Testing Methods for Hydro-Mechanical Characteristics of Unsaturated Soils Subjected to One-Dimensional Freeze-Thaw Action

This paper proposes new testing methods for evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw action on the deformation-strength characteristics and the water retention-permeability characteristics of granular materials under unsaturated conditions. A triaxial apparatus and a permeability apparatus for unsaturated soils, with cooling systems to control the temperature of soil specimens and use the pressure membrane method instead of the pressure plate method, were newly developed in order to examine the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils subjected to the freeze-thaw sequence, as experienced by in-situ soils in cold regions. Results indicate that the proposed testing methods with these newly developed test apparatuses are highly useful in the evaluation of the effect of freeze-thaw action on the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated granular materials and in the reduction of total testing time.     

堆石料的颗粒破碎规律研究

粗颗粒土剪切过程中的颗粒破碎现象已被广泛认识,并且在试验和理论方面进行了大量研究。利用大型三轴仪开展了一系列不同级配、不同密度、不同围压条件下堆石料的排水剪切试验,并对试验前后的试样分别进行了颗粒分析,以探讨堆石料的颗粒破碎规律及其影响因素。试验结果表明:密度对颗粒破碎影响较小,而级配和围压的影响较大,围压越高则颗粒破碎越严重。对比试验前后的粒径分布曲线发现,颗粒破碎主要集中在粒径20 mm以上的颗粒范围内,粒径变化幅度随粒径的减小呈减小趋势。基于分形理论,建立了颗粒破碎分形维数与围压和颗粒级配之间的关系表达式,为进一步研究堆石料的强度、变形及剪胀特性提供依据。     

Particle breakage in triaxial shear of a coral sand

This paper presents a laboratory experimental study to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of particle breakage using numerous triaxial tests on a coral sand. Coral is a highly crushable granular material which fills the gaps between more crushable and less crushable granular materials. The monotonic tests and cyclic tests were terminated at the designated axial strains and the designated cyclic numbers, respectively. The grain size distributions were measured by sieve analyses of the specimens after the triaxial tests were performed. The relative breakage and relative fractal dimension were used to quantify the particle breakage. The cause of particle breakage that increased with increasing isotropic consolidation stress was shown to be isotropic stress. An almost linear increase in particle breakage in relative breakage was found as axial strain increased, whereas the increase in particle breakage in relative fractal dimension showed upward convexity. More particle breakage occurred in denser samples. During consolidation to the identical mean effective stress, the anisotropic stress state played a bigger role in particle breakage than the isotropic stress state, but during shearing particle breakage occurred more sharply in the triaxial tests with the isotropic consolidation to the higher confining pressure. In the cyclic shearing, the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension increased in upward convexity as the cyclic number increased, but in upward concavity with increasing axial strain. A hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the relative fractal dimension with the relative breakage for use with both monotonic and cyclic tests. In the monotonic tests, a hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension with the plastic work per unit volume. It is proposed that the loading-mode-induced (i.e., monotonic loading and cyclic loading) different mechanism of particle breakage meant that this model could not be applicable in the cyclic tests. The results suggested that the hyperbolic correlation of the particle breakage in relative fractal dimension and the plastic work per unit volume is the most reliable method of interpreting the energy consumption characteristics of particle breakage. This approach takes the fractal nature of soil into consideration. A microscopic view of particle breakage is also effective for observing the evolution of particle breakage.     

细粒土不均匀分布对粗粒土力学特性的影响

为了研究冻融循环条件下细粒土的不均匀分布特性对粗粒土力学特性的影响,对不同冻融循环次数、冻结温度、围压条件下的含有不同细粒土分布的粗粒土进行常规的静三轴剪切试验,研究冻融循环后具有不均匀细粒土分布的试样的最大剪胀位置、应力–应变关系曲线、起始屈服强度、起始屈服应变、静强度、破坏应变变化规律。研究结果表明,在相同的细颗粒与粗颗粒不均匀分布的条件下,试验后试样的最大剪胀位置随着试样上两层中细粒土含量的增加而沿着试样高度上升,随着冻融循环次数的增加,最大剪胀位置的上升速率是不断增加的。细颗粒与粗颗粒不均匀分布的程度越高,尤其是粗颗粒的富集程度越高,试样的脆性越高,试样的应变软化程度越明显。冻融循环次数的增加,降低了粗、细颗粒较均匀分布的3种试样的应力–应变软化程度的差异性,即冻融循环次数的增加可以使粗颗粒和细颗粒的组合结构趋于稳定。在相同的围压条件下,冻融循环次数的增加削弱了因细粒土不均匀分布而导致的起始屈服强度的差异性和静强度的差异性。试样中的粗颗粒和细颗粒分布越不均匀,试样的起始屈服强度和静强度越大。当围压为100 k Pa时,静强度与起始屈服强度的比值随冻融循环次数波动较大,当围压增加到300 k Pa时,比值随冻融循环次数的波动较为平缓。细粒土不均匀分布是起始屈服应变和破坏应变的最显著性影响因素,但是围压对破坏应变的影响程度明显大于围压对起始屈服应变的影响程度。细粒土不均匀分布对破坏应变影响的显著性明显小于它对起始屈服应变影响的显著性。     

