城市生活垃圾抗剪强度参数的测试与分析

对某城市生活垃圾填埋场取得的原状垃圾土样进行室内大尺寸直剪试验，根据试验结果，初步分析了影响垃圾土抗剪强度参数的诸因素，在垃圾填埋场进行现场旁压试验，给出了一种利用旁压曲线推求强度指标的方法。     

Self-boring in situ shear pressuremeter testing of clay from Dalian Bay,China

A new geotechnical in situ test technique using a self-boring in situ shear pressuremeter (SBISP) is developed to evaluate the initial state (horizontal at rest pressure P_h), deformation (yield pressure P_f and pressuremeter modulus E_P) and strength characteristics (cohesion C and internal friction angle φ) of soil. The SBISP possesses a self-boring drilling functionality that can greatly reduce the disturbance of the tested soil. The multistage compound loading method, which applies normal stress incrementally to the soil in the test hole while repeatedly applying shear stress, was adopted.Relying on the investigation of the cross-sea traffic engineering of Dalian Bay, three sites in the sea area of Dalian Bay were selected for SBISP testing of clay. The field vane shear test (FVT), pressuremeter test (PMT) and unconsolidated-undrained triaxial compression test (UU) were also evaluated at each testing site to compare with the SBISP test. The results measured by the SBISP and comparative tests (FVT, PMT and UU) showed the same trends with an increase in depth and change in strata. The differences in the test results were discussed in terms of the disturbance effect, anisotropy of undrained shear strength, differences in loading methods and instrumentation used in the different tests. A comparison between the results measured by the SBISP and in comparative tests shows that the engineering characteristics of Dalian Bay clay evaluated by SBISP are fairly accurate and can provide reference for the investigation and design of the cross-sea traffic engineering of Dalian Bay.     

三轴试验单试样多级加荷的适用性分析

抗剪强度是地基设计参数计算中的重要指标,本文通过对重塑土和原状土三轴试验的单样多级加荷与多样四级加荷试验方法的对比,阐述了单样多级加荷方法所提供抗剪强度值在实践中的可行性。     

Stiffness decay characteristics and disturbance effect evaluation of structured clay based on in-situ tests

The structure of the sedimentary clay influences its mechanical behavior in non-negligible ways. This paper proposes an effective approach for investigating the in-situ stiffness characteristics from shear modulus and strain decay curves (G–γ curves) based on self-boring pressuremeter and seismic dilatometer tests. To evaluate the excavation disturbance effects on the structured clay, the stiffness parameters from pre-bored pressuremeter tests are compared with the results of self-boring pressuremeter tests. The result indicates that the complete in-situ G–γ curves can be acquired by integrating the strain-dependent tangent shear modulus G_t from self-boring pressuremeter tests and the small-strain modulus G₀ from seismic dilatometer tests. Simultaneous observations of the G–γ curves with hyperbolic shapes in semi-logarithmic coordinates at the same strain scale show the similarity of the stiffness decay mode of the soil at different depths. The increase in the measured values of G_t and G₀ with depth can be attributed to the improved consolidation pressures and cemented strength in the structured clay. Additionally, the G/G₀–γ curves measured by the in-situ tests generally agree well with the results predicted by the Stokoe model. The excavation disturbance weakens the stiffness of the structured clay, as evidenced by G_t from the pre-bored pressuremeter data being significantly smaller than that from self-boring pressuremeter tests at the same depth. Based on quantitative analysis, the disturbance degree computed from the measured results has a low sensitivity to the soil depth and a strong negative correlation with the strain level of the soil. This study provides an effective method for predicting the stiffness parameters of structured soil based on in-situ tests.     

A Study on the Engineering Properties of Sand Improved by the Sand Compaction Pile Method

In order to directly evaluate the effects of soil improvement by the Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) method on the density, deformation, and static and liquefaction strength characteristics of sandy soils, a series of field and laboratory tests were performed. Laboratory tests were performed on high-quality undisturbed samples obtained from sandy soils both before and after soil improvement by the SCP method. The high-quality undisturbed samples were recovered by the in-situ freezing sampling method. The drained shear strength (internal friction angle, φ_d), liquefaction strength (R₁₅: cyclic stress ratio needed to cause 5% double amplitude axial strain in 15 cycles), and cyclic deformation characteristics (G~γ and h~γ relations) were determined by performing a series of laboratory tests on the undisturbed samples. Both the in-situ density and the relative density were measured on the undisturbed samples used in the laboratory tests. A standard penetration test (SPT) and a suspension-type P-S wave logging test were performed to investigate the soil profile of the test site before and after the sand compaction. Both the static and the liquefaction strengths of the sandy soils obtained in the laboratory tests were also compared with those estimated by empirical correlations used in practice based on the SPT N-value and soil gradations.     

