SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AIR MOVEMENTS IN CLEAN ROOMS WITH UNIDIRECTIONAL AIR FLOW

To avoid particle contamination in clean process production, unidirectional air flow with HEPA-filtered air is used, either in the entire room or partly in the critical process region (clean air zones), the purpose of this presentation is to describe a number of observations in unidirectional air flow and to discuss the interaction between air movements and the dispersion of airborne contaminants, it has been shown, by using smoke photography technique, that wake regions and vortex streets can easily be formed behind the working operator and objects. If a contaminant is emitted in the region of a vortex an accumulation can occur. It is important for the user to investigate that such vortices do not occur in the clean working zone.     

ROOM-TYPE AIR CLEANER DESIGN CRITERIA AND PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT

Two rules-of-thumb for minimum performance of a room-type air cleaner have been developed from consideration of a first order model for room air quality. By adopting a criterion that the use of an air cleaner should cause the particle concentration to be at least cut in half, the rule-of-thumb for a room with no smokers is that the product of filter efficiency and flow rate should be ≥.8 m³/min (≥30 cfm). If the particle concentration is dominated by smokers or other sources, the product of filter efficiency and filter flow rate should be = m³ /min (= 100 cfm)

Tests were conducted to determine the efficiencies of candidate filter media. The selected media, Filtrete G-0115, has a fractional efficiency for 1 μm particles of 97 percent when clean, and an efficiency of 78 percent when fully loaded. This drop in efficiency is due to the masking of the electrets on the surfaces of the filter fibers.

A fibrous filter room-type air cleaner was designed to perform in accordance with the rules-of-thumb. When operated with a clean filter, the maximum flow rate is 3.2 m³/min and, when operated with a fully loaded filter, the maximum flow rate is 1.8 m³/min. The system has a multispeed fan which will provide lower flow rates.     

混流泵启动过程非稳态空化的试验研究

为了分析混流泵启动过程瞬态扬程理论模型的适用性及非稳态空化过程,通过高速摄影和压力测量试验,探讨不同空化数、不同流量工况下启动过程中叶顶区空化状态特性。试验研究结果表明,已有理论模型可应用于混流泵启动过程,同时验证试验结果准确性。在启动过程中,空化最先发生在叶顶区域头部。当启动完成时,叶顶空化区域可分为两部分,一部分为出现在叶顶区的三角形的空化云团;另一部分为刮起涡空化。在同一流量工况下,随着空化数降低,垂直空化涡会在启动过程中出现并且发展。在同一空化数下,随着流量减小,垂直空化涡延迟出现,并且空化区域减小。     

FILTER INLET VELOCITY REDISTRIBUTION WITH FILTER LOADING

ABSTRACT

Previous flow visualizations and laser Doppler anemometer velocity measurements have shown that clean engine air filters are presented with very non-uniform velocity distributions when tested in the SAE universal panel Filter test housing. Experiments were conducted to measure the changes that occur in the velocity distribution in the plane 12.7 mm upstream of the filter as it is loaded with dust. Laser Doppler anemometer measurements of velocity profiles were performed for a production engine air Filter in the SAE universal panel filter test housing. Test conditions corresponded to a clean Filter, and dust-loaded Filters at additional pressure drops corresponding to 50 percent, 100 percent, and 150 percent of the design terminating pressure value. The results show that dust loading does make the velocity profiles less non-uniform, but that the changes are not dramatic. The inlet velocity profiles for the design capacity Filter remain very non-uniform.     

ROOM-TYPE AIR CLEANER DESIGN CRITERIA AND PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCE

Two rules-of-thumb for minimum performance of a room-type air cleaner have been developed from consideration of a first order model for room air quality. By adopting a criterion that the use of an air cleaner should cause the particle concentration to be at least cut in half, the rule-of-thumb for a room with no smokers is that the product of filter efficiency and flow rate should be ≥.8 m³/min (≥30 cfm). If the particle concentration is dominated by smokers or other sources, the product of filter efficiency and filter flow rate should be = m³ /min (= 100 cfm)

Tests were conducted to determine the efficiencies of candidate filter media. The selected media, Filtrete G-0115, has a fractional efficiency for 1 μm particles of 97 percent when clean, and an efficiency of 78 percent when fully loaded. This drop in efficiency is due to the masking of the electrets on the surfaces of the filter fibers.

A fibrous filter room-type air cleaner was designed to perform in accordance with the rules-of-thumb. When operated with a clean filter, the maximum flow rate is 3.2 m³/min and, when operated with a fully loaded filter, the maximum flow rate is 1.8 m³/min. The system has a multispeed fan which will provide lower flow rates.     