粗粒土强度和变形的级配影响试验研究

开展了不同细粒含量的无黏性和含黏粒粗粒土的共8组大型三轴排水剪切试验,研究了级配对粗粒土强度、变形、剪胀特性和颗粒破碎的影响。试验结果表明细颗粒含量的大小、是否含泥是粗粒土力学特性的重要影响因素;分析了无黏性粗粒土的颗粒破碎率随围压大小、级配的变化;研究了剪切峰值随围压、细颗粒含量的变化规律,讨论了不同围压、不同级配特征情况下粗粒土的剪胀特性。根据含黏粒粗颗粒土的试验结果,分析了含泥量对强度和变形特性的影响,并从机理上分析了细粒含量对无黏性和含黏粒粗粒土的力学特性影响的差异性。试验结果表明对于土石坝工程良好的坝体填筑料级配、严格控制小于0.075 mm颗粒含量,有利于提高坝体的稳定性和减小坝体沉降。     

DEM analysis of energy dissipation in crushable soils

It is well known that particle crushing plays a critical role in the mechanical behavior of granular soils. Understanding energy dissipation under the influence of particle breakage is of key importance to the development of micromechanics-based constitutive models for sands. This paper reports the original results of the energy input/dissipation of an idealized crushable soil using 3D DEM simulations. Particle breakage is modeled as the disintegration of the synthetic agglomerate particles which are made up of parallel-bonded elementary spheres. A parametric study is performed to fully investigate the effects of initial specimen density and crushability on the energy allocation of the crushable soil.The simulation results show that the initial specimen density and the crushability strongly affect the energy allocation of the soil both at small and large strains. The major roles of particle breakage, which itself only dissipates a negligible amount of input energy, are to advance changes in the soil fabric and to promote the interparticle friction dissipation. Particularly, at small strains, particle breakage disrupts the strain energy buildup, and thus, reduces the mobilized shear strength and dilatancy of a granular soil. At large strains, where particle breakage is greatly reduced, steady energy dissipation by interparticle friction and mechanical damping is observed. Furthermore, it is found that shear bands develop in most dense crushable specimens at large strains, but they are only weakly correlated to the anisotropy of the accumulated friction dissipation.     

粗粒料颗粒破碎三轴试验研究

随着粗粒料在高土石坝等工程中广泛应用,颗粒破碎逐渐成为粗粒料工程特性研究的一个重要方面。通过三轴颗粒破碎试验,研究了某粗粒料等压固结、峰值以及不同应力水平下的颗粒破碎规律,分析了干湿状态的影响。结果表明:等压固结颗粒破碎率与围压之间以及峰值内摩擦角与颗粒破碎率之间均呈幂函数关系;相同围压下颗粒破碎率随应力水平增加而加速增加;相同应力水平下颗粒破碎率随围压增加而增加;不同围压下的颗粒破碎率与应力水平之间可进行归一化处理;同应力状态下湿态颗粒破碎率较干态大,二者差异的决定因素为材料软化系数。同时,对以上结论进行了理论分析,提出了一个颗粒破碎的估算方法,探讨了干湿状态对颗粒破碎影响与材料软化系数之间关系。     

高铁路基粗颗粒土非饱和水力学及微观特性研究

高铁路基粗颗粒土的水力学特性对路基内部水分运移及路基的长期累积变形有重要影响。采用了一种新型TDR与大直径渗透柱装置研究了不同压实度下高铁路基粗颗粒土的水力学特性,推导了考虑双层孔隙结构的不同干密度下的土水特征曲线模型。同时,由于土体的水力学特性与其微观结构密切相关,将水力学测试结果与扫描电镜实验以及压汞试验结果进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,随着压实度的增加,低吸力下,细粒含量为15%的路基填料的体积含水率降低,在高吸力下,体积含水率趋于一致。土体的微观特性结果显示,细粒含量为15%的路基填料中表现出双层孔隙结构,随着压实度的增加,大孔隙结构逐渐被压缩,而小孔隙结构则难以被压缩。微观测试结果与水力学测试结果一致,解释了不同压实度下路基填料的水分运移规律。     

