Liquefaction of Unsaturated Sand Considering the Pore Air Pressure and Volume Compressibility of the Soil Particle Skeleton

A series of cyclic triaxial tests of unsaturated soils was conducted to get a better understanding of the general liquefaction state of unsaturated soils. In the tests, cyclic shear strain was applied to fine clean sand with the same dry density but different initial suction states under the undrained condition. During cyclic shear, the volume change of the soil particle skeleton, the pore air pressure and the pore water pressure were measured continuously. Having used the effective stress defined by Bishop (Bishop et al., 1963), where the net stress and suction contribute to the effective stress, our test results showed that unsaturated sand specimens with quite a low degree of saturation lose their effective stress due to cyclic shear. At a zero effective stress state, unsaturated specimens behaved similarly to liquids in much the same way as saturated specimens. From experimental and theoretical considerations, the zero effective stress state (i.e., liquefaction) for unsaturated sand was found to have been established when both the pore air and water pressures build up to the point where it is equal to the initial total pressure. A volume change of pore air under the undrained condition, if a volume change of pore water is negligible, is equal to that of the soil particle skeleton. Therefore, it can be concluded that the liquefaction of unsaturated soil generally depends on the volume compressibility of the soil particle skeleton and the degree of saturation. On the other hand, according to the ideal gas equation of Boyle-Charles law, the volume change required to bring about a zero effective stress state can be calculated from the initial pore air pressure (usually the atmospheric pressure) and the final pore air pressure (the initial confining pressure). Therefore, the liquefaction of unsaturated soils also depends on the initial confining pressure. Based on this concept, the liquefaction potential of unsaturated soil can be evaluated by comparing the volume compressibility of the soil particle skeleton and the volume change of the pore air required to bring about a zero effective stress state.     

非饱和土热–水–力全耦合本构模型及其验证

在地热资源开发与利用、核废料地质处理、垃圾填埋场等诸多岩土工程领域都需要考虑温度对非饱和土性质的影响。为了更为全面描述非饱和土在热–水–力耦合条件下的变形及持水特性,以平均土骨架应力、修正吸力和温度为应力变量,以比体积和饱和度为应变变量,建立了一个非饱和土热–水–力全耦合本构模型。模型通过屈服面方程及屈服面之间的耦合规律来反映热–水–力之间的相互影响,主要包含温度和饱和度对力学特性的影响,吸力和超固结比(应力历史)对热变形的影响,密度、温度和滞回效应对持水特性的影响,温度、应力和滞回效应对干化及湿化变形的影响。利用建立的模型,对不同应力路径下的试验进行预测。通过预测与试验结果的对比,验证了模型的适用性。     

Tests on mechanical behavior of unsaturated decomposed granite and its modelling considering finite deformation

Generally speaking, most of the geomaterials in the surface ground are in an unsaturated state. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of unsaturated soil are much more complicated than those of saturated soil. To rationally describe these properties, it is important to couple the stress-strain relation of the unsaturated soil with its water retention characteristics using rational state variables. In this paper, oedometer and triaxial compression tests on decomposed granite under constant-suction and constant degree of saturation conditions were conducted. Based on the test results, a modified constitutive model was proposed to build an incremental relation between the degree of saturation and suction that considers the influence of finite deformation. The modified model was utilized to simulate the corresponding laboratory tests. It is found that the modified constitutive model has satisfactory accuracy to describe the mechanical and hydraulic properties of unsaturated decomposed granite, which verified the reasonability of the assumption adopted in this paper. The test results are also helpful for the understanding of the moisture characteristics of the decomposed granite under constant degree of saturation condition.     

