Landscape diversity and land use planning: a case study in Bavaria

A maximum of landscape diversity is to be regarded as a helpful target as well as an analytical tool to detect actual planning deficits. First of all, specific indicators and targets for ecosystem and landscape levels will be defined. Ecosystem types are derived from landscape ecological site conditions, and are combined with the demands of minimal areas related to present and potential ecosystem types.The suitability of management practices for the site conditions, and the requirements mentioned above, will together form the basis on which a target landscape in its pattern, and the management practices suggested can be mapped. In comparison with the present use of the landscape, measures are derived which indicate that the target of a high landscape diversity has real practical meaning: conversion of about 15% of the arable land into forests and grasslands as one result of this study fits into the political and administrative programmes already established. In addition, four modification categories of the actual usage are mapped and described in size and number in this case study. The basic assumptions of this approach will be explained, to provide further working hypotheses for an interdisciplinary and integrative research into landscape ecology in rural landscapes.     

Land readjustment and metropolitan growth: an examination of suburban land development and urban sprawl in the Tokyo metropolitan area

Land Readjustment (LR) is a land development technique used in many countries around the world including Germany, Sweden, Japan, Taiwan and Korea. In essence it is a method whereby an irregular pattern of agricultural land holdings is re-arranged into regular building plots and equipped with basic urban infrastructure such as roads and drains. A percentage of each landowner’s holding is contributed to provide land for roads and parks, and for some plots to sell to pay the costs of the project. Its use has been particularly widespread in Japan where it is responsible for some 30% of the existing urban area, and is commonly referred to as ‘The Mother of City Planning’ (Toshi Keikaku no Haha). LR has for 20 years also been the focus of an international effort to introduce the technique to the developing countries of South East Asia. Although there is now a large literature on Japanese LR as a result of that project, however, virtually all of that literature focusses on practical aspects of how to implement projects, and on case studies of individual projects. Little attention has been paid to the role of LR in Japanese urban growth and urban planning at a city or regional scale, although such an examination is necessary to understanding LR in Japan, and Japanese urbanisation and urban planning more generally. The present research examines the role of LR in shaping patterns of urban development in the rapidly growing northern suburbs of Tokyo in Saitama prefecture. In particular, the claim commonly made by Japanese writers that LR prevents urban sprawl is examined. Sprawl and its prevention have long been a preoccupation of both Western and Japanese urban planners for aesthetic and efficiency reasons. However, it has recently gained importance as the critical interconnections between urban form and urban travel patterns, and greenhouse gas emissions and global warming have become more widely recognised. The case studies examine the role of LR in land development and urban growth at the regional scale (Saitama prefecture) and at the local scale (Urawa, Omiya and Ageo cities). GIS mapping and analysis of the case study areas, and interviews with planners and participants are used to examine the role and impacts of LR projects in suburban land development in Japan. The research suggests that while there are various impacts of LR projects because they are so widely used, in a range of different contexts, it is fair to say that LR projects contribute to increased sprawl at the regional scale, while largely failing to prevent it at the local scale.     

Social exclusion,area effects and metropolitan governance: a comparative analysis of five large Spanish cities

As a first step towards the exploration of the particularities urban social exclusion in Spain, the research presented here evaluates the significance of the urban territorial factor at neighbourhood level in order to develop relevant conclusions for the design of urban policies. After comparing the structure and dynamics of socio-spatial inequalities in five large Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Seville and Murcia), we analyse how different disadvantaged neighbourhoods – inner city districts and peripheral housing estates – affect the life trajectories of different vulnerable social groups: long-term unemployed males, undocumented immigrants, single mothers, old people living alone and young people with a low education level and job problems. We identify the existence of significant differences between inner city districts and peripheral housing estates regarding the way they affect the life chances of their inhabitants. Furthermore, we show how different social groups are unequally affected by the characteristics of the neighbourhood in which they live. This all leads us to stress the importance of urban public policies being sensitive to the diversity of socio-spatial conditions of cities.     

