三轴联动加工轨迹预补偿方法。首先建立了关于轨迹曲率、加工速率及进给系统动态特性参数的轮廓误差模型;然后根据读取的插补数据,利用轮廓误差模型实时预测三轴联动加工过程中的轮廓误差补偿向量并对加工轨迹指令进行补偿;最后通过对圆、变曲率和螺旋线轨迹的MATLAB仿真和机床加工实验,证明该补偿方法将轮廓误差减小了85%以上,可显著提高数控机床加工精度。     

微细孔超声加工关键技术

为提高微细孔超声加工的微细程度和精度,研究微细孔超声加工的关键技术,包括高精度的机床本体、超声加工单元、微细工具的制备技术、微细工具几何参数的选择等。对微细工具的动态压杆稳定性进行分析,结果表明微细工具的压杆稳定性不仅与静压力有关,还与超声振幅有关。导出判别动态压杆稳定性的Mathieu方程,并经简化给出工具临界压力和临界长度的计算判据,解决因工具长度、静压力(压应力)大小和超声振幅选择不当而导致的加工中出现工具轴弯曲、折断、破坏孔的形状精度的问题。对工件振动方式的微细孔超声加工进行的试验表明,微细工具的磨损率随着进给速度和超声振幅的增大而增加。在所研制的微细超声加工系统上可加工出直径13 μm的微细孔。     

面向微细电解加工的电解液循环控制系统设计

针对电解加工电解液循环系统多环节自动控制问题,设计了一种基于PLC的电解液循环控制系统。首先,介绍了电解液循环系统的工作原理,然后,搭建了控制系统的硬件构架,最后,实现了控制系统的软件详细设计。该控制系统可以通过PLC对温度传感器和电导率仪的检测数据与设定值进行比较,来实时控制加热棒和加料系统的启闭,保持电解液温度和浓度保持恒定;并可以同时控制搅拌器、离心泵、电磁阀的启闭,实现电解液循环系统的多环节自动化控制。     

压电陶瓷精密转动平台的转角精度测量

提出了一种亚角秒精度的转角测量方法。利用ZYGO数字干涉仪测量压电陶瓷转动平台驱动待测标准平面镜偏转前后镜子面形精度的PV(Peak Valley)值,二者的差值除以待测标准平面镜的直径,其结果近似等于压电陶瓷转动平台转动的角度。通过测量与误差分析,验证了压电陶瓷转动平台的转角精度小于1 μrad(0.2″),而测量的总误差和压电陶瓷转动平台移动的角度大小有关,移动距离越大,产生的误差越大,但其相对误差小于1％。本测量方法证明压电陶瓷精密转动平台转角精度达到了极紫外太阳望远镜(EUT)0.8″的角分辨率的要求。     

5-axis micro milling machine for machining micro parts

This paper presents a PC-based 5-axis micro milling machine, which can be used for machining micro-sized parts, and be easily constructed a low cost. Micro cutting is a method for manufacturing three-dimensional micro parts; however, machine tools for micro machining are expensive. The micro milling machine presented in this paper is mainly composed of commercially available micro stages, and an air spindle and PC-based control board. An effective method for initializing the spindle position is proposed. Test results of the micro milling machine are presented, which include machining of micro walls, micro columns and micro blades.     

C8051F020的微型旋翼飞行器实验平台的控制系统

提出了一种与传统桨距角递推算法不同的基于高速摄影和图像处理的桨距角测定方法。根据实验要求,开发了一个以微型旋翼飞行器的非对称变距装置为测试主体的实验平台,并设计了一套基于C8051F020的微型旋翼飞行器实验平台的控制系统。该控制系统以C8051F020单片机为微控制器,用微型位置传感器来检测螺旋桨主轴的相位信息,并利用C8051F020单片机内部的PCA捕捉功能采集位置传感器的输出信号,得到螺旋桨主轴的四个相位;利用单片机输出的PWM方波信号控制电机的转速,以达到对螺旋桨电机进行加速的目的;利用单片机内部产生的PCA捕捉中断来触发高速摄像机的拍摄,以实现飞机加速与拍摄的同步。该控制系统结构紧凑,系统可靠性高。最后通过该控制系统来控制微型飞行器仿真飞机前飞的状态,得到该状态下桨叶的变距曲线,证明所提出的桨距角测定方法和由此开发的实验平台在测量桨距角中是有效的,达到了预期目标。     

Development of in situ system to monitor the machining process using a piezo load cell

