单原子催化剂在电催化还原CO2中的应用进展

化石燃料燃烧产生的温室气体CO2引发的环境问题一直是人们关注的热点.为缓解温室气体带来的环境危机和不可再生能源的枯竭,急需研究出高效处理CO2新技术.电催化还原CO2是将CO2资源化无害化的一条有效途径,该技术可行性关键取决于开发高活性和选择性的催化剂,单原子催化剂因其具有高活性、高选择性、高稳定性、可以重复循环使用等...     

Mo掺杂α-MnO2电催化析氧反应的理论研究

析氧反应(Oxygen Evolution Reaction, OER)在解决能源短缺和环境问题中扮演了重要角色, 但需要巨大的过电位克服缓慢的动力学势垒, 因此开发高效电催化剂成为不可或缺的一步。本工作应用密度泛函理论研究了α-MnO₂(001)和Mo掺杂α-MnO₂(001)的电催化析氧反应性能, 根据反应路径计算了吉布斯自由能、态密度和差分电荷密度。研究结果表明Mo掺杂可以有效调节α-MnO₂(001)面的电子结构, 改善中间物和催化剂之间的脱吸附能力, 为OER提供更多的电子。吉布斯自由能结果表明Mo掺杂α-MnO₂(001)体系中*OOH生成O₂是发生OER的决速步骤, Mo掺杂降低了过电位, 产生的过电位为1.01 V, 表现出良好的析氧催化性能。     

用于氧还原反应的碳基负载金属单原子催化剂研究进展

燃料电池能够将化学能转化为电能,是一种绿色高效的能量转换装置,但是受到阴极氧还原反应(ORR)动力学迟缓的限制,燃料电池需要使用Pt等贵金属作为催化剂,这就导致其成本显著增加.碳基负载单原子催化剂(C-SACs)展现出高原子利用率和高选择性等优异性能.另外,C-SACs在不同pH环境下都显示出优异的ORR催化活性,被视...     

蜂窝状碳负载铁基单原子催化剂的制备及ORR催化性能研究

单原子催化剂(SACs)以近100％的原子利用率以及优秀的催化活性等,在促进多相催化方面受到了广泛关注.然而,由于金属原子在高温下易烧结,SACs的合成仍然具有挑战性.本研究利用熔融盐(MS)提供的强极性环境,制备了以氮掺杂碳为载体的铁基单原子催化剂(Fe SA-NC).结果表明,Fe SA-NC显示出蜂窝状的多孔形貌...     

多孔碳负载钌单原子和钌纳米团簇催化剂用于高效析氢反应

高效析氢反应(HER)电催化剂的制备对氢能的大规模推广具有重大的意义。本文以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)和RuCl₃为原料,利用Ru离子与CMC-Na在溶液中配位制备了Ru-CMC-Na水凝胶,随后通过冷冻干燥、高温退火和酸洗制备了多孔碳负载Ru单原子和Ru纳米团簇的催化剂Ru _SA+NC/C-2。催化剂Ru_SA+NC/C-2在酸性和碱性电解质中都具有优异的HER活性和稳定性,达到10 mA·cm^-2电流密度,所需过电位分别20 mV和23 mV,经过12 h的恒电位测试其活性未见明显衰减。催化剂Ru_SA+NC/C-2中Ru的含量为5.52wt%,在1 mol/L KOH电解质中,过电位为0.05 V时,催化剂的质量活性是商业Pt/C的5.8倍。通过对催化剂Ru_SA+NC/C-2的物理表征测试发现,催化剂Ru_SA+NC/C-2的多孔结构和大比表面积,可以暴露更多的活性位点。Ru单原子与Ru纳米团簇结构提高了Ru原子的利用率。通过XP...     

