New trends for solar cell development and recent progress of dye sensitized solar cells

This article reviews the new concepts and new trends of solar cell development. To increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency, reduce the cost, and for application in a much broader field, thin film solar cell, flexible solar cell, and tandem solar cell have become important subjects to be studied. As the representative of the solar cells of the third generation, the progress and challenges of dye sensitized solar cell was also reviewed.     

Regulation of cell morphology and viability using anodic aluminum oxide with custom-tailored structural parameters

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) with independently controlled period, porosity, and height is used as the model surface to study the single structural parameter effect on breast cancer cell behaviors, including cell polarity and cell viability. It is found that the quantity of multipolar cells and cell viability increases as the nanodent period increases from 100 to 300 nm, while the number of bipolar cells has almost no change until there is a dramatic decrease as the period increases to 300 nm. After anodizing nanodents into nanopores, the numbers of both bipolar cells and the cell viability increase significantly with the porosity increase. However, as the porosity further increases and the nanopore changes into a nanocone pillar, most of the cells become nonpolar spheres and the cell viability decreases. Increasing the height of the nanocone pillar has little effect on the cell polarity; the cell viability increases slightly with the increase of the nanocone pillar height. These results reveal the influence of individual nanostructure parameters on the cell behavior, especially the cell polarity and the cell viability, which can help to design the surface to make the cell grow as desired.     

CIMS环境下的制造单元

本文着重介绍了在现代制造技术条件下，新型制造单元与传统的生产单元之间的区别、特点及其发展趋势。     

Overlap-Based Cell Tracker

In order to facilitate the extraction of quantitative data from live cell image sets, automated image analysis methods are needed. This paper presents an introduction to the general principle of an overlap cell tracking software developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This cell tracker has the ability to track cells across a set of time lapse images acquired at high rates based on the amount of overlap between cellular regions in consecutive frames. It is designed to be highly flexible, requires little user parameterization, and has a fast execution time.     

Cell Mechanical and Physiological Behavior in the Regime of Rapid Mechanical Compressions that Lead to Cell Volume Change

Cells respond to mechanical forces by deforming in accordance with viscoelastic solid behavior. Studies of microscale cell deformation observed by high speed video microscopy have elucidated a new cell behavior in which sufficiently rapid mechanical compression of cells can lead to transient cell volume loss and then recovery. This work has discovered that the resulting volume exchange between the cell interior and the surrounding fluid can be utilized for efficient, convective delivery of large macromolecules (2000 kDa) to the cell interior. However, many fundamental questions remain about this cell behavior, including the range of deformation time scales that result in cell volume loss and the physiological effects experienced by the cell. In this study, a relationship is established between cell viscoelastic properties and the inertial forces imposed on the cell that serves as a predictor of cell volume loss across human cell types. It is determined that cells maintain nuclear envelope integrity and demonstrate low protein loss after the volume exchange process. These results define a highly controlled cell volume exchange mechanism for intracellular delivery of large macromolecules that maintains cell viability and function for invaluable downstream research and clinical applications.     

A minimum of two distinct heritable factors are required to explain correlation structures in proliferating lymphocytes

During the adaptive immune response, lymphocyte populations undergo a characteristic three-phase process: expansion through a series of cell divisions; cessation of expansion; and, finally, most of the accumulated lymphocytes die by apoptosis. The data used, thus far, to inform understanding of these processes, both in vitro and in vivo, are taken from flow cytometry experiments. One significant drawback of flow cytometry is that individual cells cannot be tracked, so that it is not possible to investigate interdependencies in the fate of cells within a family tree. This deficit in experimental information has recently been overcome by Hawkins et al. (Hawkins et al. 2009 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 13 457–13 462 (doi:10.1073/pnas.0905629106)), who reported on time-lapse microscopy experiments in which B-cells were stimulated through the TLR-9 receptor. Cells stimulated in this way do not aggregate, so that data regarding family trees can be recorded. In this article, we further investigate the Hawkins et al. data. Our conclusions are striking: in order to explain the familial correlation structure in division times, death times and propensity to divide, a minimum of two distinct heritable factors are necessary. As the data show that two distinct factors are necessary, we develop a stochastic model that has two heritable factors and demonstrate that it can reproduce the key features of the data. This model shows that two heritable factors are sufficient. These deductions have a clear impact upon biological understanding of the adaptive immune response. They also necessitate changes to the fundamental premises behind the tools developed by statisticians to draw deductions from flow cytometry data. Finally, they affect the mathematical modelling paradigms that are used to study these systems, as these are widely developed based on assumptions of cellular independence that are not accurate.     

