H.264/AVC中整数DCT变换量化模块的Verilog设计

H.264/AVC视频压缩标准采用了4×4整数DCT变换和量化方法,避免了数据失配并提高了精度,具有较高的编码效率。本文分析H.264整数DCT变换和量化算法,将DCT变换转换为两次快速蝶形运算,减少了计算量,并用Verilog硬件描述语言编程实现整数DCT变换和量化功能,利用QuartusII进行综合和仿真,得到正确的结果。本设计具有54.54MHz的时钟频率、较低的资源消耗和功耗。     

H.264/AVC编码器子象素插值快速实现方法

子象素运动估计是H.264/AVC等混合编码标准中普遍使用的用于提高预测精度的技术,使得预测精度达到1/4象素,甚至1/8象素,从而提高编码性能。在做运动估计之前需要对参考图像插值,由于插值算法复杂度较高,计算资源耗费很大,所以如何简化和优化其插值算法,实现一个快速的插值过程,对编码器的实时性极其重要。论文提出了一种H.264/AVC编码器子象素插值的快速实现方法,首先简化运算的复杂度,然后通过优化数据结构来消除数据相关性,最后使用SIMD指令优化算法,从而高效地实现了标准的插值过程。实验证明,使用提出的方法实现的插值过程比H.264/AVC参考软件JM10的插值过程快25倍以上。     

Low-complexity quantization for H.264/AVC

In this paper, an improved quantization technology with low-complexity is presented for H.264/AVC video codec. Multiplication factors of H.264/AVC quantizer are modified. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the bit width of the quantization and substitute large bit-width multiplier by some small bit-width adders without noticeable rate-distortion degradation in integrated circuits (ICs) design. Quantization error introduced by the modified multiplication factors is not only theoretically but also experimentally analyzed. Quantizer is optimized on register transfer level of IC design, and under the same cell CMOS technology, about 75.2% area and 76.3% dynamic power consumption are saved in each quantization unit on average compared with original H.264/AVC quantization. Experimental video coding results show that the Bjontegaard delta peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and Bjontegaard delta bit rate between the improved and original H.264/AVC quantization are very slight, which means that the improved quantization scheme is approximately the same as the original quantization scheme of H.264/AVC in rate-distortion performance.

H.264整数DCT的FPGA实现

文章分析了新一代视频编码标准H.264的整数DCT变换的原理和快速算法。介绍了一种采用FPGA实现整数DCT变换模块的设计方案,提出了一个完整的硬件电路结构设计。模块采用全硬件实现,用VHDL语言描述了该模块的硬件结构。仿真结果表明,可在四个时钟周期内完成一个4×4块的二维整数DCT。     

一种高效的H.264去块滤波方法

环路滤波器是H.264视频编码标准的一个重要选项,在去除混合编码带来的块效应的过程中起着重要的作用,但是其计算复杂度较高,不利实时实现。首先详细分析了去块滤波器高复杂度的原因,进而提出一种简单、高效的去块滤波新方法。大量的实验证明:该方法保持了与原方法相近的滤波效果的同时,缩短编码时间2.24%至5.51%,大大较少了计算复杂度,易于硬件实时实现。     

Chaos-based selective encryption for H.264/AVC

Encryption techniques are usually employed to maintain the secrecy of the video streams transmitted via a public network. However, full encryption using strong cryptographic algorithms is usually not necessary if the purpose is to destroy the commercial value by preventing pleasant viewing. For this purpose, selective encryption is preferred as its operating efficiency is higher. Here, a chaos-based selective encryption scheme implemented on the H.264/AVC standard is proposed. The scheme employs multiple Rényi chaotic maps to generate a pseudorandom bit sequence which is used to mask the selected H.264/AVC syntax elements. It provides sufficient protection against full reconstruction while keeping the format compliance property so as not to cause decoding error without the key. The operating efficiency is high due to the low computational complexity of the Rényi chaotic map, as justified by the simulation results using video clips at various resolutions. Moreover, the security analyses show that the proposed algorithm is highly sensitive to the secret key and possesses good perceptual security.     

H.264/AVC解码端帧内预测的设计与实现

本文根据H.264/AVC标准中帧内预测的特点,分析了帧内预测的所有预测模式.提出了一种适合于帧内预测的硬件电路结构,有效地减少了电路面积,并提高了解码的性能.该帧内预测硬件电路,使用Verilog HDL硬件描述语言编写代码,同时进行了仿真和验证,并在0.18um CMOS工艺库下进行综合,最高频率能够达到142 MHz.     