非饱和土本构模型中应力变量选择研究

 应力变量是本构模型的基本要素之一,非饱和土本构模型中应力变量的选择目前仍有较大争议,各模型中应力变量的选择非常混乱,严重阻碍了理论研究的进一步发展。Bishop有效应力或其修正的应力形式,以及新提出的吸应力等,虽然可以较好地表示非饱和土强度,但不能模拟非饱和土浸湿后体积膨胀和坍塌现象。双应力变量目前应用较多,有考虑非饱和土中孔隙水对土体力学性质影响的骨架应力和毛细应力,有用得最多的净应力和吸力,或者两个应力变量一个是应力的函数,另一个是吸力(或饱和度)的函数等多种形式,可以较好地反映非饱和土的强度和变形特性,但目前双应力变量选择有很大的随意性,没有确凿的理论依据。重点指出建立本构模型时土体的应力变量不能随意选用,应满足Houlsby功率方程,同时还要注意与应力变量对应的应变变量的选择。旨在澄清目前的混淆概念,为非饱和土本构模型建立提出合理的应力变量。     

非饱和土的修正SFG模型研究

从非饱和土的有效应力出发,对SFG模型进行了修正,将饱和度的影响引入到了模型当中,使得模型在不增加参数的同时可以反映更多的实验现象。首先简单介绍了SFG模型。然后以功的表达式推导得到的非饱和土有效应力为基础给出了非饱和土的体变方程,在饱和阶段该方程可以自动退化为饱和土的体变方程。结合土水特征曲线方程,推导得到了修正模型的加载湿陷屈服面方程,由此得到的屈服面方程不仅是吸力的函数,同时也是饱和度的函数。屈服面可以连续光滑地从饱和状态过渡到非饱和状态,并可以预测干燥时出现塑性变形的现象。此外它还可以反映SFG模型无法反映的现象,即考虑饱和度的影响,对于吸力相同饱和度不同的土样,给出的屈服应力将不同。最后利用已有试验数据对修正模型进行了验证,说明了修正模型与试验结果是相符的。     

考虑微观孔隙结构的非饱和土水–力耦合本构模型

非饱和土在应力和水力路径的作用下均会产生微观孔隙结构的变化,同时,不同的孔隙类型和结构也会对非饱和土宏观水力、力学特性产生不同的影响,尤其是在膨胀土、压实黏土等双孔结构土中,这种影响尤为显著。以Wheeler建立的非饱和土水–力全耦合模型(GCM)为理论框架,引入有效饱和度来描述土体内部宏观和微观孔隙对水–力特性的不同影响,提出考虑孔隙结构影响的Bishop有效应力表达式,建立了各向等压状态下考虑微观结构的非饱和土水–力耦合本构模型,并实现了模型的预测功能。通过与非饱和土等向压缩试验结果的对比,初步验证了所建立模型的合理性和有效性。     

非饱和砂土及黏土的水-力耦合双屈服面模型

使用精细的本构模型来同时分析非饱和砂土和黏土水力耦合特性依旧是一个挑战。提出了一种包含加载湿陷及剪切滑移双重塑性机制的水-力耦合模型。力学模型中选取Bishop应力作为应力变量,采用孔隙比和有效饱和度作为状态变量。模型中给出了孔隙比-平均土骨架应力的半对数坐标系内依赖于有效饱和度的临界状态线的表达式,其与剪切滑动屈服面的非关联流动准则的结合保证了模型可以更合理地预测非饱和土（包括砂土和黏土）的剪胀和剪缩性质。通过模拟粉砂和高岭土的三轴试验,对该模型预测非饱和土主要特征的能力进行了分析。     

Constitutive model for swelling properties of unsaturated bentonite buffer materials during saturation

Bentonite-based materials are candidate buffer materials for the geological disposal of radioactive waste in many countries. Once the disposal facility is closed and the groundwater level recovers, the buffer will gradually become saturated by the infiltration of groundwater. The swelling properties of saturated bentonite affect the distribution of dry density and the stress state within the buffer. Therefore, to evaluate the long-term safety of the buffer, a model must be developed that can continuously express the mechanical behavior of bentonite from the construction and operation of the repository for disposal (the unsaturated state) to the resaturation phase (saturated state). In this study, the existing elastoplastic constitutive model for saturated expansive soils was extended to predict the mechanical response in the unsaturated state. In formulating this model, the effective degree of saturation and the plastic volumetric strain were employed as the hardening parameters to express the changes in stiffness and swelling properties due to desaturation or saturation. In addition, a method was proposed for estimating the material parameters added to the expanded constitutive model. This study demonstrated the validity of the proposed constitutive model and the parameter estimation method by comparing the results of simulations with those of laboratory tests.     