城市建成区用地面积时间变化的趋势面分析——以福建省为例

随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化水平的提高,导致用地需求愈发增加,建成区用地面积逐年变化。因此,对城市用地时空变化进行合理的分析显得尤为重要。本文基于趋势面分析方法的基本原理,根据2001~2013年福建省土地变更调查数据,以福建省建成区用地面积为因变量,以城镇化水平和GDP分别为自变量,拟构建城市建成区用地时间变化趋势面,绘制出趋势面与实际值和拟合值对比图。最后根据分析结论得出,福建建成区用地面积与福建省经济状况、城镇化水平等方面有着密不可分的关系。     

城市土地利用扩展的空间模式与研究方法

对城市土地利用扩展的各种空间模式作了阐述、比较，以武汉市为典型例证，阐释了城市土地利用扩展的空间模式与研究方法的有机结合，旨在高效、经济、合理的利用城市土地。     

城市行政区划对居民城市区域意象的影响分析

为了探究大都市行政区划对居民城市区域意象的影响,使用问卷调查的方法,对其进行了分析,得出行政区划对城市区域意象具有重要影响,一般行政区划和经济行政区划对城市区域意象的影响具有各自不同的特点。     

A methodology to approach immigrants’ land use in metropolitan areas

This paper proposes a methodological approach to regional and urban planning in order to design, settle and manage a public policy for the attraction, location and distribution of different groups of immigrants. It further develops a set of decision-support tools, including a management information system and an integrated and interactive model in order to: (i) characterize the patterns of residential land used by different groups of immigrants according to their professional features, and respective evolution, (ii) anticipate the location of new immigrants or groups of immigrants that arrive into the studied territory (according to their demographic, economic and professional characteristics, keeping or changing the prevailing socio-economic, planning and territorial structure), and respective evolution, and (iii) monitor the evolution of respective social, economic and professional territorial integration. This methodology and set of tools are applied, as a case study, to the Oporto Metropolitan Area (Portugal). They possess display and simulation functionalities that support the test and implementation of local, regional and urban policy strategic decisions. Once workmanship quantitative and qualitative needs are specified – according to regional overall prevailing strategies – it outlines the socio-economic-professional conditions to welcome and to fulfil the needs of different population groups – through provision of proper housing, infrastructures, equipments and jobs, as well as through governance mechanisms – in the scope of socio-economic sustainability and life quality principles.     

A gender perspective on urban car use: A qualitative case study

This paper examines the interconnections between the motor vehicle and social change for women. It summarises some of the key gender differences and trends in travel behaviour and transport use, and outlines a response to one broad question — how are the economic, social and cultural circumstances of the 1990s influencing women's transport patterns and car use?     

A multi-scale analysis of urban form and commuting change in a small metropolitan area (1990–2000)

Issues of growth, especially the spatial nature of recent urban development and its implications for travel patterns, have received a great deal of attention. In particular, questions persist as to how the spatial distribution of workers and jobs influences commute patterns. This paper investigates changes in commuting and land use patterns using measures of jobs–housing balance, commuting efficiency and other statistics. A smaller urban area is chosen for study (Tallahassee, FL, USA)and data on its workers, jobs, and commute patterns are obtained from the Census Transportation Planning Package for 1990 and 2000. The key research questions investigated probe whether there were substantial changes in urban form and commuting over the period. A two-tiered approach is taken where change is explored at the regional and local scales using GIS, optimization procedures, and inferential statistical techniques. The results reveal the extent of the spatial changes in the study area between 1990 and 2000. Major findings included stability in urban structure over the time period, as well as a persistent strong relationship between land use and commute patterns. These results are discussed in light of their implications for other cities and for future work.     

Clandestine urbanization: reconstituting urban space in the margins of the Phoenix metropolitan area

This paper illustrates everyday practices of a marginalized population in areas of interrupted urbanization. These practices arise from the coincidence of an urban form produced and reproduced according to a Fordist logic of mass production for mass consumption and a Post-Fordist society with diverse needs. The paper focuses on practices that, while reconstituting needed urban elements, remain nevertheless unsanctioned because of a rigid imaginary of how urban space ought to be lived. These practices exemplify how residents respond to existing material and institutional restrictions by adopting hidden and clandestine forms of urbanization that allow them to reconstitute their urban space. The Phoenix metropolitan region is used to illustrate these responses. The paper concludes with a call for a form of urban planning that is more adaptive and responsive to residents’ needs, aspirations, and desires.     

Predicting innovative growth and demand with proximate human capital: A case study of the Helsinki metropolitan area

Human capital is an essential driver for the growth of national and regional innovation systems. In this study, we can show that also intra-metropolitan innovation clusters locate in, or in proximity to, neighbourhoods with a high level of human capital. Our interpretation of human capital involves an educated, talented, creative and tolerant workforce. Indicators from earlier literature are complemented by identified new propositions. In addition, by using both relative and absolute measures, we conclude that innovations emerge the best in dense and mixed urban structure. After identifying the geography of human capital and innovativeness, we predict also potential growth areas, which could help urban planning of the HMA. The modelling methods used in this study can be implemented and applied in urban studies of other city regions.     