Particle breakage evolution of coral sand using triaxial compression tests

Particle breakage continuously changes the grading of granular materials and has a significant effect on their mechanical behaviors.Revealing the evolution pattern of particle breakage is valuable for development and validation of constitutive models for crushable materials.A series of parallel triaxial compression tests along the same loading paths but stopped at different axial strains were conducted on two coral sands with different particle sizes under drained and undrained conditions.The tested specimens were carefully sieved to investigate the intermediate accumulation of particle breakage during the loading process.The test results showed that under both drained and undrained conditions,particle breakage increases continuously with increasing axial strain but exhibits different accumulating patterns,and higher confining pressures lead to greater particle breakage.Based on the test results,the correlations between particle breakage and the stress state as well as the input energy were examined.The results demonstrated that either the stress state or input energy alone is inadequate for describing the intermediate process of particle breakage evolution.Then,based on experimental observation,a path-dependent model was proposed for particle breakage evolution,which was formulated in an incremental form and reasonably considers the effects of the past breakage history and current stress state on the breakage rate.The path-dependent model successfully reproduced the development of particle breakage during undrained triaxial compression using the parameters calibrated from the drained tests,preliminarily demonstrating its effectiveness for different stress paths.     

粗粒土二维模型试验的组构分析

粗粒土的组构主要指土颗粒的几何排列方式,是决定粗粒土宏观力学性质的根本因素。为研究组构对粗粒土应力应变关系的影响,进行了粗粒土二维模型试验研究。应用计算机图像测量分析系统对模型试验图片进行分析,能定量地分析试验过程中颗粒的位移、转角、长轴的定向、配位数及枝向量的变化。图像处理结果表明,模型试验过程中颗粒的运动规律与三轴试验过程中颗粒的运动规律一致,说明模型试验能反映三轴试验过程。颗粒位移矢量图和颗粒错动矢量图分析说明,宏观应变均由颗粒调整得到,在变形的不同阶段均有颗粒错动发生,随着变形的发展发生错动的颗粒数量增多,并逐渐集中到剪切带上。颗粒长轴和枝向量的定向性与偏应力有很好的关系,定向性增强应力是增长的;反之,定向性减弱应力是衰减的。对于接触紧密的颗粒,随着变形的发展平均枝长的变化不是很明显。平均配位数与体变之间没有很好的关系,可能与模型试验中采用多边形颗粒及颗粒偏大有关。     

基于离散元法的真三轴应力状态下砂土破碎行为研究

基于可破碎三维离散颗粒模型模拟了一系列常规三轴试验与真三轴试验,研究了砂土在真三轴应力状态下的破碎行为。数值调查主要关注试样的应力应变特性、级配及相对破碎率的演化。随着围压增大,颗粒破碎率增大,试样应变软化特性和剪胀性逐渐减弱,而超过临界高围压后,由于固结中颗粒大量破碎,试样剪胀性反而增强。真三轴试验中,试样偏应力比峰值均随中主应力参数b值增大而减小。由于破碎随b值增加而明显增大,试样剪胀性随b值增大而逐渐减弱。试样内摩擦角φ随围压增大而减小,其演化关系基本满足对数关系;内摩擦角随b值增大先增大后减小,Lade-Duncan准则较为适合描述其变化规律。此外,试样相对破碎率增大的速率随围压和轴向应变增大而逐渐降低,暗示试样最优终极级配的存在,且相对破碎率与试验输入能量之间存在唯一的双曲线关系。     

