具有触觉临场感和肌电仿生控制功能的遥控机械手研究

提出了一种结合触觉临场感和肌电仿生控制技术的遥控机械手控制方法．采集手臂皮肤表面的肌电信号（表面EMG）,结合AR模型和贝叶斯分类方法判断出手部的运动模式,控制机械手完成相应的动作．触滑觉组合传感器以压电材料PVDF为敏感体,安装于遥控机械手的手指上．机械手抓握或触摸物体时产生触滑觉,触滑觉信号经处理后通过电刺激来刺激操控人员,实现触觉临场感;操控者可根据触觉临场感来掌握自己的手部动作．实验表明,所提方法能提高遥控机械手的仿生控制能力．     

带有力觉和触觉临场感的灵巧手主从系统的设计

针对遥控作业中控制者操作时缺乏力觉和触觉临场感等问题，介绍了设计的带有力觉和触觉临场感主、从灵巧手系统，讨论了在从机械手上触觉和力觉的感知以及在主机械手上触觉和力觉的再现等问题，提出了利用模糊控制实现触觉再现以及改进的力反馈－位置型结构来实现力觉再现的新方法，最后进行了实验验证．     

四自由度折叠式机械手的控制系统

四自由度折叠式机械手是一台ＳＴＤ戒严控制机管理和控制，通过视觉图象和接近觉传感器操纵机械手在移动空间中完成联送机器人任务，文中推导了机械手运动学方程，给出了运动学正逆解，详细介绍了可编位置控制系统和操纵系统。     

机器人超声接近觉传感器的研究

根据机器人超声接近觉的实际要求选择了超声探头,研制了相应的模拟控制电路和数字控制电路,并根据机器人控制系统结构的需要设计了相应的信号采集电路部分,对机器人超声接近觉传感器进行了某些研究.进行的校准后所作的性能测试已经表明,该接近觉传感器可以满足机械手控制的实际需要。     

基于接近觉的水下多目标定位系统

研制了一种弧形阵列接近觉传感器,实现对水下多目标的定位.考虑到作业环境的影响,在3个探头轮流探测一次的基础上,对接近觉传感器设计了可编程控制的单探头多脉冲的探测模式,增加了采集的数据量,同时测距的精度得到了提高.在单个探测点进行基于区域划分的目标定位基础上,本文提出了多点探测结果关联匹配的估计方法,用于接近觉对水下多目标进行定位.大量水池实验表明,接近觉定位系统可靠性好,精度高,便于工程实现.     

多传感器手爪的研究

本文介绍了一种多传感器机械手爪，手爪上安装了接近觉接触觉滑觉滑力觉滑热觉与温觉等５种传感器。该手爪与简易视觉结合能使机器人完成一些不同截面形状和材质工件的识别。     

微重力环境下空间机械手的动力学建模新方法

未来空间作业将需要机械手在微重力的环境下完成各种复杂的任务．由于机械手与其本体的动态耦合，给机械手带来了许多运动学、动力学及控制方面的问题．本文提出了一种空间机械手动力学的建模新方法，对空间机械手的正、逆动力学进行了分析．应用该方法，建立了一种基于解出加速度的空间机械手的控制策略．本文所提出的方法不仅适合于单机械手系统，而且适合于多机械手的系统．     

基于接近觉的机械臂避障路径规划

提出了一种基于接近觉的机械臂避障路径规划方法。首先,针对排列稀疏的接近觉传感器阵列的障碍物感知问题,定义连杆“运动方向”的概念,优先读取连杆运动方向上的传感器以缩短读取周期的长度,并将距离传感器最近的障碍物表面建模为“假想圆锥”,过其顶点作“安全平面”,连杆在运动过程中不能与其发生碰撞。其次,针对避障路径规划问题,采用基于势函数与关节空间的人工势场法,并根据所提出的障碍物感知方法提出了基于“绕行”的改进方法以解决人工势场法的局部最优问题。最后,在UR10机器人的小臂连杆上验证本文方法,实验结果证明了本文方法的有效性、鲁棒性与实时性。     

HI—1三感觉机械手的研究

本文对机器人的接近觉、接触觉、滑觉进行了研究,设计并制作了能装于机械手爪上的小型组合传感器.传感器组成的系统在一简易的机械手上完成了抓鸡蛋、纸盒、玻璃瓶、铁块等多种操作.     