The measurement of cutting force is one of the most frequently used techniques for monitoring machining processes. Its widespread application ranges from tool condition identification, feedback control and cutting system design to process optimization.This paper suggests another system for measuring cutting force in milling processes. Generally, tool dynamometers are taken into account for the most appropriate cutting force measuring tool in the analysis of a cutting mechanism. However, high prices and limited working space make in situ systems difficult for a controllable milling process. Although an alternative suggestion is to use an AC current from a servomotor, it is unsuitable for cutting force monitoring because of a small upper frequency limit and noise.The suggested cutting force measuring system is composed of two piezo load cells placed between the moving table bracket and the nut flange of the ball screw. It has many advantages, such as lower cost and a wider measurement range than the tool dynamometer, over using the built-in feeding system and the low-cost piezo load cell for applying a conventional machining center.This paper focuses on the performance test of a newly developed measuring system. By comparing the cutting force between the tool dynamometer and the system developed from a series of end milling experiments, the accuracy of the cutting force measurement system was verified. Linearity, transverse sensitivity and the upper frequency limit of the system were verified by experiment.     

Automatic restart control system for electrochemical machining

This paper describes the development of a microprocessor-based automatic restart control system (arcs) capable of eliminating flaws caused by restarts during the electrochemical machining (ecm) process. This makes ecm a viable cost-effective technique for producing precision parts previously handled by conventional methods.     

Correctors in control systems for piezo nanomotors

The conditions of absolute stability of control systems for piezo nanomotors are obtained, for longitudinal and transverse piezo effects, in the case of determinate and random perturbations. Correctors are chosen to ensure quality of the nanomotors’ control system and the required oscillation properties.     

微细电火花加工装置及加工工艺的研究

为适应现代加工小型化的需求,在开发微型电火花加工装置的基础上,通过加工微孔、微轴及微三维结构,对加工工艺进行系统研究;分析RC脉冲电源中参数R、C对加工效率、电极损耗比和表面质量的影响;验证电火花伺服扫描加工微三维结构的可行性.     

快速控制反射镜两轴柔性支撑平台刚度优化设计

基于椭圆弧柔性铰链兼顾了直梁型柔性铰链运动范围大和圆弧型柔性铰链运动精度高的特点,设计了基于椭圆弧柔性铰链的二维快速控制反射镜系统两轴柔性支撑平台。为使柔性支撑平台快速响应性好,即使其低阶固有频率最大化,对该柔性支撑平台进行了结构优化设计。理论推导了单个柔性铰链最大刚度与许用应力、转角和铰链参数的理论计算公式。然后,采用集总参数的分析方法,得出了两轴柔性支撑平台低阶最大固有频率的理论计算公式。由公式可知:在转动惯量一定的情况下,低阶固有频率最大化即为工作方向刚度最大化。最后,通过有限元仿真和实验检测验证了理论计算的准确性,得到的结果显示:柔性支撑平台的最大固有频率和最大应力的理论值与仿真值的相对误差小于5%,平台工作刚度的理论值与仿真值、实测值的相对误差分别为3.86%和5.75%。仿真和实验结果表明:利用本文推导的理论公式进行柔性支撑平台刚度优化设计,既可以满足工程设计要求,又能省去繁杂的有限元计算。     

Precision machining of micro tool electrodes in micro EDM for drilling array micro holes

Micro electro discharge machining (micro EDM) is suitable for machining micro holes on metal alloy materials, and the micro holes can be machined even to several microns by use of wire electro discharge grinding (WEDG) of micro electrodes. However, considering practicability of micro holes <Φ100 μm in batch processing, the controllable accuracy of holes’ diameter, the consistency accuracy of repeated machining and the processing efficiency are required to be systematically improved. On the basis of conventional WEDG method, a tangential feed WEDG (TF-WEDG) method combined with on-line measurement using a charge coupled device (CCD) was proposed for improving on-line machining accuracy of micro electrodes. In TF-WEDG, removal resolution of micro-electrode diameter (the minimum thickness to be removed from micro electrode) is greatly improved by feeding the electrode along the tangential direction of wire-guide arc, and the resolution is further improved by employing negative polarity machining. Taking advantage of the high removal resolution, the precise diameter of micro-electrode can be achieved by the tangential feed of electrode to a certain position after diameter feedback of on-line measurement. Furthermore, a hybrid process was presented by combining the TF-WEDG method and a self-drilled holes method to improve the machining efficiency of micro electrodes. A cyclic alternating process of micro-electrode repeated machining and micro holes’ drilling was implemented for array micro holes with high consistency accuracy. Micro-EDM experiments were carried out for verifying the proposed methods and processes, and the experimental results show that the repeated machining accuracy of micro electrodes was less than 2 μm and the consistency accuracy of array micro holes was ±1.1 μm.