粗粒料三轴湿化颗粒破碎试验研究

颗粒破碎是引起粗粒料湿化变形的重要因素，有必要对其进行深入研究。利用改进的应力控制三轴仪，对坝的粗粒料进行不同围压和湿化应力水平下保持应力水平不变的三轴湿化变形试验，同时对湿化前后的试样进行颗粒分析试验。依据试验结果，分析湿化颗粒破碎的原因，得到湿化变形最及Hardin的颗粒破碎指标表示的颗粒破碎量。对粗粒料湿化变形和湿化颗粒破碎试验结果的分析表明：湿化变形与围压及湿化应力水平有关；湿化引起颗粒破碎，对颗粒级配曲线有较大的影响，湿化前后级配曲线的颗粒累积百分比的差值随粒径呈驼峰状分布，驼峰位于25％含量粒径左右；湿化引起的颗粒破碎使得级配曲线的曲率系数、不均匀系数和60％含量粒径减小；湿化颗粒破碎随着围压和湿化应力水平的增加而增加；湿化变形与湿化颗粒破碎之间有很好的相关性，湿化轴变与湿化颗粒破碎近似成线性关系；湿化变形的基本规律可以根据湿化颗粒破碎规律加以解释。     

湿干冻融耦合循环作用下膨胀土裂隙演化规律

裂隙的发生与演化是膨胀土在各种外部条件作用下的显著特征。针对北疆高寒地区膨胀土渠道边坡劣化问题,以渠基土每年经历通水、停水及冻结、融化过程为研究条件,开展了单向湿干冻融耦合循环作用下膨胀土裂隙试验。采用计算机断层扫描(CT扫描)及三维重建技术,对湿干冻融耦合循环作用下膨胀土试样内部裂隙演化特征进行定量描述,研究了不同湿干冻融耦合循环次数对膨胀土三维裂隙演化规律的影响。试验结果表明,湿干冻融耦合循环作用下的试样内部裂隙发育存在明显的区域性分布特征,裂隙的发育深度在5次循环后逐渐趋于稳定,对应于试样初始总高度的40%。对比不同循环次数作用下试样内部裂隙的发育形态可知,试样内部裂隙发育模式由循环初期浅层分散分布向后期深层汇聚偏转进行转化。采用切片裂隙率、弯曲度、分支数及死端点4个指标能较好地定量描述裂隙空间分布及连通性随循环次数的演化规律。研究成果对进一步揭示干湿冻融耦合作用下膨胀土渠道的劣化过程和破坏机制具有一定参考价值。     

直剪剪切速率对粗粒土强度与变形特性的影响

土体的强度和变形对路基及边坡的稳定性具有控制作用,为分析剪切速率对粗粒土抗剪强度和变形特性的影响,基于THE-1000型室内大型直剪仪,对不同剪切速率下粗粒土的强度和变形特性进行试验研究。试验数据表明：不同剪切速率时的剪应力-剪切位移曲线均呈应变软化型;剪切速率为小于5 mm/min时,粗粒土强度理论公式拟合相关系数比较理想;随剪切速率的增加,内摩擦角有减小的趋势,约在27.8°～22.8°内变化,咬合力在90.3～112.2 kPa范围内振动变化;颗粒破碎率和最大垂直变形随着剪切速率减小或垂直压力增加而增大,即剪切速率越小越容易发生剪缩;剪切速率小而抗剪强度高的本质原因是：破碎后的细颗粒填充了由粗颗粒构成的土骨架孔隙,造成试样的密实度增加。     

冻融循环与持载对CFRP加固高强混凝土梁变形性能的影响

通过四点弯曲试验,研究了冻融循环与持载对碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）加固高强钢筋混凝土梁变形性能的影响。分析了不同环境作用下试验梁的承载力、刚度及破坏形态变化规律。结果表明:在冻融循环单独作用下,试验梁的性能变化很小;冻融与持载耦合作用时,两者均对梁的性能造成不利影响,且随着冻融循环次数的增加,承受持载梁的CFRP-混凝土界面黏结性能有所下降;在冻融循环作用下,CFRP-混凝土界面存在应力时会增大界面的劣化程度,从而引起加固梁性能的下降。     

Maximum dry density test to quantify pumice content in natural soils

Crushable volcanic soils are well-known for their distinctive texture, vesicular nature and grain fragility. These features of volcanic soils lead to difficulty in interpreting the results of laboratory and field testing because of the occurrence of particle crushing. Sands containing pumice particles are commonly found in the Hamilton Basin in the North Island of New Zealand. The pumice particles originated from a series of volcanic eruptions centered in the Taupo and Rotorua regions. As a result of flooding and erosion along the Waikato River, the pumice particles have become mixed with other materials and have been distributed over the Hamilton Basin; these mixtures are referred to herein as natural pumiceous (NP) sands. This paper initially investigates an appropriate technique for measuring the maximum dry density (MDD) of NP sands; then a modified MDD test is proposed for estimating the pumice contents of these sands. In order to examine the applicability of different standard methods for determining MDD, New Zealand and Japanese standards are employed. The results using the Japanese standard show consistent MDD values when repeating the tests due to negligible particle crushing. On the other hand, the results of MDD tests according to the New Zealand standard indicate that a significant amount of particle crushing occurs after each repeated test and, consequently, it is not possible to get the same result when the test is repeated. NP sands reach their ultimate potential breakage during the modified MDD tests (at least, for the level of loading applied) and they experience different levels of particle crushing which may be a function of their pumice content. As a way forward, the relative breakages of the materials tested are used to estimate the pumice contents of the NP sands.     