基于生态学原则的景观规划——以葫芦岛海滨区域景观规划设计为例

<正>城市海滨区域以大海、沙滩、阳光等优越的自然因素,清新的空气和滨海风情构成城市中最活跃,最富有生命力的部分,它对自然生态环境的依存度较大。从某种意义上讲,滨海区域的规划与开发实质上就是以该地区自然生态     

Changing patterns of land use in a decentralizing metropolis

Changing patterns of land use from 1956 to 1970 in metropolitan Chicago are examined using two surveys of land use. Beyond eight miles to the CBD, the changes in land use reflect the process of suburbanization. Within four miles of the CBD, the vacancy rate increased and residential, manufacturing, and commercial use declined. Between four and eight miles from the CBD, the vacancy rate decreased and residential use increased, but manufacturing and commercial use decreased.     

城镇化背景下基于时序TM/NDVI的建成区检测方法——以福州市为例

对1990—2010年49景福州市TM时间序列影像进行处理,采用MODTRAN4+模型进行大气校正,得到研究区土地覆盖类型的NDVI值的多时相轨迹图。分析城镇化背景下建成区的变化特征和NDVI时间序列数据的季节特征,添加耕地发展为建设用地的地物特征到学习样本,比较不同数据组合对最大似然法、支持向量机、神经网络法、面向对象法对分类和检测城镇化背景下建设用地精度的影响,以及比较添加样本特征后对城镇化进程中建设用地检测方法的影响。结果表明,对于小样本数据集,面向对象法具有最高的分类精度,不同的数据组合与不同季节对面向对象法分类精度的影响分别达3.49%和5.22%,引入NDVI时间序列数据和添加变化地物的学习样本,总体分类精度提高了3.54%,建设用地的制图精度提高了4.24%。     

Impact of land use on urban mobility patterns, emissions and air quality in a Portuguese medium-sized city

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of urban development trends in mobility patterns of a medium sized Portuguese city and air quality consequences, using a sequential modeling process, comprising i) land use and transportation, TRANUS model; ii) road traffic air pollutants emissions, TREM model and; iii) air quality, TAPM model. This integrated methodology was applied to a medium sized Portuguese city. In order to evaluate the implementation of the methodology, a preliminary study was performed, which consisted on the comparison of modeled mobility patterns and CO and PM₁₀ concentrations with measured data used in the definition of the current scenario. The comparison between modeled and monitored mobility patterns at the morning peak hour for a weekday showed an RMSE of 31%. Regarding CO concentrations, an underestimation of the modeled results was observed. Nevertheless, the modeled PM₁₀ concentrations were consistent with the monitored data. Overall, the results showed a reasonable consistency of the modeled data, which allowed the use of the integrated modeling system for the study scenarios.The future scenarios consisted on the definition of different mobility patterns and vehicle technology characteristics, according to two main developing trends: (1) “car pooling” scenario, which imposes a mean occupancy rate of 3 passengers by vehicle and (2) the “Euro 6” scenario, which establishes that all vehicles accomplish at least the Euro 6 standard technology. Reductions of 54% and 83% for CO, 44% and 95% for PM₁₀, 44% and 87% for VOC and 44% and 79% for NO_x emissions were observed in scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Concerning air quality, a reduction of about 100 μg m⁻³ of CO annual average concentration was observed in both scenarios. The results of PM₁₀ annual concentrations showed a reduction of 1.35 μg m⁻³ and 2.7 μg m⁻³ for scenarios 1 and 2 respectively.     

La Manga case study: Consequences from short-term urban planning in a tourism mass destiny of the Spanish Mediterranean coast

Urban planning is a lengthy and settled process, the results of which usually emerge after several years or even decades. That is why it is necessary for a proper urban design of cities to use parameters that are able to predict and gauge the potential long-term behaviour of urban development.In the tourist towns of the Mediterranean coast, the long-term design is often at odds with the generation of business profits in the short term. This paper presents the results of this phenomenon for an interesting case of a Spanish Mediterranean coastal city created from scratch in the 1960s and turned into a tourist destination today hypertrophied.La Manga del Mar Menor in the Murcia region every year reaches a population of more than 250,000 people during the summer, which is reduced to just a few dozen in winter. This crowded environment with an asymmetric behaviour submits annual progressive impoverishment in its economic return. This questionable profitability is the result of a misguided urban development; its results are analyzed through the evolution of the land market and the resulting urbanization in the last fifty years, with a GIS methodology.