基于曲面广义偏置的EDM电极摇动补偿方法

针对EDM加工中电极摇动产生的加工误差,采用计算机辅助几何设计(CAGD)的思想,提出了基于曲面广义偏置的补偿方法。该方法通过直接对电极曲面几何信息的修正,有效、统一地解决了常用电极摇动所引起的加工误差问题,从而较大地提高了加工精度。从计算实例和试验加工结果看,该方法是正确有效的。     

自由曲面五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法

为了在满足逼近误差要求的同时最大程度减少冗余刀轨,对自由曲面提出了一种五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法.首先对刀触点轨迹基于线性误差计算出初始刀触点点集,再以局部干涉调整前倾角的方式计算出无干涉刀位点和刀轴矢量;以最大非线性误差刀位处到刀触点轨迹的最小值作为相邻刀位点之间的逼近误差,并基于数据点自适应离散法计算逼近误差;...     

电极摇动对模具型腔加工的影响与补偿研究

研究了电火花加工中电极的各种摇动方式对加工结果的影响，对常用的摇动方式进行了分类，并针对性地分析了对电极的补偿原理，提出了不同的解决方法；对于球面摇动问题，完全可以采用现有ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ软件的功能解决，而对于矢量或平面圆摇动问题，则必须通过对产品造型或加工刀轨进行修正解决。给出了两个修正实例。     

复杂参数曲面高精度刀具轨迹规划算法

在对等残余高度刀具轨迹规划算法加工参数曲面研究的基础上,提出带有误差补偿值的复杂参数曲面高精度刀具轨迹规划算法——高精度刀轨误差补偿算法。通过分析刀触点及与之相应的相邻路径上的粗、精刀位对应点间的关系,引入误差补偿值以提高精对应刀位点的求解精度,得到经过合理简化的误差补偿值表达式,并得出粗、精对应刀位点与理论刀位点的距离误差表达式。高精度刀轨误差补偿算法可以在满足插补运算实时性要求的前提下,使相邻轨迹上与刀触点相对应的刀位点的参数值计算精度得到极大提高,进而提高复杂参数曲面的加工刀具轨迹精度。以使用平底铣刀为例进行仿真加工,结果表明高精度刀轨误差补偿算法适合进行对复杂参数曲面的高精度加工。     

基于数控刀位轨迹的电火花成形加工中电极平动补偿和修正

在电火花成形加工(EDM)中,电极的平动产生了加工误差。针对EDM中电极平动的不同类型,提出并实现了基于数控刀位轨迹的电极平动补偿修正方法。该方法根据EDM的电极平动类型和平动量对用于电极加工的数控程序进行补偿处理,达到对电极平动进行修正的目的,从而减少电极平动所产生的加工误差。试验表明,该方法可以有效地提高EDM加工精度、保持加工质量的稳定性以及降低劳动程度和缩短生产周期。     

面曲率在自由曲面多轴加工中的应用

加工自由曲面球头铣刀所受铣削力跟随曲面形态不断变化,由自由曲面向外偏置球刀半径所形成的曲面称为刀位点所在曲面,其曲率是计算铣削力的重要参数之一。如何简单准确地获取到位点所在自由曲面的面曲率对多轴数控加工自由曲面有重要的意义。以等参数网格包覆待加工的自由曲面,通过矢量计算获取刀位点所在网格曲面,该网格点群即刀位点所在曲面的点云。通过软件获取点云上难加工点以及周围点的坐标,并计算刀位点所在曲面的曲率,并以其数值作为加工工艺的参考。     

基于等距曲面的弧面凸轮单侧面数控加工刀位优化算法

针对弧面凸轮廓面的多轴数控加工,在分析现有各种加工工艺方法,尤其是分析单侧面加工方法存在的不足的基础上,围绕减小加工得到的实际廓面与理论设计廓面的极差,提出一种以刀轴轨迹面与凸轮廓面等距曲面的极差最小为优化目标的弧面凸轮单侧面数控加工刀位数据计算的优化算法。所建立的刀位优化算法综合了不可展直纹面侧铣加工的两点偏置算法和三点偏置算法的优点。通过实例对各种单侧面刀轨规划算法进行加工误差综合对比分析,结果表明所建立的刀位计算优化算法正确有效,可显著减小编程误差,为进一步提高弧面凸轮单侧面加工精度和完善加工工艺奠定了扎实的理论基础。     

