在Ni3Al中硼的非平衡晶界偏聚

在１０２３～１３７３Ｋ的初始温度范围和０．０５～２６８．９１Ｋ／ｓ的冷速范围内，用俄歇剖层分析确定了含硼Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金中硼的非平衡晶界偏聚行为。基于由空位在晶界湮灭所产生的体系自由能下降驱动可动的溶质－空位复合体向晶界迁移。从而产生溶质非平衡晶界偏聚的模型，导出了定量描述非平衡偏聚行为的解析表达式，理论计算结果与硼非平衡偏聚的试验数据相符，通过模拟实测确定Ｎｉ３Ａｌ－Ｂ合金中硼及硼－空位复合体的扩     

在Ni3Al中钙的平衡晶界偏聚和硅的平衡晶界反偏聚

在 1 0 2 3～ 1 373K的初始温度和 4 48K s及 2 69 91K s的冷速下 ,用俄歇剖层分析确定含硼和钙的Ni3 Al合金中钙的平衡晶界偏聚和含硼和硅的Ni3 Al合金中硅的平衡晶界反偏聚行为。按照多组元平衡偏聚理论对实验结果进行了描述和分析 ,并确定出钙的平衡晶界偏聚自由能和硅的平衡晶界反偏聚自由能。实验证实在Ni3 Al B Ca合金中存在钙和硼的平衡晶界共偏聚 ,而在Ni3 Al B Si合金中存在硅对硼平衡晶界偏聚的促进作用     

在Ni_3Al中硼的非平衡晶界偏聚

在１０２３～１３７３Ｋ的初始温度范围和０．０５～２６８．９１Ｋ／ｓ的冷速范围内，用俄歇剖层分析确定了含硼Ｎｉ_３Ａｌ合金中硼的非平衡晶界偏聚行为。基于由空位在晶界湮灭所产生的体系自由能下降驱动可动的溶质－空位复合体向晶界迁移、从而产生溶质非平衡晶界偏聚的模型，导出了定量描述非平衡偏聚行为的解析表达式。理论计算结果与硼非平衡偏聚的试验数据相符。通过模拟实测确定Ｎｉ_３Ａｌ－Ｂ合金中硼及硼－空位复合体的扩散系数分别为：Ｄ＝１×１０￣（－６）ｅｘｐ［－１．９６（ｅＶ）／ｋＴ］和Ｄ_（Ｐ（Ｂ））＝１×１０￣（－）４ｅｘｐ［－１．９６（ｅＶ）／ｋＴ］（ｍ￣２／ｓ）；硼－空位复合体的结合能为Ｅ_（ｂ（Ｂ）＝０．５ｅＶ。     

MECHANISM OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM SEGREGATION OF SOLUTE TO GRAIN BOUNDARIES

本文以空位-溶质原子拖曳机制为基础,并考虑了空位、溶质原子和复合体三者的反应平衡及晶界平衡偏聚的作用,得到了溶质原子的非平衡晶界偏聚动力学方程。对硼在奥氏体中等温及连续冷却时所产生的非平衡晶界偏聚现象进行了理论计算,得到了与实验较为一致的结果。     

A NEWLY DISCOVERED DIFFUSION MECHANISM IN SOLIDS──COMPLEX DIFFUSION MECHANISM

置换溶质原产可以以溶质原子－空位复合体形式扩散，这一扩散机制可以圆满的说明非平衡偏聚现象发生的规律，密排晶体中溶质原子的异常快速扩散现象，Ｂ在γ－Ｆｅ中快速扩散和晶界非平衡偏聚，溶质原子在Ａｌ表面空位坑中的聚集以及Ｓｉ在Ａｌ晶界处析出等问题．     

硼在体心立方Fe—3%Si合金中的晶界偏聚行为

利用硼径迹显微照相(PTA)技术研究了体心立方Fe—3%Si合金试样在冷却和淬火等温过程中硼向晶界的偏聚行为结果表明:Fe-3%Si合金中硼的晶界平衡偏聚趋势高于奥氏体合金,也不存在淬火诱导硼向晶界的非平衡偏聚.硼原子与晶界结合能Q=55.7 kJ/mol用淬火诱导非平衡偏聚的复合体机制解释了硼在Fe-3%Si合金与奥氏体合金中偏聚行为异同的原因.     

