Interactive behavior of Pleistocene marine foundation of existing 1st phase island due to construction of 2nd phase island of Kansai International Airport

A series of elasto-viscoplastic finite element analyses is performed to assess the interactive behavior of the Pleistocene marine foundation of the existing 1st phase island due to the construction of the adjacent 2nd phase island of the Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay. Marine foundations modeled independently for the 1st and 2nd phase islands, considering the increase in thickness of the individual layers toward the offshore area, are proposed for the finite element analyses. The mechanism for the propagation of excess pore water pressure, due to the construction of the adjacent reclamation, is discussed through a numerical procedure using the concept of “mass permeability” introduced to model the actual process of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure in the field. A modeling of the compressibility of the quasi-overconsolidated Pleistocene clay is also adopted to analyze the long-term settlement behavior. It is found that the present numerical analyses are capable of describing the large and long-term settlement together with the insufficient dissipation and propagation of excess pore water pressure due to the construction of the adjacent reclamation in the Pleistocene clay and sand gravel layers that has actually taken place in the field. The calculated performance is validated by comparing it with the measured results obtained for over 20 years from the start of the construction.     

The Second Phase Construction of Kansai International Airport Considering the Large and Long-Term Settlement of the Clay Deposits

Kansai International Airport was planned to provide a fundamental solution to the aircraft noise pollution problem in the area surrounding Osaka International Airport (Itami Airport) and to the increasing demand for air transportation This man-made island was constructed 5 km offshore in Osaka bay to minimize noise pollution in residential areas. The airport commenced operations in September 1994. The second phase of construction work involved building an island further offshore than the island built in the first phase. Since the sea water is deep at the Kansai International Airport construction site and the layers below the seabed consist of a very soft layer of Holocene clay (immediately below the seabed surface) followed by alternate layers of Pleistocene clay and sand/gravel, the construction of an airport island was expected to produce a considerable amount of ground settlement. The amount of settlement during and after construction needed to be predicted in the design of the airport islands, and the results needed to be considered in the details of the land development work. This report outlines the second phase construction work at Kansai International Airport and describes the related geotechnical issues, with a particular emphasis on settlement.     

拉哇水电站上游围堰渗流与应力变形动态耦合仿真分析

深厚低渗透土层天然地基上的土石围堰基础中,常常需要采用碎石桩等处理措施缩短固结排水距离,以控制堰基超孔隙水压力的累计幅度,加速其消散速度,从而减小堰基的变形,提高防渗体系的结构安全性和堰基的抗滑稳定性。基于拉哇水电站上游围堰设计论证和优化的需要,发展了围堰填筑和基坑开挖全过程渗流与应力变形耦合的二维和三维有限元仿真方法,并在LinkFEA软件中实现,成功用于拉哇上游围堰的计算分析。主要基于二维模型,介绍了二维模型中考虑三维绕渗效应、耦合计算中水中填筑与开挖边界条件处理、防渗墙与碎石桩施工仿真,二维模型中碎石桩与土复合地基的等效概化、低渗透土层的渗透系数随着压密而变化模拟等方面的方法,进行了拉哇上游围堰从地基初始应力计算、土体填筑与结构物施工、基坑开挖的全过程的渗流与应力变形的耦合计算,并对围堰戗堤填筑完成和堰体填筑完成两个典型时刻堰基的孔隙水压力、位移和土层与桩中的应力情况进行了分析。     

考虑土体三维强度特性的静压桩周超孔压解析及演变

 将饱和黏性土中静压沉桩过程近视看作柱孔不排水扩张问题,在充分考虑土体三维强度特性的条件下采用SMP准则改进的修正剑桥模型,推导得出柱孔扩张引起超孔压的基本解答。在此基础上,考虑桩周土竖向和径向固结,建立空间轴对称固结方程的定解条件,采用分离变量法求得桩周超静孔隙水压力消散的级数解答。分析桩周土体超静孔隙水压力随时间和空间的演变规律,揭示应力历史、径向和竖向固结系数以及剪切模量等因素对初始超孔压的产生和随后的固结速率的影响规律,并通过实例验证本文解答的合理性和适用性。通过与现场实测对比,本文解答较好地反映了静压桩周土体超静孔隙水压力的演变规律。此外,桩周土体的超静孔隙水压力随距桩侧径向距离增大呈对数衰减。剪切模量和竖向固结系数对桩周土体固结速率影响较小,而土体超固结比和径向固结系数对固结速率影响较为显著,表明超孔压消散主要发生在径向。研究成果对静压桩承载力的确定具有一定的指导意义。     