H.264/AVC编码模式选择

H．264／AVC是最新的视频编码标准。与以前的视频标准相比编码模式更多,压缩效率更高,同时在编码模式的选择上也更复杂,计算量更大。编码时如何选择合适的编码模式对H.264／AVC的压缩性能和计算复杂度是非常关键的。本文讲述了JVT的参考软件是如何实现H．264／AVC编码模式选择。     

H.264/AVC码率控制优化算法

提出了一种新颖的编码特性预测机制,较为充分地利用了视频信源的时空相关性,改进了率失真建模的有效性;利用Lagrangian优化理论推导出两种率失真优化的位分配方案,并实现了相应的码率控制算法,即线性模型算法和二次模型算法.大量实验数据表明:线性模型算法和二次模型算法的编码效率基本上相同,而前者的码率控制能力稍优于后者;和H.264/AVC参考软件中所采用的JVTG012码率控制算法相比,两种新算法在获得更高编码效率的同时,能够更加准确地控制输出码率.     

Perceptual differential energy watermarking for H.264/AVC

This paper presents a novel watermark embedding scheme for H.264/AVC video using a spatio-temporal just-noticeable difference (JND) model, which is based on 4?×?4 DCT blocks. Combined with the proposed JND model, a previous differential energy watermarking (DEW) algorithm is modified for better imperceptibility. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) and spread spectrum are used to enhance robustness of the watermark. The watermarked video has good robustness against common video attacks such as re-compression, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), salt-and-pepper noise, Gauss filtering, circular averaging filtering and frame averaging. The watermarked video also has good visual quality due to the introduced JND model.     

H.264/AVC码率控制技术

码率控制技术是视频标准的关键技术之一。决定视频编码器的输出码率的稳定性和图像质量的好坏。首先对码率控制技术进行介绍,然后基于视频标准H．264／AVC,对其GOP层、帧层、基本单元的比特分配及量化参数QP的设置等方面进行较为详细的分析．并在此基础上分析测试模型JM7．6的码率控制算法及其不足。     

H.264/AVC视频编码标准的研究

H．264／MPEG-4 AVC是ITU-T的VCG(Video Coding Experts Group)和ISO／IEC的MPEG(Moving Picture Experts Group)最近联合开发的新一代数字视频编码标准。它的应用范围包括可视电话、视频会议、TV、DVD以及硬盘存储、流媒体、数字摄影、数字视频制作等等。和现有的视频编码标准，如MPEG-1、MPEG-2、MPEG-4 ASP相比，H．264／MPEG-4 AVC可以提供至少一倍以上的更加出色的压缩效率。H．261／MPEG-1 AVC的核心技术与之前的标准相同，仍采用基于预测变换的混合编码架构，基本处理没有过大的改变(预测，变换，量化，熵编码)，但其通过对每个细节特别处理从而到整体效率的提升，另外NAL概念的标准化使其利于适应各种网络条件下的传输。日前JVT(Joint Video Team)已经为标准正式审批提交了最后的草案(2003年三月)，关于2003年5月获得批准。     

一种新的基于H.264/AVC的零块判决方法

在基于运动估计和预测编码的视频编码方案中,有一种简单而有效的快速实现方法——零块判决方法,H．264／AVC使用的也是基于运动估计和预测编码的视频编码方案,所以也可以运用零块判决方法来加快其编码速度．根据H．264／AVC视频编码标准的新特点,对其中的零块判决阈值进行了推导,提出了新的适合于H．264／AVC的零块判决方法,并进行了仿真测试,实验结果表明,在中低码率的视频编码中,该方法在编码效率基本保持不变的条件下,编码时间减少了20％～47％．     

H.264/AVC帧内预测模式决策算法研究

文章对H.264/AVC标准中帧内预测模式及其决策算法进行了深入研究。首先介绍了四类帧内预测模式及参考代码中所用的全搜索的模式决策算法;然后详细分析了基于边缘方向直方图和基于分组像素点的快速决策算法的原理,通过实验对两种快速算法的运算量及优化效果进行了比较和分析;最后对帧内预测模式及其决策算法进行归纳总结,并就编码精确度、编码运算量、优化帧间预测三个方面提出了帧内预测模式决策算法进一步研究和改进的方向。     