固体中一种新发现的扩散机制──复合体扩散机制SCIEI

置换溶质原产可以以溶质原子－空位复合体形式扩散，这一扩散机制可以圆满的说明非平衡偏聚现象发生的规律，密排晶体中溶质原子的异常快速扩散现象，Ｂ在γ－Ｆｅ中快速扩散和晶界非平衡偏聚，溶质原子在Ａｌ表面空位坑中的聚集以及Ｓｉ在Ａｌ晶界处析出等问题．     

固体中一种新发现的扩散机制—复合体扩散机制SCIEI

置换溶质原子可以以溶质原子-空位复合体形式扩散,这一扩散机制可以圆满的说明非平衡偏聚现象发生的规律,密排晶体中溶质原子的异常快速扩散现象,B在γ-Fe中快速扩散和晶界非平衡偏聚,溶质原子在Al表面空位坑中的聚集以及Si在Al晶界处析出等问题。     

Si在Al—0.35wt—%Si合金表面的非平衡偏聚

金相、X射线电子能谱和显微硬度等实验表明,Si在Al-0.35wt-％Si合金氧化膜下的过饱和空位造成的空位坑中有Si的偏聚.这种偏聚只能用空位-Si原子复合体扩散导致的非平衡偏聚理论来解释。     

晶界非平衡偏聚的发生与发展过程

采用硼（Ｂ）径迹照相法和透射电镜从实验上观察了连续冷却过程中Ｂ在晶界非平衡偏聚的发生发展过程。测定了晶界偏聚的富集因子、富集带宽度、贫Ｂ区宽度和贫化因子等偏聚特征参量 实验结果表明，对于Ｂ含量（质量分数）为１０×１０－４％的 Ｆｅ－４０％Ｎｉ合金体系，以 ２℃／ｓ的冷速从 １１５０ ℃冷却到 ６４０℃的时候，Ｂ在晶界上的偏聚经历了 ３段式的发展．并在８６０ ℃时开始向非平衡析出转化。 可以用晶界及晶界附近扩展畸变区对于溶质原子的吸附作用解释上述现象     

MECHANISM FOR DIFFUSION OF BORON IN γ-Fe

Mechanism for diffusion of B in γ-Fe is believed to be mainly by means of boron-vacancycomplexes other than as interstitial atoms previously.This was made of calculation on the ba-sis of theoretical model proposed by the authors.The calculated diffusion coefficient of B inγ-Fe after this mechanism is consistent with the experimental values.In addition,this is alsosupported by the non-equilibrium segregation phenomenon of B at grain boundaries of γ-Feand the lattice constant measurement of Fe-B alloy.     

THE MECHANISM OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM SEGREGATION OF BORON TO AUSTENITE GRAIN BOUNDARIES

业已证实,淬火硼钢中硼向奥氏体晶界的偏聚,是在冷却过程中发生的一种非平衡的晶界偏聚。本文通过解变温扩散方程,导出了非平衡晶界偏聚的理论公式,建立了晶界贫硼区宽度与淬火加热温度、冷却速度以及非平衡晶界偏聚扩散激活能与扩散常数之间的关系,理论预言与实验结果较好地吻合。 根据实验结果和理论分析,提出这种非平衡晶界偏聚的机制,是在冷却过程中,过饱和空位或双空位带着硼原子向晶界(空位阱)迁移的结果。 基于这种非平衡晶界偏聚的新概念,可以较完满地说明影响硼钢淬透性的众多复杂因素。     

NON-EQUILIBRIUM SEGREGATION OF SOLUTE TO GRAIN BOUNDARIES

In consideration of the local equilibrium among vacancies,solute atoms and vacancy-soluteatom complexes and the influence of equilibrium grain boundary segregation,theoretical dy-namic formulas for non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of solute have been derivedon the basis of the vacancy-dragging mechanism.Theoretical calculation by computer hasbeen carried out for the non-equilibrium segregation of boron to austenitic grain boundariesduring isothermal holding and continuous cooling after heating at high temperatures.The re-suits agree well with those obtained from experiments.     

Low temperature superplasticity of AZ91 magnesium alloy with non-equilibrium grain boundaries

The superplastic behavior of a fine-grained AZ91 alloy, processed by equal channel angular extrusion, has been investigated in a low temperature range of 423–523 K. The experimental results showed a stress exponent of 2 and the activation energy for superplastic flow was in agreement with that for grain boundary diffusion of magnesium. The alloy with non-equilibrium grain boundary structures exhibited lower superplastic elongation than the alloy with equilibrium grain boundaries. Furthermore, the strain rate for superplastic flow of the former was lower than that of the latter. These differences probably arise because the accommodation process for grain boundary sliding is hampered by the long-range stresses associated with the non-equilibrium grain boundaries.     