非饱和膨胀土总强度指标随饱和度变化规律

建立在有效应力基础上的非饱和土强度理论公式参数测试复杂、不便于工程应用,而包含吸附强度的总强度指标也能反映非饱和土的强度特性且易于获取。为此,以土水特征曲线为理论依据,采用抽气饱和、风干脱水法控制试样的饱和状态,用常规直剪仪对不同状态下的宁明膨胀土进行固结快剪试验,得到其总强度指标随含水量、饱和度的增大而衰减的变化规律。其中,黏聚力、内摩擦角的对数和含水量之间以及内摩擦角与饱和度之间成线性关系;黏聚力随饱和度的变化可用二次抛物线描述。对该规律的普遍性还用廖世文、卢肇钧同类试验结果的分析来加以检验。此外,针对膨胀土路堑边坡滑坍的特点,对如何将非饱和膨胀土总强度指标用于边坡稳定性分析进行探讨,研究结果可为工程应用提供参考。     

土体热传导性能及其热导率模型研究

为研究不同土体的热传导特性变化规律,利用热探针测试了南京地区典型土体在不同含水量和干密度状态下的热阻系数,分析了含水量、干密度、饱和度以及矿物成分等因素对土体热阻系数的影响,研究了不同状态下土体热导率的预测模型,提出了适用于不同地区土体热阻系数估算的修正系数.结果表明:南京地区典型土体的热阻系数随含水量和干密度增加而减小,当含水量超过一定范围后,热阻系数趋于稳定;热阻系数与饱和度之间的关系表现出与其含水量之间相似的变化规律;土颗粒的热传导特性由其矿物成分决定,石英含量对土颗粒热传导特性有着显著影响;提出了可用于非饱和土热导率估算的修正归一化模型,该模型对于粗粒土具有较高的预测精度,细粒土则需考虑区域差别进行修正.     

不排水条件下非饱和土水力–力学耦合特性数值模拟

非饱和土即便在不排水、不排气条件下也将发生体变,这为预测非饱和土不排水、不排气力学特性带来了困难。基于三相孔隙介质理论,结合非饱和土的弹塑性本构模型推导了不排水、不排气条件下非饱和土三轴剪切三相耦合控制方程,对非饱和土的不排水、不排气三轴剪切特性进行预测。数值模拟结果表明,此方法能够描述非饱和土在不排水、不排气条件下的水力–力学特性,如体缩特性、孔隙水压力和孔隙气压力增长以及饱和度增大等特性。数值计算结果与室内试验结果一致,证实了所提数值分析方法的合理性。     

粘土表面干缩裂缝形成过程的数值模拟(英文)

基于孔隙气压力等于大气压力的假定,建议了针对非饱和土的简化固结理论。相应的修改了饱和土的有限元程序,用于分析粘土表面干缩裂缝的形成过程。数值分析中将多边形网状分布的裂缝简化为轴对称问题,对土骨架采用弹塑性的双硬化模型进行描述,并分析了不同参数对裂缝宽度和深度影响的敏感性。     

关于非饱和土本构研究的几个基本规律的探讨

非饱和土是土不同状态的一种,所有的土都可能对于水处于部分饱和状态。因此,理想的土本构模型应该能够预测在所有可能的孔压和应力范围内土的性质;同时,也可以描述在该范围内任一的应力和水力路径。在过去大约 20 a 的时间中,非饱和土本构性质的研究经历了重大的发展,主要表现在以下几个基本理论方面：体积变化、剪切强度、屈服应力、土水滞回及水力学性质的耦合等。拟从对试验数据的预测效果、各理论间的一致性以及饱和与非饱和状态的连续性 3 个方面,对非饱和土本构基本理论的研究现况进行分析、归纳。     