模拟堆石料颗粒破碎对强度变形的影响

许多试验事实表明,极高压力下颗粒材料粒径极限分布并非 Hardin 所谓的以 0.074 mm 为截断粒径的均匀分布。通过拓展破碎概念提出了 Hardin 破碎指标修正定义,并用以区分剪切过程中破碎的暂时和永久终止状态。 开展了系列模拟 堆石料固结排水大型三轴试验,提出了系列非线性关系用以描述模拟堆石料的级配、破碎指标以及应力–应变–体变响应变化规律。分析表明：随着围压增加,特征粒径减小而级配指标增加,试样级配变化明显;随着围压增加,峰值（或临界）状态破碎指标增加,相应的应力比和内摩擦角则减小,两种状态下破碎指标与内摩擦角具有唯一对应关系;同一剪切过程中,破碎指标变化率、剪胀率和塑性剪切模量具有非同步变化关系,由此形成了颗粒破碎对于模拟堆石料应力变形影响的复杂性。     

A bounding surface plasticity model for highly crushable granular materials

A bounding surface plasticity model is presented for crushable rockfills in the framework of the critical state soil mechanics which includes translation of the critical state line due to particle crushing. A translating limiting isotropic compression line is also introduced and incorporated in the model to describe the position and evolution of the bounding surface. A particle breakage index is introduced as a function of stress invariants which controls the translation of the critical state and limiting isotropic compression lines. The performance of the model is demonstrated using the results of experimental tests on different types of rockfill materials conducted under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The study shows the capability of the model in capturing the characteristic features of the behavior of rockfill and other crushable materials such as ballast and coarse gravel under both conventional and complex loading paths.     

考虑粒间法向接触力作用的粗粒土颗粒破碎试验研究

利用岩石双轴流变试验机,采用砂岩、石灰岩和板岩3种材料模拟粗粒土进行了球-球法向接触的颗粒破碎力学试验,对粗粒土颗粒破碎的过程、破碎形态、弹性核和力-位移曲线进行了研究,分析了不同粗粒土材料和颗粒尺寸对法向接触力学特性及颗粒破碎规律的影响。通过试验研究,发现粗粒土颗粒在法向接触力作用下,先在颗粒接触点处开始产生局部破碎,形成弹性核,继而产生贯通裂缝,最后颗粒发生整体破碎。通过拟合,分别建立了球形颗粒破碎准则和弹性核尺寸的经验公式。本文从粗粒土颗粒接触角度研究颗粒破碎的力学机理,开辟了研究粗粒土颗粒破碎的新途径,也可为离散元数值模拟直接提供接触力学参数。     

原状黄土冻融过程抗剪强度劣化机理试验分析

通过对西安Q_3原状黄土在封闭系统冻融作用下的电镜扫描和直剪试验,研究了冻融作用对原状黄土微观结构和强度的影响。试验表明:冻融过程中原状黄土微观结构发生显著变化,大颗粒集粒数量明显减少,小粒径土颗粒所占比重增加,孔隙面积比增加。进一步基于损伤力学理论,得到微观结构冻融损伤度随冻融次数增加呈指数增加趋势,反映出冻融作用一定程度上破坏黄土体的结构强度,但多次冻融后黄土体结构强度趋于稳定的残余强度。冻融过程土样表面结构发生破坏,且含水率越高,土体表面特征破坏越严重。粘聚力随冻融次数增加呈指数衰减趋势,且含水率越高,粘聚力衰减幅值和速率越小;粘聚力随含水率增加表现出线性衰减特征,且冻融后粘聚力与含水率的变化规律近似重合;内摩擦角无明显规律性变化。粘聚强度冻融损伤系数随冻融次数增加呈指数增加趋势,随含水率升高有增大趋势。基于试验数据规律性,进一步提出了原状黄土粘聚强度劣化模型,该模型经试验验证可较好描述原状黄土粘聚强度劣化规律。