Experimental investigation of processes in acoustic cyclone separator

This paper presents air flow velocity profiles obtained in conventional and acoustic cyclone separators. It is shown that vortex air flow is created in acoustical cyclone separator in presence of secondary countercurrent air flow. It is obtained that in acoustic cyclone separator air pressure pulses occur at frequency of 8 kHz and pressure amplitude reaches a value of 170 dB. Separation efficiency of acoustic cyclone separator was established experimentally.     

The volt-ampere characteristics of a DC arc plasmatron with a distributed anode spot

A new DC plasmatron with a hot rod cathode and cold nozzle anode was proposed and tested at atmospheric pressure, generating nearly spectrally clean plasmas of air, air/diesel fuel mixture, oxygen, and CF₄. The arc Volt-Ampere characteristic (VAC) is an integral indicator reflecting the general behavior of all the arc parts, among which the most important are the by-electrode layers and positive column. The sensitivity of the VAC to the gas flow velocity in the technologic channel confirmed the external vortex nature of the anode arc spot, which does not hide inside the anode orifice, but exits it and interacts with the gas flow.     

Parametric and internal study of the vortex tube using a CFD model

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to investigate the energy separation mechanism and flow phenomena within a counter-flow vortex tube. A two-dimensional axi-symmetric CFD model has been developed that exhibits the general behavior expected from a vortex tube. The model results are compared to experimental data obtained from a laboratory vortex tube operated with room temperature compressed air. The CFD model is subsequently used to investigate the internal thermal-fluid processes that are responsible for the vortex tube's temperature separation behavior. The model shows that the vortex tube flow field can be divided into three regions that correspond to: flow that will eventually leave through the hot exit (hot flow region), flow that will eventually leave through the cold exit (cold flow region), and flow that is entrained within the device (re-circulating region). The underlying physical processes are studied by calculating the heat and work transfers through control surfaces defined by the streamlines that separate these regions. It was found that the energy separation exhibited by the vortex tube can be primarily explained by a work transfer caused by a torque produced by viscous shear acting on a rotating control surface that separates the cold flow region and the hot flow region. This work transfer is from the cold region to the hot region whereas the net heat transfer flows in the opposite direction and therefore tends to reduce the temperature separation effect. A parametric study of the effect of varying the diameter and length of the vortex tube is also presented.     

VORTEX SHEDDING FROM FIXED AND OSCILLATING RECTANGULAR PRISMS IN SHEAR FLOWS

ABSTRACT

The main focus of this paper is to study the results of experiments on six different rectangular prisms with varied side ratios, with and without forced oscillation, displaced in two shear free streams and one uniform flow. The setting of free stream shear parameters β=dU/dyxD/Uc are 0.024 and 0.032. With respect to vortex shedding phenomena, a comparison between shear flows and uniform flows is also part of the focus.

Experimental results indicate that disturbance on the two-dimensional vortex shedding of the uniform flow is caused by the longitudinal vortex of the shear flow gradient. As a result, a spanwise distribution of cells among the vortex shedding frequencies is created. Increases in the side ratios of the rectangular prisms can cause a shifting of cell boundaries toward the high-speed end. As shear parameters for the same prism increase, the cell boundaries move toward the low-speed end. During oscillation, differences arise between the vorticity structures of cells, and the vortices of each cell are more unified, with improvements in correlation.     

Design of a double microprocessor‐based on‐line process control system

Abstract

A numerical technique for integrating the full Navier‐Stokes and diffusion equations through an initial value problem has been used to investigate the time development of a line buoyant source issuing in a density‐stratified environment. The basic physical features and some structures of the interactions of the motion at the intermediate mixing region are obtained. Results show that the stratification tends to inhibit the flow development of the buoyant source and to encourage the formation of a recirculatory vortex on the lower region near the source and the upper region.     

Classification of Fine Particles

ABSTRACT

Experimental results with two new classifiers for in-line and off-line operation are presented. The first type is a cyclone classifier, in which the vortex finder is exchanged with an impeller wheel enabling cut sizes between 5 and 100 µm. The second classifier is a high-end model, aiming at cut sizes in the range of l µm This classifier consists of a flat housing with tangential feed of product and secondary air. Experimental results with limestone, powder paint, and talcum are presented. The influence of main parameters such as air flow rate, circumferential velocity, and mass loading on the grade efficiency, as well as fines and coarse yield, will be discussed.     

Beam focusing and unidirectional excitation from four nanoslits filled with air and non-linear material

Abstract

We theoretically design a device composed of four nanoslits to dynamically modulate the propagation direction of light beam by embedding non-linear material and air, respectively. Directions of radiation fields are determined by the phase difference of the surface waves at the exit interface and distance of each slit. Numerical simulations using finite element method verify that the unidirectional excitation and beam focusing can be achieved easily by changing the intensity of incident light.     