膨胀性非饱和土水力和力学性质的弹塑性模拟

Alonso等人提出的非饱和土弹塑性本构模型(BBM),不能用于预测膨胀性非饱和土的力学性质。现有的膨胀性非饱和土的弹塑性模型(BExM),其微观参数及微宏观变形的转换关系确定非常困难。从宏观角度,在已有的非膨胀性非饱和土水力特性和力学性质耦合的弹塑性本构模型的基础上,发展和建立了一个可预测非饱和膨胀土的水力特性和力学特性的弹塑性本构模型。模型引入不同形状的等孔隙比线与屈服线,并考虑了变形对土水特性的影响。对已公开发表的非饱和膨胀土的试验结果进行预测,包括常净应力的吸湿试验,吸力不变的等向压缩试验及三轴剪切试验。预测结果表明该模型能够定量的描述膨胀性非饱和土的水力和力学特性。     

Dynamic constitutive model for soils considering asymmetry of skeleton curve

Based on the asymmetric characteristic of skeleton curve obtained from dynamic tests on soils,a function with double asymptotes is proposed for describing the dynamic constitutive relations of soils.The hysteresis loops observed during unloading and reloading show the same form as the skeleton curve and are constructed by taking the ultimate stress as the corresponding asymptote.The coeffcient of initial unloading modulus is used to ensure that the constructed hysteresis loop fts well with the experimental data.Then,a new dynamic constitutive model considering the asymmetry of skeleton curve is elaborated.The verifcation tests on saturated Nanjing fne sand are performed using a hollow cylinder apparatus to verify the applicability of the UD model.It is found that the predicted curves by the UD model agree well with the test data.     

基于颗粒物质热动力学理论的非饱和土热水力耦合模型研究

基于颗粒物质热动力学理论和混合物理论,结合改进的土水特征曲线(SWCC)模型,考虑温度和饱和度变化引发的颗粒层次能量耗散,提出了一个非饱和土的热水力耦合模型。该模型引入颗粒熵和颗粒温度的概念,通过构建热力学恒等式得出非饱和土非弹性变形的本构关系,并通过迁移系数和能量函数模型将非饱和土体的耗散机制与宏观的物理力学行为建立联系。基于该理论模型,研究了非饱和土的热水力耦合问题,通过模拟结果与试验数据的对比,证实了模型的有效性。模拟结果表明,模型具有描述非饱和土在不同温度和吸力下的固结和剪切特性以及非等温条件下的热体应变特性的能力。     

非饱和粘土路基平衡湿度空间分布特征及预估

通过室内外试验探讨了非饱和粘土路基平衡湿度沿道路横断面的空间分布特征，并基于非饱和土力学基本理论，采用滤纸法测定了不同含水量土样的基质吸力，标定了反映含水量与基质吸力单值函数关系的土水特征曲线模型，建立了大气降水/蒸发影响区以外非饱和粘土路基平衡湿度的预估方法。研究结果表明，近中央分隔带和路肩处的上部路基土的平衡湿度受大气降水/蒸发的影响显著；大气降水/蒸发影响区以外的路基土平衡湿度主要受控于地下水位的影响；Fredlund&Xing模型可较好地表征非饱和粘性路基土湿度和基质吸力的相关关系，模型参数拟合结果具有较高的可靠性；地下水位控制区粘土路基平衡湿度预估结果与试验测试值之间具有较高的一致性，预估方法合理可靠。     

Soil–water–air fully coupling finite element analysis of slope failure in unsaturated ground

In this paper, a program of the finite element method (FEM), named as SOFT, using a finite element–finite difference scheme (FE–FD) for soil–water–air three-phase coupling problems, has been developed based on a rational and simple constitutive model for unsaturated soil proposed by Zhang and Ikariya (2011). In the program, similar to the works by Uzuoka et al. (2009) and Oka et al. (2010b), the FE–FD formulation in saturated condition of soil–water coupling problem, proposed by Oka et al. (1994), has been extended to unsaturated condition in soil–water–air fully coupling scheme, taking the saturation as a state variable. In order to verify the availability of the proposed numerical method, triaxial tests on unsaturated silty clay under fully undrained and unvented conditions, conducted by Oka et al. (2010a), are firstly simulated by the proposed method. The development of pore air pressure and pore water pressure measured in the specimen can be reproduced well by the proposed method. Furthermore, model tests on slope failure in unsaturated Shirasu, carried out by Kitamura et al. (2007), are also simulated by the same numerical method. From the simulation it is known that the slope failure behavior of the model ground observed in the tests can be described, on the whole, with satisfactory accuracy