用于电催化氧还原制备双氧水的催化剂的研究进展

H2 O2及其水溶液双氧水具有强氧化性,被广泛应用于造纸、污水处理和消毒等方面.全球对H2 O2的需求量与日俱增,但传统的蒽醌法工艺复杂、成本高、效率低,氢氧直接合成法又存在很大的安全隐患.因此,电催化氧还原这种新型、绿色且安全的原位合成H2 O2方法近年来受到广泛关注.氧还原反应(ORR)是多电子反应,中间体复杂且难以测量,机理研究困难.ORR存在两种竞争的反应路径,两电子路径得到H2 O2,而四电子路径生成H2O.两电子氧还原反应(2e-ORR)的反应效率取决于催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性.目前贵金属基催化剂(如Au、Pd)对2e-ORR显示出较好的催化性能,但昂贵、稀缺的特性限制了它们的广泛应用.当前关于电催化氧还原制备H2 O2所用催化剂的研究主要集中于三方面:(1)减少贵金属的负载.将惰性金属与活性金属相结合,得到了许多性能优异的合金材料,如Pt-Hg等.(2)发展非贵金属催化剂.碳基催化剂的缺陷、表面氧官能团(C=O、C-O等)、杂原子掺杂(N-、S-等)和过渡金属掺杂(Co、Fe等)都能够提高H2O2的选择性与催化活性.(3)发展非贵金属复合催化剂.非贵金属复合物催化剂(如MnO2/C、CoS2/C)可促进电子转移,提高H2 O2的选择性.本文系统介绍了2e-ORR的机理及测试方法,简要总结了近年来用于2e-ORR制H2 O2的贵金属基催化剂、碳基催化剂和非贵金属复合催化剂的研究进展,并在此基础上对电催化氧还原制双氧水未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

Mo/S共掺杂的石墨烯用于合成氨:密度泛函理论研究（英文）

工业界普遍采用Haber-Bosch方法在高温(400～600℃)和高压(150～300 atm, 1 atm=0.101325 MPa)条件下催化氮气裂解和加氢而合成氨气(NH₃),这不仅消耗大量能源,也给环境造成很大污染。为改变这种状况,探索常温常压条件下合成NH3的全新途径已成为研究热点。电催化还原N₂合成NH₃是尚待探索的重点方向之一。本研究利用密度泛函理论计算,探讨了过渡金属元素(如Fe, Nb, Mo, W, Ru)和非金属元素(如B, P, S)共掺杂石墨烯作为该方向催化剂的可行性。结果表明, Mo和S(Mo/S)共掺杂石墨烯在NH₃合成中具有极低的电极电势(仅为0.47 V),其速率控制步骤涉及的中间产物为*NNH。NH₃合成电势比析氢反应的电势(0.51 V)低,说明N₂还原制备NH₃具有选择性。经从头算的分子动力学计算验证,Mo/S共掺杂石墨烯体系在室温下具有良好的热力学稳定性。电子结构分析进一步揭示,过渡金属电子...     

用于NH3-SCR脱硝反应的铜基沸石分子筛催化剂研究进展

综述了用于氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)氮氧化物的铜基沸石分子筛催化剂研究进展.介绍了控制大气污染物中氮氧化物的几种常见方法、NH3-SCR脱除氮氧化物催化剂的类型以及铜基沸石分子筛催化剂用于NH3-SCR脱硝反应的优点.重点阐述了影响铜基沸石分子筛催化剂脱硝活性的主要因素,如催化剂的拓扑结构、催化剂的制备方法、掺...     

N掺杂碳基单原子催化剂在电化学生物传感领域的研究与应用

基于单原子催化剂(SACs)最大的原子利用率、可调控的电子结构、高活性位点、特殊的催化反应性能以及高度稳定性等特性,研究者以N掺杂碳基材料为载体,配体单元材料为模型,将单原子催化的研究拓展到电化学生物传感材料改性领域,研究了载体、金属配位单元对SACs催化活性的影响,总结了N掺杂碳基SACs在电化学生物传感领域中的最新研究进展,提出并探讨了该多相催化剂在电化学生物传感领域的应用前景以及面临的挑战。     