Incremental rate control for H.264/AVC video compression

In this study, the authors propose a new rate-complexity-quantisation model and an incremental rate control algorithm for H.264/AVC video coding. One unique property of this algorithm is that, the picture complexity estimation and rate-quantisation modelling are jointly designed with an incremental rate control for P-frames. In addition, the proposed algorithm also introduces a number of efficient rate control techniques, including accurate rate control for intra-frames, enhanced proportional--integral--derivative (PID) buffer controller, and adaptive quantisation parameter determination for B-frames. The proposed algorithm has low computational complexity while providing robust rate control. Our extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the current rate control algorithm adopted in the H.264/AVC reference software JM13.2 by achieving more accurate rate control, reducing frame skipping, depressing quality fluctuation and improving the overall coding quality by up to 2.83 dB.     

Mixed architectures for H.264/AVC digital video transrating

In this paper, we investigate transrating architectures for H.264/AVC video streams. Basic architectures are presented with their strengths and weaknesses. None of the existing architectures provide an appropriate solution for H.264/AVC transrating with an optimal balance between visual quality and complexity. In order to find such an appropriate solution, we propose the use of mixed transrating architectures. These architectures combine different transrating techniques which are applied depending on the picture/macroblock type. The intra-predicted pictures are decoded and re-encoded, while open-loop transrating or transrating with compensation is applied to motion-compensated pictures. Performance results show that the mixed architecture which applies spatial compensation to motion-compensated pictures gives rate-distortion results which approach the cascade of decoder and re-encoder with a complexity only slightly higher than the open-loop transrater. Adding temporal compensation for motion-compensated pictures further improves the visual quality, albeit to a lower extent, at the expense of increased complexity.

H.264/AVC inter prediction for heterogeneous computing systems

H.264/AVC is the latest standard for video compression and is a significant advance, but at the expense of increasing computing needs. Recently, the progress of GPUs has attracted considerable attention because they are able to offer practical and acceptable solutions for speeding up graphic and non-graphic applications. In this paper, we present an implementation of H.264/AVC Motion Estimation running on an NVIDIA GTX285 using CUDA. The algorithm is divided into three steps, all of which need to be executed sequentially but each one is exploited following a highly parallel procedure by using the GPU. The execution time of the proposed motion estimation algorithm is 53 times faster and it reduces the energy consumption by a factor of 9 compared with the JM reference encoder using a single CPU core.     

H.264帧内预测快速模式选择

H.264/AVC视频编码标准中用率失真优化(RDO)方法为一个宏块(MB)判决最佳编码模式来提高编码效果,加大了算法复杂度并且计算冗余大。为了克服这一缺点,一种快速帧内预测模式选择算法被提出。在色度预测中,根据宏块的色度纹理复杂度,把原先的4种模式降到1或2种;在亮度16×16块模式判决中,根据最小哈达玛变换的绝对误差和(SATD)来选择最佳模式;在亮度4×4块模式判决中,该算法在9种模式中选择3种可能模式作为候选模式。通过比较16个4×4块总代价与1个16×16块的代价来选择最佳块选择模式,实验表明,该算法能在节省69%左右编码时间的情况下,比特率与峰值信噪比(PSNR)保持不变。     

Prediction mode modulated data-hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC

In this paper, a data-hiding algorithm with large data payload for H.264/AVC is proposed. The secret information is embedded by modulating the prediction modes of 4?×?4 luminance blocks. If the best mode does not match the information bit, the prediction mode should be modulated by replacing the best mode with the substitute mode. The substitute mode is the one with the least Lagrangian cost among those having different parity with the best mode. Due to high secrecy and easy reproducibility of chaos, the secret information is first encrypted by a chaotic sequence and then a small number of luminance blocks used for data embedding are randomly selected in each macroblock based on another chaotic sequence. The usefulness of multilevel chaotic keys and privacy of the number of 4?×?4 luminance blocks enhance the security. The hidden information can be extracted directly from the encoded stream without resorting to the original video, and merely requires decoding the intra-prediction mode from bit stream rather than decoding the whole video. Experimental results show that the proposed hiding scheme can effectively embed information with little bit rate increase and almost no quality degradation.