面向曲面NC加工刀位计算的基本单元模型

提出一个面向曲面ＮＣ加工刀位计算的曲面离散基本单元模型及其误差控制方法。该模型考虑了对基本单元的逼近精度以及偏置精度的控制。将该模型应用于曲面加工刀位计算能有效地改善现有方法在误差控制，行距计算和干涉检验等方面存在的不足。同时，模型的形式非常简单，可有效简化ＮＣ刀轨的生成计算。     

五坐标端铣数控加工计算理论分析

本文介绍了五坐标端铣数控加工中的后跟角计算方法及刀位计算方法,分析了加工误差,包括直线逼近误差和刀轴摆动误差,提出了刀轴摆动误差补偿方法——刀具切触点偏置法,给出了走刀步长、走刀步距及刀具半径计算公式。     

运用点涉法原理确定平头立铣刀三轴联动数控加工轨迹

针对现有的空间自由曲面数控编程系统和ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ软件只能生成球面刀三轴联动数控加工轨进的局限性，以及实际切削加工中较少采用球面刀，多用小直径平头立铣刀等非球面刀来替代球面刀在三轴联动数控机床上完成空间自由曲面的切削加工这一现状，本文根据点涉法原理推导出在空间自由曲面上生成平头立铣刀三轴联动数控加工轨迹的算法。只要给出被加工曲面的参数表达式，就可以利用该算法在被加工曲面上确定平头立铣刀的三轴联动数控加工轨迹。     

Three-dimensional tool radius compensation for multi-axis peripheral milling

Few function about 3D tool radius compensation is applied to generating executable motion control commands in the existing computer numerical control (CNC) systems. Once the tool radius is changed, especially in the case of tool size changing with tool wear in machining, a new NC program has to be recreated. A generic 3D tool radius compensation method for multi-axis peripheral milling in CNC systems is presented. The offset path is calculated by offsetting the tool path along the direction of the offset vector with a given distance. The offset vector is perpendicular to both the tangent vector of the tool path and the orientation vector of the tool axis relative to the workpiece. The orientation vector equations of the tool axis relative to the workpiece are obtained through homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and forward kinematics of generalized kinematics model of multi-axis machine tools. To avoid cutting into the corner formed by the two adjacent tool paths, the coordinates of offset path at the intersection point have been calculated according to the transition type that is determined by the angle between the two tool path tangent vectors at the corner. Through the verification by the solid cutting simulation software VERICUTwith different tool radiuses on a table-tilting type five-axis machine tool, and by the real machining experiment of machining a soup spoon on a five-axis machine tool with the developed CNC system, the effectiveness of the proposed 3D tool radius compensation method is confirmed. The proposed compensation method can be suitable for all kinds of threeto five-axis machine tools as a general form.     

自由曲面三坐标加工等间距刀具路径规划

为提高自由曲面数控加工的切削效率,改善刀具的受力状态,提出了一种自由曲面三坐标加工等间距刀具路径规划方法.分析了在实际加工过程中可采用的几种刀具路径规划方法及其实现等距加工的约束条件.研究了等间距刀具路径的计算方法,并针对计算过程中出现的逼近误差校验和刀具路径延伸与裁剪问题给出了解决方法.对等参数线法和等距截面法进行了比较,表明应用该方法规划自由曲面刀具路径,可提高走刀路径对曲面形状变化的适应性和切削行间距分布的均匀性.     

The parameters evaluation and optimization of polycrystalline diamond micro-electrodischarge machining assisted by electrode tool vibration

The objective of this research is to evaluate and optimize machining parameter of tool electrode vibration on micro-electric discharge machining of polycrystalline diamond. The machining parameters evaluated are charge voltage, capacitance, and vibration of the tool electrode. An orthogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of variance are employed to analyze the effect of these machining parameters. The results show that by application of vibration on tool electrode in machining of polycrystalline diamond, it has significant effect up to 66.48% in increasing material removal rate without increasing surface roughness and tool electrode wear. Using Taguchi method for design of experiment, other significant effects on surface quality and tool electrode wear are also investigated. The results also show that surface roughness is mostly affected by the amount of capacitance (52.24%), and the tool electrode wear is also affected by the amount of capacitance (92.82%).     