SW缺陷石墨烯铝原子吸附能的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论（DFT）和广义梯度近似（GGA）,对SW（Stone--Wales）陷石墨烯的结构和吸附能进行了研究,计算了石墨烯吸附Al原子前后的能带结构,态密度和吸附能,计算结果表明,掺杂SW缺陷有利于石墨烯和具有自由电子的金属原子的吸附结合,与未掺杂时对比,掺杂SW缺陷可显著提高石墨烯片的吸附能。     

Atomically Dispersed Ni–N4 Sites Assist Pt3Ni Nanocages with Pt Skin to Synergistically Enhance Oxygen Reduction Activity and Stability

Currently, the rarity and high cost of platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts seriously limit their commercial application in fuel cells cathode. Decorating Pt with atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen sites possibly offers an effective pathway to synergy tailor their catalytic activity and stability. Here active and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts (Pt₃Ni@Ni–N₄–C) by in situ loading Pt₃Ni nanocages with Pt skin on single-atom nickel–nitrogen (Ni–N₄) embedded carbon supports are designed and constructed. The Pt₃Ni@Ni–N₄–C exhibits excellent mass activity (MA) of 1.92 A mg_Pt⁻¹ and specific activity of 2.65 mA cm_Pt⁻², together with superior durability of 10 mV decay in half-wave potential and only 2.1% loss in MA after 30 000 cycles. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that Ni–N₄ sites significant redistribute of electrons and make them transfer from both the adjacent carbon and Pt atoms to the Ni–N₄. The resultant electron accumulation region successfully anchored Pt₃Ni, that not only improves structural stability of the Pt₃Ni, but importantly makes the surface Pt more positive to weaken the adsorption of *OH to enhance ORR activity. This strategy lays the groundwork for the development of super effective and durable Pt-based ORR catalysts.     

Synergistically Coupling Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots with MnO2 Nanosheets for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Under Ambient Conditions

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising strategy of nitrogen fixation into ammonia under ambient conditions. However, the development of electrochemical NRR is highly bottlenecked by the expensive noble metal catalysts. As a representative 2D nonmetallic material, black phosphorus (BP) has the valence electron structure similar to nitrogen, which can effectively adsorb the inactive nitrogen molecule and activate its triple bond. In addition, the relatively weak hydrogen adsorption can restrict the competitive and vigorous hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, ultrafine BP quantum dots (QDs) are prepared via liquid‐phase exfoliation and then assembled on catalytically active MnO₂ nanosheets through van der Waals interactions. The obtained BP QDs/MnO₂ catalyst demonstrates admirable synergetic effects in electrochemical NRR. The monodisperse BP QDs providing major activity manifest excellent ammonia production steadily with high selectivity, which benefits from the robust confinement of the BP QDs on the wrinkled MnO₂ nanosheets with decent activity. A high ammonia yield rate of 25.3 µg h^?1 mg_cat.^?1 and faradic efficiency of 6.7% can be achieved at ?0.5 V (vs RHE) in 0.1 m Na₂SO₄ electrolyte, which are dramatically superior to either component. The isotopic labelling and other control tests further exclude the external contamination possibility and attest the genuine activity.     

Boron bridged NiN4B2Cx single-atom catalyst for superior electrochemical CO2 reduction

Single-atom nickel catalysts hold great promise in the application of electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR), but suffer from the sluggish kinetics and serious competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which restrict their overall catalytic performance. Herein, we report a boron-bridging strategy to manipulate the atomic coordination structure and construct a single-atom nickel catalyst with an active center of NiN₄B₂ to realize excellent CO₂RR performance. Density functional theory analysis suggests that the unique NiN₄B₂ sites with tuned electronic structure facilitate the adsorption of CO₂ molecules and effectively suppress the HER pathway by increasing corresponding energy barrier. As-obtained Ni-SAs@BNC catalyst with a NiN₄B₂ structure exhibits significantly enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity than commonly used single-atom nickel catalysts with a NiN₄ structure, especially at high applied potentials. A high current density of up to (214 ± 21) mA cm⁻² at a potential of −1.2 V with a high CO Faraday efficiency (FE_CO) of ∼97% was achieved in a flow cell. This work inspires new insights into the rational design of atomic coordination structure of single-atom catalysts with tunable electronic structure for superior electrocatalytic activities.     