秦皇岛滨海饱和软土的试验研究

为保持饱和软土的天然结构特征，野外采用开挖探井，环刀取土的方法获得了大量Ⅰ级土试样，并在室内进行有关饱和软土的物理力学性质试验。结果表明：秦皇岛滨海饱和软土的天然含水量介于37％～44％，土性属淤泥质粉质粘土。基于浅层平板载荷试验、静力触探试验以及十字板剪切试验，对饱和软土的天然抗剪强度、灵敏度、承载力进行了试验研究。建立了十字板抗剪强度和试验深度、静力触探比贯入阻力的经验公式，为工程应用提供了便利条件。秦皇岛滨海饱和软土的天然不排水抗剪强度平均值为27kPa，灵敏度为2．4～12．5，具有中高灵敏性。其地基强度的使用应综合考虑建筑物的加载速率、地基容许变形等多种因素。     

Quantitative analysis of the microstructure of Shanghai muddy clay before and after freezing

Artificial freezing is becoming a common method of enhancing soil quality when undertaking large scale underground structures in Shanghai. This paper presents the variation in the frozen strength of Shanghai muddy clay with temperature. SEM studies were undertaken to analyse the shape and size of the pores in the frozen material compared with the undisturbed clay. The results show that compared with undisturbed soil, the shape and the orientation of the pores in samples frozen at −10, −15 and −20°C did not significantly change after the compression testing, although the pore volume increased with decreasing temperature. The relationship between microstructure and moisture migration is discussed.     

Prediction of embankment settlements over marine clay using piezocone penetration tests

The paper discusses the use of piezocone penetration testing (CPTU) and evaluates four methods of interpretation for predicting the deformation constrained modulus (M) used to calculate the consolidation settlement of cohesive soil. CPTU tests were performed at eight embankment sites in the Lianyungang marine clay and high-quality samples for laboratory testing were collected close to the CPTU test locations. The constrained modulus (M) values predicted using the different interpretation methods were compared with the reference values determined from the laboratory consolidation tests. A new correlation was also developed to predict M from the net cone tip resistance (q _t  − σ _vo ). The paper discusses a simple approach to the use of the CPTU method to estimate the settlements of expressway embankments     

不同剪切速率下软土的直剪固结快剪抗剪强度

直剪试验因受仪器结构的限制 ,只能以剪切速率的快慢来控制试样的排水条件。通过宁波大榭 34组软土原状土样的室内试验分析 ,剪切速率 0 8mm min和 2 4mm min所得的直剪固结快剪强度 ,前者比后者内摩擦角平均大近一倍。对照三轴固结不排水试验成果的分析 ,认为 2 4mm min速率对本软土较适宜。     

Effect of Temperature on Shear Strength and Yielding Behavior of Soft Bangkok Clay

This paper presents the results of an intensive laboratory study carried out on undisturbed soft Bangkok clay specimens to investigate the effect of temperature on shear strength and yielding behavior especially in states wetter than critical condition. Modified triaxial apparatus that can handle elevated temperature up to 100°C has been used in this study. The experimental program includes series of drained and undrained compression triaxial tests, and isotropic and anisotropic consolidation tests conducted at different temperature levels (25, 70, 90°C). The results of the experimental program were analyzed in light of the definitions of the critical state soil mechanics theory. The outcomes of this study provide useful test results and thorough understanding that can enhance the constitutive modeling of saturated fine grained soils behavior under elevated temperatures.     