数控车床加工中刀具补偿的应用

全面介绍了数控车床加工过程中的刀具补偿，并且对数控车床不具备刀具半径补偿功能时的刀具补偿计算方法进行了阐述。     

A topological-free method for three-axis tool path planning for generalized radiused end milled cutting of a triangular mesh surface

A tool path generation method for a sculptured surface defined by a triangular mesh is presented. Existing tool methods require extensive computer processing power mainly because surface topology for triangular meshes is not provided. The three-axis tool path planning method presented in this paper for generalized radius end mills avoids this problem (and does not need topological information) by offsetting each triangular facet individually. Offsetting a single triangle results in many more triangles, many of which are redundant, increasing the time required for data handling in subsequent steps. To avoid the large number of triangles, the proposed method creates a bounding space to which the offset surface is limited. Applying the boundary space limits the size of the offset surface resulting in a reduction in the number of triangular surfaces generated. The offset surface generation may still result in unwanted intersecting triangles. The tool path planning strategy addresses this issue by applying hidden-surface removal algorithms. Simulation and machining tests are used to validate the tool paths generated using this method.     

一种用于多面体加工的圆弧刀轨生成算法

为提高多面体模型的加工效率,提出了一种用于多面体加工的圆弧刀轨生成算法。采用截平面和多面体模型的等距模型求交来计算初始直线刀轨;由等距模型的顶点曲率估算刀位点处沿刀轨方向和刀轨间隔方向的曲率半径,并根据残留高度确定刀轨行距。提出了基于刀位点曲率半径调节的圆弧拟合算法,算法引入拟合约束条件和曲率半径调节系数;在拟合精度范围内,迭代确定曲率半径调节系数,从而确定拟合圆弧。实验结果表明文中方法生成的刀轨保持G1连续且包含的圆弧段数量较少,有利于提高加工效率。     

Improvement in machining speed with working gap control in EDM milling

High-speed electrical discharge machining (EDM) milling is investigated with working gap control. EDM milling has a merit that does not need complex electrode fabrication; however, it is necessary to improve the removal rate in EDM milling. Rotation of the electrode improves the removal rate, but this rotation causes a periodic change in the working voltage. As a consequence, the periodic change causes a disturbance that decreases the control performance. EDM milling realizes a high machining precision by the scanning method. A small working area allows for fast scanning. If the working gap is appropriate, it becomes longer because the machined surface of the workpiece is removed. Therefore, the conventional controller remains at the steady offset and lowers the machining efficiency. The proposed controller introduces a notch filter, which eliminates the frequency component due to rotation of the electrode. It also has a feed-forward compensator to eliminate the steady offset. The controller for each machining condition is derived from a coordinate transformation and the least-squares approximation. It is confirmed that the proposed controller achieves machining speeds that are 2–6 times faster in a straight line and greater than 30% higher in the profile machining than in the conventional one.     

Design of ECM tool electrode with controlled conductive area ratio for holes with complex internal features

The design method of electrochemical machining (ECM) tool electrode with controlled conductive area for the machining of holes with given complex internal features was presented in this paper. Such holes were difficult to machine with traditional mechanical machining methods. In authors’ previous work, it has been proved that electrochemical machining (ECM) using tool electrode with controlled conductive area ratio was effective to machine many kinds of complex holes. However, it is considered that the inverse problem, i.e., designing of suitable tool electrode for given internal feature is of great importance for practical application. Therefore, in this work, the proposed ECM process was modeled to investigate the electric potential and current distribution in the electrolyte and on the electrodes’ surface, and the evolution of inner hole profile. Then, the relationship between conductive area ratio and the machining depth was investigated by a set of fundamental simulation experiments. Simulation result showed that suitable tool electrode with specific helical conductive area can be designed for the machining of hole with given internal feature. A prototype tool electrode with non-uniform conductive area ratio from its tip to the root was fabricated and used in the verification experiment. The machining result showed that a free-formed hole was successfully shaped and the inner hole profile is in well accordance with the given internal feature.