Photoactive Earth‐Abundant Iron Pyrite Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction

The generation of ammonia, hydrogen production, and nitrogen purification are considered as energy intensive processes accompanied with large amounts of CO₂ emission. An electrochemical method assisted by photoenergy is widely utilized for the chemical energy conversion. In this work, earth‐abundant iron pyrite (FeS₂) nanocrystals grown on carbon fiber paper (FeS₂/CFP) are found to be an electrochemical and photoactive catalyst for nitrogen reduction reaction under ambient temperature and pressure. The electrochemical results reveal that FeS₂/CFP achieves a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of ≈14.14% and NH₃ yield rate of ≈0.096 µg min^?1 at ?0.6 V versus RHE electrode in 0.25 m LiClO₄. During the electrochemical catalytic reaction, the crystal structure of FeS₂/CFP remains in the cubic pyrite phase, as analyzed by in situ X‐ray diffraction measurements. With near‐infrared laser irradiation (808 nm), the NH₃ yield rate of the FeS₂/CFP catalyst can be slightly improved to 0.1 µg min^?1 with high FE of 14.57%. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the N₂ molecule has strong chemical adsorption energy on the iron atom of FeS₂. Overall, iron pyrite‐based materials have proven to be a potential electrocatalyst with photoactive behavior for ammonia production in practical applications.     

Template-directed synthesis of nitrogen- and sulfur-codoped carbon nanowire aerogels with enhanced electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction

Heteroatom doping,precise composition control,and rational morphology design are efficient strategies for producing novel nanocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells.Herein,a cost-effective approach to synthesize nitrogen-and sulfur-codoped carbon nanowire aerogels using a hard templating method is proposed.The aerogels prepared using a combination of hydrothermal treatment and carbonization exhibit good catalytic activity for the ORR in alkaline solution.At the optimal annealing temperature and mass ratio between the nitrogen and sulfur precursors,the resultant aerogels show comparable electrocatalytic activity to that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst for the ORR.Importantly,the optimized catalyst shows much better long-term stability and satisfactory tolerance for the methanol crossover effect.These codoped aerogels are expected to have potential applications in fuel cells.     

Construction of multilayers of bare and Pd modified gold nanoclusters and their electrocatalytic properties for oxygen reduction

Abstract

Multilayers of gold nanoclusters (GNCs) coated with a thin Pd layer were constructed using GNCs modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of mercaptoundecanoic acid and a polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) multilayer assembly, which has been reported to act as a three-dimensional electrode. SAMs were removed from GNCs by electrochemical anodic decomposition and then a small amount of Pd was electrochemically deposited on the GNCs. The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the Pd modified GNC/PAH multilayer assembly was studied using a rotating disk electrode, and a significant increase in the ORR rate was observed after Pd deposition. Electrocatalytic activities in alkaline and acidic solutions were compared both for the GNC multilayer electrode and Pd modified GNC electrode.     

NiN4/Cr修饰的石墨烯电化学固氮电极

工业上应用哈伯工艺法合成氨过程要求严苛, 需要消耗大量能源且二氧化碳排放量大。因此, 开发在常规环境条件下通过电催化氮还原反应的清洁技术, 对未来可持续的能源转化进程具有重要意义。本研究采用密度泛函理论计算方法, 对TM₁N₄/TM₂嵌入石墨烯的氮还原反应进行了全面研究。在充分考虑活性和稳定性的情况下, 研究结果表明, NiN₄/Cr锚定石墨烯通过酶促反应途径表现出最佳的催化活性, 其中第一次加氢为电位决定步骤, 起始电位为0.57 V, 优于商业Ru基材料。此外, 与单一的Cr原子修饰的石墨烯相比, 引入NiN₄官能团降低了ΔG_max并提高了电催化性能。根据Mulliken电荷分析, 催化剂的催化活性主要来源于载体和反应中间体之间的电子转移。上述结果为高效合成氨提供了电极候选材料, 进一步深化了相应的电催化机理。