A scatter search approach with dispatching rules for a joint decision of cell formation and parts scheduling in batches

A joint decision of cell formation and parts scheduling is addressed for a cellular manufacturing system where each type of machine and part may have multiple numbers and parts must require processing and transferring in batches. The joint decision problem is not only to assign batches and associated machine groups to cells, but also to sequence the processing of batches on each machine in order to minimise the total tardiness penalty cost. A nonlinear mixed integer programming mathematical model is proposed to formulate the problem. The proposed model, within nonlinear terms and integer variables, is difficult to solve efficiently for real size problems. To solve the model for practical purposes, a scatter search approach with dispatching rules is proposed, which considers two different combination methods and two improvement methods to further expand the conceptual framework and implementation of the scatter search so as to better fit the addressed problem. This scatter search approach interactively uses a combined dispatching rule to solve a scheduling sub-problem corresponding to each integer solution visited in the search process. A computational study is performed on a set of test problems with various dimensions, and computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Regulation effect of osteoblasts towards osteocytes by silk fibroin encapsulation

Herein, the rational design micromilieus involved silk fibroin (SF)-based materials have been used to encapsulate the osteoblasts, forming an extracellular coated shell on the cells, which exhibited the high potential to shift the regulation of osteoblasts to osteocytes by encapsulation cues. SF coating treated cells showed a change in cell morphology from osteoblasts-like to osteocytes-like shape compared with untreated ones. Moreover, the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen I (Col I) and osteocalcin (OCN) further indicated a potential approach for inducing osteoblasts regulation, which typically accelerates calcium deposition and cell calcification, presenting a key role for the SF encapsulation in controlling osteoblasts behavior. This discovery showed that SF-based cell encapsulation could be used for osteoblasts behavior regulation, which offers a great potential to modulate mammalian cells’ phenotype involving alternating surrounding cues.     

太阳电池研究进展

晶体硅太阳电池主要朝高效方向发展,薄膜太阳电池特别是多晶硅薄膜太阳电池,由于其廉价,高效,是当前太阳电池研究的热点,也是未来太阳电池发展的方向.分别介绍了第一代、二代太阳电池的发展历程,着重介绍了第三代太阳电池的最新研究进展.     

Extracting dc parameters of solar cells under illumination

This paper presents a comparative study of four methods for extracting solar cell parameters of the single diode lumped circuit model. These parameters are usually the saturation current, the series resistance, the ideality factor, the shunt conductance and the photocurrent. The methods are the vertical optimization method, the modified analytical five-point method, and two methods we have proposed, are based on the current-voltage characteristics and the subsequently calculated conductance. Parameter values were extracted using these different methods from experimental I-V characteristics of a commercial solar cell and a module.     

Three-dimensional traction forces of Schwann cells on compliant substrates

The mechanical interaction between Schwann cells (SCs) and their microenvironment is crucial for the development, maintenance and repair of the peripheral nervous system. In this paper, we present a detailed investigation on the mechanosensitivity of SCs across a physiologically relevant substrate stiffness range. Contrary to many other cell types, we find that the SC spreading area and cytoskeletal actin architecture were relatively insensitive to substrate stiffness with pronounced stress fibre formation across all moduli tested (0.24–4.80 kPa). Consistent with the presence of stress fibres, we found that SCs generated large surface tractions on stiff substrates and large, finite material deformations on soft substrates. When quantifying the three-dimensional characteristics of the SC traction profiles, we observed a significant contribution from the out-of-plane traction component, locally giving rise to rotational moments similar to those observed in mesenchymal embryonic fibroblasts. Taken together, these measurements provide the first set of quantitative biophysical metrics of how SCs interact with their physical microenvironment, which are anticipated to aid in the development of tissue engineering scaffolds designed to promote functional integration of SCs into post-injury in vivo environments.     

环天线校准方法

本文介绍了用标准场法校准环天线的原理和方法步骤.对环天线的常用类型,天线系数定义以及电场、磁场天线系数的转换做了简介.概述了TEM cell性能指标对环天线校准的影响.     

锌空燃料电池电站

燃料电池发电技术已经受到人们越来越多的重视。介绍了利用锌空气燃料电池技术建设电站，利用分体式电极技术制造世界上最大的单电池，该电站采用独特的分离循环技术，可以提高电站总体效率。给出建设电站的相关参数。     

燃料电池及其材料的发展

综述了燃料电池及其材料的发展概况,着重评述了固体电解质燃料电池的发展情况和它所用的材料。如果固体电解质燃料电池达到实用化,将需要大量的氧化锆、氧化钇和氧化镧等材料。     

载BRL细胞聚鸟氨酸微胶囊的制备与功能

为了研究新型膜材聚鸟氨酸对微囊化细胞功能的影响,制备了包埋有BRL细胞的聚鸟氨酸-海藻酸盐微胶囊并考察了微囊化肝细胞的生物学活性以及细胞功能。结果表明,载BRL细胞的PLO微胶囊形态完整,表面光滑,细胞在PLO微胶囊内的三维立体环境中能够维持活性,且具有维持分泌尿素和蛋白质的功能,从而为该新型膜材在细胞微囊化的应用方面提供了实验依据。