硬壳层地基强度特性的室内试验研究

以工程项目为依托,采取原状土样进行室内常规试验及CU三轴试验,得出硬壳层及下部软土的物理力学性质指标的差异性,并进行分析,为工程实践中硬壳层的利用及研究提供参考。     

南海北部陆坡软黏土全流动强度试验研究

鉴于海底软黏土强度测试困难和精度不足的现状,研发了一种适用于低强度、高含水率土体强度测试的新型全流动贯入仪,并进行了有效性校验。在此基础上,针对南海北部陆坡区典型软黏土,开展了多组原状试样的全流动强度试验,分析了试验中初始阻力系数N与重塑阻力系数N_(rem)的取值范围,给出了软黏土扰动前后不排水剪切强度沿深度的分布特征及变化趋势,并结合微观孔隙面积比和宏观构造灵敏度,探究了研究区土体的强结构特征。最后,基于重塑不排水剪切强度与含水率/液限间的关联性分析,提出了适用于研究区土体的不排水剪切强度归一化模型,为南海北部陆坡区海底能源开发、海洋工程基础设计与地质灾害预测提供参考。     

Radial consolidation characteristics of soft undisturbed clay based on large specimens

In recent years, reconstituted small samples have often been used to assess the performance of radial consolidation due to prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), but the permeability and compressibility of samples of undisturbed soil often differ from those of the remoulded ones. The problem seems more complex in marine environment due to the presence of random coarse particles including gravels, shells and natural partings. Performing small-scale laboratory experiment with reconstituted samples, especially in marine environment, cannot predict the exact soil behaviour in the field. This paper describes an experimental programme that measures radial consolidation using a conventional Rowe cell and a large-scale consolidometer, where the samples of undisturbed soil obtained from a site along the Pacific Highway (north of Sydney) were compared using measured settlements and excess pore pressures. Moreover, this paper highlights the implications of the smear effect and sample size influence, which are imperative in translating the laboratory testing practices to actual real-life behaviour. The effect of vacuum pressure on the coefficient of radial consolidation of a large-scale undisturbed test specimen is also discussed. The paper demonstrates that the extent of smear zone in the field can be very similar to the large-scale laboratory consolidation test using a scaled-down drain and mandrel, but considerably different from the data obtained for small laboratory specimens.     

干湿循环效应对南宁外环膨胀土抗剪强度的影响

针对膨胀土边坡滑坍多呈浅层破坏的现状,选取南宁外环膨胀土原状样与重塑样开展对比试验,精心设计试验方案,改进常规直剪试样制备条件和试验方法,使模拟土体季节性干缩湿胀过程更接近实际,探究了2种土样经历多次干湿循环作用后抗剪强度的衰减规律。结果表明：试样制备中有上覆荷载作用,实测土样经历同样干湿循环次数后的强度衰减幅度比无荷条件下的小,再次验证荷载对抑制强度衰减作用明显；不管原状还是重塑样经干湿循环后的强度衰减主要是c值大幅降低,其值虽也减小但降幅都不大；此外,计入边坡浅层破坏时滑面的低应力条件开展试验并分析测试结果,得到做边坡浅层稳定性分析时合理的抗剪强度参数,研究结果可供工程设计参考。     

含水量变化对红粘土变形和强度特性的影响研究

对击实后的红粘土土样在饱和前、饱和后进行了三轴剪切试验和无侧限抗压强度试验,研究其抗剪强度特征的变化规律。针对原状土样和重塑土样在脱湿或加湿过程中无侧限抗压强度的变化进行了研究。研究表明,在脱湿过程中,土体的抗剪强度逐渐增大,而且原状土的应力应变关系曲线一般呈应变软化的特点,而重塑土的应力应变关系曲线则一般呈现硬化的特点;在加湿过程中,原状土无侧限抗压强度峰值并不明显。分析表明,脱湿过程或加湿过程中土样强度随含水率的变化是显著的。     

Estimation of In-Situ Undrained Strength of Soft Soil Deposits by use of Unconfined Compression Test with Suction Measurement

Unconfined compression tests have been widely used in Japan for the purpose of determining undrained strengths of clay samples, but the unconfined compressive strengths are usually scattered even if specimens tested seem to have been subjected to the same stress history. This is due to the characteristic of the test itself, which is performed under unstable confining stress given by capillary pressure of the sample itself. In order to make clear the cause of scattering of measured strengths, three series of tests simulating the process from sampling to unconfined and triaxial compression tests on saturated soil samples are performed with three remolded and three undisturbed clays together with an undisturbed peat, and the influence of stress release and mechanical disturbance of the test specimen on the undrained strength is examined. Based on the test results, a practical method for estimating the in-situ undrained strength of soft soils from the results of a routine unconfined compression (UC) test together with suction measurement is proposed. From comparisons of the undrained strength profiles estimated by the proposed method with the strength profiles obtained by in-situ sounding test, it is found that the strength obtained by UC test can be reasonably corrected to estimate the in-situ undrained strength of soft soil deposits.     