考虑自重应力和Hansbo渗流的饱和黏土一维弹黏塑性固结分析

考虑地基土沿深度方向变化的自重应力,引入考虑时间效应的统一硬化(UH)本构模型描述饱和黏土固结过程中的弹黏塑性变形,同时采用Hansbo渗流方程描述固结过程中的非Darcy渗流,对太沙基饱和黏土一维固结方程进行修正,并给出有限体积法数值求解格式。通过与固结试验结果对比,验证了UH模型的适用性。然后探讨了土体自重应力、黏滞性、Hansbo渗流参数、土层厚度及外荷载大小等因素对弹黏塑性固结过程的影响。结果表明:在加载初期,土体的黏滞效应在地基不排水面附近引起了超静孔压升高的现象,且土体自重应力和Hansbo渗流对此均有增强作用,但是随外荷载的增大,这一现象有所减弱;同时,考虑土体自重应力将延缓加载初期饱和黏土地基中超静孔压的整体消散速率,但加快加载中后期饱和黏土地基的固结速率;并且,随着次固结指数、土层厚度及Hansbo渗流参数的增大,饱和黏土地基中超静孔压整体消散滞后,但增大外荷载却加快了饱和黏土地基的固结速率。     

单幅值循环动载下饱和砾砂动力特性试验研究

为探究动应力比和围压对饱和砾砂动力特性的影响,通过一系列饱和砾砂动三轴试验,分析了动应力比和围压对饱和砾砂轴向累积应变、回弹模量、动孔隙水压力以及滞回曲线的影响。结果表明:在同一围压下,动应力比增加时,砾砂的轴向累积应变、回弹模量增大,而动孔隙水压力减小;不同围压下,饱和砾砂的轴向累积应变、回弹模量以及动孔隙水压力均随围压的增加而增大;围压的增大有利于提高土体能量耗散的能力,而振次的增加会使土体的耗能作用减小;滞回曲线的倾斜程度随动应力比、围压以及振次的增加而增大,表明土体的回弹模量增加、刚度增大;滞回曲线的演化规律能够更加形象地反映出土体形变、刚度和耗能作用的变化,对土体动力特性进行分析时应结合滞回曲线的演化规律进行综合分析。     

饱和砂土地基三维地震响应分析

对饱和砂土地基进行了完全耦合的三维排水有效应力动力分析.探讨了不同输入地震加速度、不同土性参数和不同土层构成等因素对饱和砂土地基抗液化性能的影响.结果表明:在地震荷载作用下,天然饱和砂土地基的水平振动加速度沿深度方向自下而上被放大;在地震中,地基中超孔压比的分布规律基本是上下部较小,中部较大;土性参数对地基本身的哪抗液化性能有重要影响,初始孔隙比越小,相对密度越大,土体的抗液化能力越强;随输入地震加速度的减弱,由粘土和砂土构成的地基,在不同深度处的超孔压比基本保持不变,没有出现明显的超孔压消散现象.     

Effect of clogging of stone column on drainage capacity during soil liquefaction

Stone columns act as vertical drains, and due to their high permeability, allow for the quick dissipation of earthquake induced excess pore water pressure. When water flows through a loose sandy soil, it washes away fine soil particles. The fine sand particles get detached when the hydrodynamic force applied on the soil particles breaks the inter particle bonds between soil grains. These detached soil particles are then migrated by the seepage water. Based on the concentration of the soil particles in the seepage water, these may be captured at the pore constriction of gravels during the flow of water through the stone column. Thus, the clogging of stone column initiates which reduces of the permeability of column. The rate of dissipation of pore water pressure during earthquake is affected due to the clogging of column. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to determine the rate of dissipation of pore water pressure of stone column-reinforced ground by considering the clogging effect of column. The result obtained from the proposed model is verified with the available in-situ experimental data. A parametric study is also performed to investigate the effect of different parameters of the proposed model on the clogging of stone column. It is observed that when the permeability ratio, compressibility ratio and area ratio decrease, the possibility of clogging increases. The peak value of the excess pore water pressure ratio can increase up to around 50% due to clogging.     

冲击载荷下饱和砂土中超孔隙水压力的建立与消散过程

对落锤冲击造成饱和砂土中的冲击压力进行了测量。通过测量得到了冲击时饱和砂土中超孔隙水压力的建立和消散过程。分析了多次冲击对超孔隙水压力建立的影响。得到了一次冲击就能使饱和砂土达到完全液化的冲击强度临界值．     