水下目标跟踪定位用接近觉传感器

利用超声水下的传播与反射的性质,以MSP430为控制器、配以收发一体化的探头与控制电路,研制了一种新型水下跟踪定位用接近觉传感器,实验表明：该传感器具有体积小、低功耗、实时性好等特点,适用于水下作业,如机械手的目标跟踪定位。     

空间遥操作机器人主从双边自适应内模控制

天地大时延严重破坏具有力反馈的空间遥操作机器人系统的稳定性和透明性;针对天地大时延和未知的从手操作环境,基于内模控制和自适应控制思想设计一种自适应内模控制器;推导从手环境参数辨识模型,基于带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘滤波辨识环境模型,并利用辨识信息构建自适应内模控制器;基于单参数SNPIDC算法分别设计主手和从手自适应控制器;大量的仿真结果证明,在设计的主从双边自适应内模控制器作用下,空间遥操作机器人系统稳定性好,对未知环境适应能力强,系统透明性好,阻抗匹配程度高,且操作人员临场感强。     

State and Impedance Reflection Based Control Interface for Bilateral Telerobotic System with Asymmetric Delay

In this paper, we investigate state and imped-ance reflection based robust control strategy for bilateral shared telerobotic system under unsymmetrical time varying delay. Shared input for both master and slave robot is designed by combining delayed position and position-velocity signals with impedance reflection properties of the interaction between slave and environment and between human and master robot manipulator. Adaptive control algorithm is proposed to estimate the interaction properties between human and master manipulator and between slave and remote environment. Then, the delayed estimated interaction properties are reflected back to the master and slave robot manipulator to match with the estimated impedance properties of the interaction between human and remote environment. We combine robust term with adaptive control term to deal with the uncertainty associated with gravity loading vector, unmodeled dynamic and external disturbance. The stability conditions with time varying delays are derived by using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed design for real-time applications.     

Control of Teleoperators with Communication Time Delay through State Convergence

This paper describes a new control method of teleoperation systems with communication time delay. This method models the teleoperation system in the state space, considering all the possible interactions that could appear in the operator‐master‐slave‐environment set, and it uses the Taylor expansion to model the time delay. The control system allows that the slave manipulator follows the master in spite of the time delay in the communication channel. The tracking is achieved by state convergence between the master and the slave. The method is also able to establish the desired dynamics of this convergence and the dynamics of the slave manipulator. Furthermore, a simple design procedure is provided to obtain the control system gains. These control gains are calculated solving a set of seven equations. The control method is robust to the uncertainty of the design parameters, so it is not necessary to obtain good estimations of these parameters. Simulations and experiments with a one DOF teleoperation system are presented to verify the control method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Nonlinear adaptive control of master–slave system in teleoperation

This paper is devoted to the nonlinear control design problem to achieve stability of master–slave manipulators in teleoperation system and its transparency in the sense of motion/force tracking. Nonlinear adaptive controllers are bilaterally designed for both master and slave sites to guarantee the stability of whole system and motion tracking performance. Global boundedness of the overall adaptive system and asymptotic motion (velocity/position) tracking are established. Especially, the concept of “virtual master manipulator” is introduced to increase degree of freedom of control design for force tracking performance. The resulting force tracking error depends only on the acceleration of the designed virtual master manipulator. Accurate dynamic parameters of manipulators, their acceleration information as well as models of human operator and environment are not required in the control design. Another important feature of our approach is the relaxation for the trade-off between motion and force tracking performances.     