Effects of an airfoil and shock waves on vortex shedding process behind a square cylinder

Summary Effects of an airfoil and shock waves on vortex shedding process behind a square cylinder have been examined experimentally at a Mach number of about 0.91 and at a Reynolds number (based on the side lengthD of the square cylinder) of about 4.2×10⁵. The main experimental parameter is the spacing ratioL/D, and is varied from 1.125 to 5.5, whereL is the spacing between the square cylinder and the airfoil.It is found that similarly to the case at subcritical Mach numbers at the supercritical Mach number there exist three patterns of the flow around the square cylinder and airfoil arranged in tandem depending upon the spacing ratioL/D: In the first flow pattern with small spacing ratio, the downstream airfoil is enclosed completely in the vortex formation region of the square cylinder. In the second flow pattern, the shear layers separating from the square cylinder reattach to the airfoil. In the third flow pattern with large spacing the shear layers roll up upstream of the airfoil. The Strouhal number at the supercritical Mach number is higher than that at the subcritical Mach numbers. Shock waves hasten the vortex shedding behind the square cylinder by decreasing the area of asymmetrical part of the vortex formation region with respect to the wake axis, and let the streamwise length of the separating shear layers longer than otherwise.With 8 Figures     

DUST STRANDS IN CYCLONE SEPARATORS AT LOW DUST CONCENTRATION

Abstract

State of the art in calculating a cyclone separator is the application of the equilibrium theory and taking the formation of dust strands into account as well. The latter process does not depend on particle size mainly. An ideal flow pattern for the formation of dust strands is the so called Dean-vortex: it is being realized favorably in the axial flow cyclone. A dust strand can be produced down to a raw gas concentration C₀ ≈ 10^?5. Then, it is being exhausted through one or few holes in the mantle of the axial cyclone applying bleeding of about 10 % of the volume flow Separating its dust in a bin cyclone and recirculating the binflow gas to the main, axial cyclone completes this high performance cyclone separator. Dimensional analysis shows that the clean gas concentration c₁ mainly depends on the swirl W_tan/w_ax, the raw gas concentration c₀and on Reynolds number. For usual dust conditions a clean gas concentration c₁ ≤ 50 mg/m³ is feasible.     

Mechanism for the dependence of the photoemission threshold of a photocathode on its irradiance

Secondary electron emission is shown to occur at the boundary of the working region of a photocathode when current flows through this region, causing a deviation from the known classical laws of photoemission. It is established that the sensitivity and photoemission threshold of the photocathode depend on the strength of the photocurrent flowing through it. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 24, 1–6 (September 26, 1998)     

Traveling vortex breakdown

A new type of propagating perturbations on a vortex filament-traveling vortex breakdown-has been observed experimentally. A method of controlled external action on a vortex flow with known parameters is used. Data are obtained on the absolute propagation velocity of the perturbations as a function of the conditions in the vortex chamber, which determine the vortex characteristics. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 23, 24–28 (November 26, 1997)     

单级逆升压空气制冷系统在房间空调中的应用

研究了单级逆升压式房间空气制冷系统的流程 ,计算了各状态点热力参数 ,提出了需要解决的关键技术难题。结论认为 ,房间空调制冷系数可达1.72,制热系数达1.71,是较有前途的绿色环保型空调。     

涡流板制冷特性的实验研究

引进集成整合的观念,研制成新的制冷装置（即涡流板）,并利用涡流板制冷实验系统,以压缩空气为介质,对涡流板的制冷特性进行实验研究,获得了涡流板的制冷性能参数与入口气流参数及冷流比之间的关系。研究结果表明：涡流板同单管涡流管相比具有相同的制冷,洼能,为涡流板进一步研究奠定了基础。     

六流道喷嘴涡流管能量分离特性的研究

涡流管具有结构简单、无运动部件、价格低廉、可靠性高等优点，但管内发生的能量转换却极为复杂。以压缩空气为工作介质，对涡流管能量分离特性进行了实验研究，获得了涡流管制冷、制热效应随入口压力、冷端流率之间的关系，研究结果表明，进口压力越高，六流道喷嘴涡流管的制冷、制热效应越好，但获得最大制冷、制热效应时的冷端流率均有减小的趋势。     

Computation of the airflow in a pilot scale clean room using K- turbulence models

This work deals with the assessment of the airflow in a food-processing clean room. The flow pattern inside the working area of a pilot scale clean room was numerically investigated using a computational fluid dynamics code based on a finite volume formulation. Two versions of the k- turbulence model were tested: the standard and the RNG version. The analysis of the velocity magnitude does not reveal sensitive differences between them. Moreover, both models well predict the main features of the flow and numerical results agree with experimental measurements. However, a further examination shows that the RNG k- turbulence model predicts more swirls and more complex trajectories. As the standard k- model overestimates the turbulent diffusion, the RNG version seems to be more suitable to calculate the airflow in clean rooms. The influence of initial turbulence intensity is also pointed out. Finally, the study of the airflow below a laminar flow unit confirms that the design of clean rooms can benefit from the numerical approach.