施工荷载下理想砂井地基弹黏塑性固结分析

为深入研究饱和黏土流变特性及施工荷载对理想砂井地基固结性状的影响,在Barron理想砂井固结理论基本假定的基础上,引入考虑时间效应的统一硬化(UH)本构模型描述饱和黏土的弹黏塑性变形,同时将施工荷载简化为线性加载,重新推导了理想砂井固结方程,并给出了固结方程的隐式差分格式。通过与文献中变荷载下砂井地基非线性固结方程解析解的对比,验证了研究方法的有效性。探讨了施工荷载和UH模型参数等对砂井地基固结进程的影响。结果表明:施工阶段砂井地基内出现的孔压升高现象不仅是施工荷载随时间增加造成的,黏土的黏滞性也是原因之一; 延长工期和增大UH模型参数均会使砂井地基孔隙水压力的整体消散时间延长,从而减小其固结速率; 当工期较长时,按瞬时加载情况计算砂井地基的固结进程将会产生较大误差,而忽略土体的黏滞性将会高估砂井地基的固结速率。     

地震荷载作用下饱和砂层孔隙水压力的增长与消散

本文用有限元法对地震荷载和不同排水条件下陡河水库土坝砂基中孔隙水压力的增长与扩散过程,以及振动结束后孔隙水压力的重分布与消散过程进行了计算分析。通过动力三轴试验,给出了饱和砂的残余孔隙水压力的全量表达式和不同液化破坏阶段的临界孔隙水压力比的表达式。本文定义了液化势评价准则,并对该坝在1976年唐山大地震时的稳定性进行了分析。得到的结果能较好地说明宏观破坏现象,同时也表明砂砾井和砂砾层有明显的排渗作用。     

排灌水条件下砂黏土层变形响应模型箱试验

地面沉降区野外钻孔土层应变监测数据表明,含水砂层上方的黏土层存在着明显的压应变。为研究这一现象,建立了砂黏互层小型模型箱,沿土层竖直方向埋设分布式应变监测光纤,水位管和沉降标。开展了3次排灌水循环试验,并监测土层在竖直方向上的应变,水位高度和沉降量的变化。试验结果表明:在3次排灌水循环中,土体渗透率减小,土体被压密;黏土层存在水压变化的滞后现象;排水过程中,黏土层中的孔隙水出现负压,相应区域也出现显著的压应变。结合前人研究,分析讨论了钻孔应变数据与模型箱试验结果,得出结论:砂层排水后,黏土层释水和补给不平衡,导致负压的出现,并在黏土层中产生额外的有效应力和压缩变形。在地下水位波动时,这种效应可能会导致砂层上方的黏土层被持续缓慢压缩。     

Shaking table tests on wall-type gravel and rubber drains as a liquefaction countermeasure in silty sand

In this paper, the seismic performance of wall-type gravel and rubber drains as a liquefaction countermeasure in silty sand has been addressed using a series of 1 g shaking table tests. In these tests, the liquefaction resistance of silty sand was studied by changing soil relative density, silt content, number of walls, and materials of drainage walls. In order to evaluate shear wave propagation, the generation and dissipation of pore water pressure (PWP), and the ground surface settlement, various accelerometers, displacement and PWP transducers were placed. The obtained results indicated that an increase in the relative density and the number of wall-type gravel and rubber drains in liquefiable silty sand reduces the settlement, liquefaction-induced deformations, as well as the excess PWP and eventually improves the liquefaction resistance. Totally, it can be noted that the reinforced silty sand with wall-type gravel drains revealed less excess PWP and settlement than that with wall-type rubber drains.     

考虑盾构隧道渗水的富水软弱#br# 地层地表长期沉降计算研究

富水软弱地层中盾构隧道渗水的情况时有发生,对盾构施工引起超孔隙水压力的消散造成影响。在地表长期沉降的计算中,隧道渗水的工况是不容忽视的。对此,以富水软弱地层盾构隧道渗水为背景,将超孔隙水压力的消散视为地下水向低水头位置和向隧道渗流共同作用的结果,在前人研究的基础上推导了长期沉降计算式。针对3个实际工程,采用提出的计算方法与不考虑隧道渗水的方法、实测结果进行对比,结果表明：对于黏土占比较高的地层,不考虑隧道渗水的方法计算结果偏小,与实测值存在一定的偏差;隧道渗水量越大,引起的地表沉降量越大;考虑隧道渗水可有效提高长期沉降的计算精度,验证了所提计算方法的可靠性。     

饱和软粘土中沉桩引起的超孔压数值模拟分析

运用ABAQUS有限元软件详细模拟了预应力管桩沉桩过程引起的超孔隙水压力分布及消散规律,讨论了其随时间变化过程、有效应力增加随超孔压消散变化规律,并与Vesic理论解进行了对比分析,研究了预应力管桩沉桩过程中桩周土体超静孔压的变化规律。可为同类工程的设计和施工提供参考。     