基于预测的力觉临场感遥控系统时延问题的研究

基于自适应预测预报理论，本文提出了一种对运地从机械手所受环境力在线进行实时预测的新思路，以解决力觉临场感遥控机器人系统中的通讯时延问题。根据这一思路，并结合力觉临场感遥控机器人系统的结构特点，针对该系统中由从边反馈回主边的力，建立预测模型。对于该模型参数的辨识问题，本文选用了在RCKE算法的基础上，对参数估计的误差协方差阵P(K)采用U-D分解技术的方法。对此，本文还进行了仿真研究。结果表明，在时延条件下，该思路可实现对从机械手较为准确的测控。     

A novel adaptive robust control architecture for bilateral teleoperation systems under time‐varying delays

Bilateral teleoperation technology has caused wide attentions due to its applications in various remote operation systems. The communication delay becomes one of the main challenging issues in the teleoperation control design. Meanwhile, various nonlinearities, parameter variations, and modeling uncertainties existing in manipulator and environment dynamics need to be considered carefully in order to achieve good control performance. In this paper, a globally stable nonlinear adaptive robust control algorithm is developed for bilateral teleoperation systems to deal with these control issues. Namely, the unknown dynamical parameters of the environmental force are estimated online by the improved least square adaptation law. A novel communication structure is proposed where only the master position signal is transmitted to the slave side for the tracking design, and the online estimators of the environmental parameters are transmitted from the slave to the master to replace the traditional environmental force measurement. Because the estimated environmental parameters are not power signals, the passivity problem of the communication channel and the trade‐off limitation between the transparency performance and robust stability in traditional teleoperation control are essentially avoided. The nonlinear adaptive robust control is subsequently developed to deal with nonlinearities, unknown parameters, and modeling uncertainties of the master, slave, and environmental dynamics, so that the guaranteed transient and steady‐state transparency performance can be achieved. The experiments on two voice‐coil motor‐driven manipulators are carried out, and the comparative results verify that the proposed control algorithm achieves the excellent control performance and the guaranteed robust stability simultaneously under time delays. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单自由度力觉临场感比率遥操作实验系统研制

介绍了单自由度主从式力觉临场感比率遥操作实验系统的设计和低成本实现方法。由操作者操纵的主手装有直流力矩电机，与环境作用的小尺度从手选用可细分控制的步进电机驱动。采用一种2通道位置-力控制结构，进行了有时延和无时延的力觉临场感比率遥操作实验。实验结果表明了该系统的有效性。     

Master-slave intelligent robot telepresence system

In this paper, the analysis and design of master-slave intelligent robot telepresence system are discussed. When the operator acts on the master manipulator, the position and attitude information of the master manipulator are gathered by the computer. After calculating and coordinate transforming, the data are send to the computer of the slave manipulator. Then the slave manipulator-PUMA562 robot follows the master manipulator's movement precisely. Six-dimension force/toque sensor(lord cell) is mounted on the slave manipulator. As the master manipulator and the toque on the slave manipulator are different in structure, the force and the slave manipulator should be send to the master manipulator computer and dissociated by the master manipulator computer. Proper ratio of the force on the master manipulator and the force on the slave manipulator is selected, and distribute to the master manipulator joints. So that the operator could feel the force from the master manipulator, which is obtained by the motors of the joints. The proposed control scheme is introduced to a prototype master-slave system and the experimental results show the validity of the proposed scheme.     

Generalized control method by state convergence for teleoperation systems with time delay

In this paper a generalized design and control method for teleoperation systems with communication time delay is presented. The design method is based on the state space formulation and it allows to obtain the control parameters for any teleoperation system where the master and the slave manipulators would be represented by nth-order linear differential equations. Through state convergence between the master and the slave, the control system allows the slave to follow the master inspite of the time delay. The method is also able to establish the desired dynamics of this convergence and the dynamics of the slave manipulator. Experimental results are presented showing the validity of the proposed design and control method.     

遥控系统理想性能的实现和实验研究

本文对主从遥控系统理想性能的实现进行了理论分析和实验研究。对于位置／力控制的遥控机器人，理想性能就是要实现主从操作器的位置跟踪和力跟踪。文中首先通过分析得到了一组控制规律，利用这组控制规律就可以实现理想性能，而且这组控制规律由于引入了力微分信号而比较简单。接着以无源性为基础，对系统的稳定性进行了研究。最后通过实验可知在从操作器同环境有或无作用的情况下，主从遥控系统都可以实现理想性能。