纯铜表面纳米化对镍扩散的影响

利用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在纯铜表面制备出纳米结构表层,并对其表面进行了电镀镍处理,采用扫描电子显微镜分析了镍原子在纳米晶铜中的扩散行为.结果表明:表面纳米晶层内存在有大量非平衡态缺陷和晶界,尤其是三叉晶界数量增加,降低了镍原子扩散的激活能,提高了其扩散系数,从而加快了镍原子的扩散.     

THE NON-EQUILIBRIUM SEGREGATION OF BORON TO AUSTENITE GRAIN BOUNDARIES

采用高分辨率的径迹显微照相技术,研究了淬火硼钢中硼向奥氏体晶界偏聚的规律,定量地测定出跨过奥氏体晶界的硼的成分剖面图以及非平衡晶界偏聚的特征参量(晶界贫硼区宽度、晶界富集程度和富集带宽度)。试验表明,这种偏聚具有如下特征: 在偏聚晶界的两侧存在有一定宽度的贫硼区,晶界偏聚的硼是在冷却过程中由该区富集而来;这种偏聚对冷却速度很敏感,急速冷却可以抑制这种偏聚。冷却速度降低,晶界偏聚由连续的偏聚带,逐步发展为不连续的聚集直至明显地析出硼相,贫硼区宽度与冷却速度的平方根成反比;它的温度关系与晶界平衡偏聚预言相反,随淬火温度升高,晶界偏聚程度与贫硼区宽度增加。 通过试验,论证了淬火钢中硼向奥氏体晶界的偏聚,是在冷却过程中发生的一种非平衡的晶界偏聚现象。     

Al-Mg粉末烧结过程中晶界扩散的原位观察

利用光学高温金相显微镜对Al-10Mg二元纯金属粉末体系的烧结过程进行原位观察，发现在镁颗粒内部晶界优先熔化，这是由于铝沿镁晶界的扩散系数远高于晶内扩散系数，在镁的晶界优先满足共晶的浓度条件而熔化造成的，从而直接证实晶界确是元素扩散的一条快速通道。     

Formation of FeMo2B2 phase in boron containing 9Cr-1.5Mo ferritic steels

The segregation and diffusion of boron during heat treatments were studied.The influence of boron contents, aging time and applied stress on FeMo2B2 formation was also studied.Finally, the effects of boron contents and FeMo2B2 formation on the high temperature strength were studied.Boron atoms were segregated to prior austenite grain boundary during normalizing treatment.And these boron atoms were slowly diffused into the grain interior during tempering and aging at 700 ℃.The FeMo2B2 phase was only formed after 1,000 h aging at 700 ℃ in alloy containing 196 ppm boron.The formation of FeMo2B2 phase is accelerated by the applied stress.It was expected that the formation of FeMo2B2 is closely related to the redistribution of boron atoms.The tensile strengths at 700 ℃ are increased with the increase of boron contents.However, the formation of FeMo2B2 phase results in lower tensile strength.     

The effects of boron and hydrogen on the embrittlement of polycrystalline Ni3Al

The discrete-variational method within the framework of density functional theory is used to study the effects of both boron and hydrogen on the embrittlement of polycrystalline Ni₃Al. The calculated results show that there are strong repulsive interaction between the boron and the hydrogen atoms, if they occupy the nearest interstitial sites, respectively, in the Ni₃Al grain boundaries. It indicates that the boron atoms inhibit the diffusion of hydrogen atoms along the grain boundary. It may be the main reason why boron can suppress the moisture induced hydrogen embrittlement. Our results also show that the attractive interactions between boron and some substrate atoms are weakened, but the attractive interactions between boron and other substrate atoms are enhanced, when hydrogen atoms are forced into the grain boundary and occupy the nearest interstitial sites to boron atoms. As a result, the bonding states are polarized in the local region of the grain boundary. It may suppress the movement of slips across the grain boundary. Furthermore, the weakening effects of hydrogen to the grain boundary are hardly affected by the boron atoms, even though they are very near to each other. It can be concluded that hydrogen embrittlement takes place when the boron-doped polycrystalline Ni₃Al are charged with hydrogen.     

晶界非平衡偏聚与晶体缺陷构型的关系

对Ｆｅ－３０％Ｎｉ合金和超低碳贝氏体钢在高温进行不同方式变形和保温,通过变形、回复、与再结晶,获得秒同的晶体缺陷数量与构型（主要是位错分布形态）。用硼径迹显微照相技术研究了 空冷过程中硼向晶界的非平衡偏聚及与不同形态晶体缺陷的关系。结果表明,在再结晶新晶粒冷却时晶界偏聚明显。晶界附近会出现较显著的贫硼现象,而变形并回复后的原始晶粒中此现象不明显,高温回复阶段形成的多边形化亚晶界（位错墙）对冷却时硼