地层条件对剪胀性砂土边坡地震后延迟变形的影响

剪胀性砂土流滑现象与自然排水条件下孔压重分布导致的局部土体强制吸水有关,须放在具体边值问题中来阐释。同时考虑孔隙水压力扩散、转移以及吸水剪切下饱和砂土应力应变行为的流动变形简化分析方法,研究了相对不透水层的位置、地基土体的渗透系数对边坡地震后延迟变形的影响特征和规律。地震后延迟侧向变形总是集中发生在孔隙水渗流被阻滞的界面,界面处砂土强制吸水量越大,发生的侧向位移量就越大;设置穿透相对不透水层的排水通道可有效减小边坡的侧向变形。地震后侧向流动变形的发展过程取决于孔隙水扩散、转移的速度,是由具体边值问题中土体的渗透系数决定的,饱和土体的黏滞特性对于变形发展过程的影响可以忽略。     

含黏粒砂土场地液化离心机振动台试验研究

提出了含黏粒砂土模型地基制备、饱和与均匀性监测技术,利用ZJU-400土工离心机振动台开展了相同相对密度含黏粒砂土（黏粒含量10%）和洁净砂的地震液化模型试验,再现了水平场地地震液化现象,揭示了含黏粒砂土场地液化灾变特点。弯曲元波速监测表明,模型制备均匀性良好,相同条件下含黏粒砂土剪切波速比洁净砂低。而根据超静孔压消散与固结沉降观测分析发现,含黏粒砂土渗透系数比洁净砂低一个数量级,从而影响其液化前后超静孔压响应和应力应变行为。渗透性差异导致模型内超静孔压产生模式和消散速率显著不同,振动时含黏粒砂土模型浅层超静孔压累积比洁净砂慢,而深层则相反;震后含黏粒砂土孔压消散时间是洁净砂的15倍。液化过程中含黏粒砂土剪应力应变响应比相同深度处的洁净砂更显著,液化后其滞回圈应变较大、割线模量较小且阻尼比较大。土体液化沉降主要发生在液化后超静孔压消散过程,含黏粒砂土模型超静孔压消散时间更长,沉降量更大。上述成果为进一步研究含黏粒砂土地震响应分析及其液化判别提供了科学依据。     

大直径钢管桩非连续打桩过程中拒锤原因的分析研究

 在大直径超长钢管桩施工过程中,往往会因为接桩或施工调配等原因出现停锤,实际工程中,由于各种原因造成停锤后桩体无法继续顺利打入的情况屡屡发生,因此对这一问题的解决就成为决定打桩工程是否成功的关键。采用有限元动力分析方法对连续打桩过程中砂土中的孔压和有效应力的变化进行研究,对停锤所造成的后续打桩困难的机制进行探讨。同时利用工程实测数据对有限元分析得到的结论进行进一步讨论和验证。动力有限元分析的结果显示,连续打桩会造成桩周土残余孔压的明显累积;如果出现停锤,砂土中超静孔隙水压力消散速度很快,导致桩端1～2倍桩径范围内的有效应力的显著变化,造成桩端阻力的明显提高,而打桩对桩侧摩阻力的影响主要集中在振源附近区域。工程实测数据证实,停锤3个月后,砂土中的土阻力增长明显,尤其是桩端处的砂土层。而处于黏土层中间的薄砂层固结程度明显降低。在进行打桩预测时,对于停锤造成的侧摩阻力的提高应该考虑打桩的影响范围和固结时间,对于桩端阻力的提高应该考虑复打过程的影响。     

真空井点降水技术在强夯地基加固中的应用研究

结合上海市某重点工程地基处理项目,针对上部粉质粘土、下部砂质粉土的场地条件,研究了真空井点降水技术在强夯地基加固中的应用。着重分析了真空井点降水技术在降低地下水位、减少浅层土体含水量、加速超静孔隙水压力消散这3方面的作用。     

浅层点振源作用下饱和砂层的超孔隙水压力

地震时,由于向上传播的地震波的作用,可能在饱和松砂中产生很高的超孔隙水压力,导致砂土发生液化。但至今还缺乏地震时土中超孔降水压力发生过程的实测资料。作者利用振动水冲器在施工过程所产生的振动,记录其周围饱和松砂中超孔隙水压力的产生过程,发现在这种振动条件--浅层点振源,形成的超孔隙水压力,基本上是由两部分组成的。即脉动孔隙水压力与应变孔隙水压力。脉动孔隙水压力是振动纵波在水中直接传播的结果。振动的纵、横波还通过土骨架向外传播,传播过程使土骨架产生应变势。应变超孔隙水压力是上耦合于骨架剩余应变势的反映。这两部分的比例与震中距及砂土密度有失。超孔隙水压力场与地面加速度场相似,基本上是震中距的幂函数.