人工冻融软黏土微观孔隙变化及分形特性分析

为探讨软黏土融沉及压缩特性的微观机理,以宁波地区软黏土为研究对象,采用冻融、压缩和压汞试验,对冻融和压缩前后的软黏土微观孔隙分布及变化进行了研究。取原状土、融土、压缩原状土、压缩融土4种土样分别进行压汞试验,提出孔径划分方法,结合分形理论对冻融软黏土微观孔隙变化进行分析,研究了软黏土的孔隙分布特征,并采用容量维数对孔体积分布和孔表面积分布进行计算,分析了冻融及压缩前后颗粒接触及孔隙变化。研究结果表明:软黏土冻融后孔体积和孔表面积均增大;原状土和融土压缩后孔体积和孔表面积均减小,软黏土的孔体积和孔表面积80%以上分布于微孔和超微孔中;软黏土冻融及压缩前后孔体积和孔表面积存在分形特性。     

旁压试验反演邓肯-张模型参数方法研究

研究了联合室内模拟试验和现场旁压仪试验综合确定邓肯 -张E-B 模型有关参数的方法。内容包括 :①采用邓肯 -张E-B 模型和有限元方法 ,对旁压试验机理进行数值模拟 ;②研制采用阻尼最小二乘法非线性优化理论 ,依据实测旁压曲线 ,进行土体本构模型参数反演的方法和计算机程序 ;③在对模型各参数敏感性分析基础上 ,以室内试验结果为初值 ,对某工程地基覆盖层现场旁压试验实测曲线进行E-B 模型参数的反演分析。为实际工程的计算分析提供了更为可靠依据     

Performance of Band Shaped Vertical Drain for Soft Hai Phong Clay

Performance of band shaped prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) installed into soft Hai Phong clay with a 110 cm triangle arrangement is reported together with the engineering properties of the clay investigated by field and laboratory tests. Stationary piston sampling was carried out to obtain high quality undisturbed soil samples for laboratory tests and reliable engineering characteristics of the clay. It was assumed for the design of PVD spacing and preloading that the ratio of apparent value of horizontal coefficient of consolidation c_h(ap) to vertical coefficient of consolidation c_v is equal to 1.0. The settlement monitored in the field, which clearly showed that the actual settlement was faster than expected, resulted in the c_h(ap) value 1.5 times as much as c_v determined by the laboratory test.     

Proposal of a Simple Method for Assessing the Susceptibility of Naturally Deposited Clay Grounds to Large Long-Term Settlement due to Embankment Loading

A simple method that utilizes the results of laboratory tests has been proposed for determining the susceptibility of soft clay grounds to large residual consolidation settlement due to embankment loading. It was found that there is a possibility of large long-term settlement if the sensitivity and compression index ratios of the clay material that constitutes the ground are equal to or more than 8.0 and 1.5, respectively. The compression index ratio is defined in this paper as the ratio (Cc/Ccr) of the steepest gradient of the compression curve of an undisturbed sample to that of the remolded sample. Through the SYS Cam-clay model, an elasto-plastic constitutive model that describes the actions of the soil skeleton structure, it was found that clays with large sensitivity and compression index ratios are characterized by initially highly structured soils and that decay/upgradation of the structure can easily occur due to plastic deformation. In addition, by following Schmertmann's graphic method for in-situ compression curve (1953), this paper proposes a method of deducing the in-situ initial conditions from the results of laboratory consolidation tests on undisturbed samples. These investigations revealed not only that large delayed settlement is facilitated in clays, which have higher degrees of structure and faster rates of structural decay, but also that the Δe method and other simple methods of predicting settlement may underestimate the amount of settlement.