Ground Behavior Due to Tunnel Excavation with Existing Foundation

Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) model tests of tunnel excavation with nearby existing foundation are carried out to investigate the influence of the existing foundation due to the interaction between ground and the existing structures. Three types of foundations: flat foundation, group-pile foundation and piled raft are considered. 2D and 3D finite element analyses using subloading t_ij model are also conducted. The deformation mechanism and distribution of earth pressure during tunnel excavation in the ground with nearby foundation are found to be different from those of green field condition. Surface settlement trough due to tunnel excavation in the ground with existing foundation does not follow the usual pattern of a Gaussian distributive curve, which can be observed in the case of green field. Especially, in the case of pile foundation, D_p, the distance between pile tip and tunnel is an important factor for the ground deformation and surface settlement. For a short distance D_p, although the length of pile is long, the ground deformation is concentrated at a place near the front pile and the rotation of foundation becomes larger. The maximum surface settlement in the case of existing foundation is also larger than those in the case of green field. Due to the existing foundation, unsymmetrical distributions of earth pressure occurred at the bottom of the ground due to tunnel excavation, both in model tests and numerical analyses. The earth pressure at the crown of tunnel in the case of existing foundation is almost the same as those in the case of green field. The arching at the shoulder of tunnel in the case of existing foundation, however, is much larger than those in the case of green field due to the dead load exerted on the foundation. The numerical results agree well with the results of the model tests.     

双隧道对群桩影响的三维离心模型试验研究

在膨胀土地基中进行了双隧道对群桩影响的三维离心模型试验,目标地层损失比为2%,着重研究引起的地基沉降槽、附加弯矩、轴力的变化规律。试验得出：膨胀土地基中每个隧道开挖形成的地表沉降槽仍符合Peck高斯曲线,双隧道共同作用形成的沉降槽可以看作是每个隧道单独作用形成的沉降槽的叠加;两个隧道开挖引起的前后桩弯矩规律类似,最大附加弯矩均出现在拱冠附近,但存在明显的前桩遮拦效应;随着第一个隧道开挖的临近及远离,前后桩轴力会发生明显不同变化,而第二个隧道影响明显不同,附加轴力最大值约为工作荷载的10%。     

Analytical prediction for ground movements and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels considering non-uniform convergence pattern and ground-liner interaction mechanism

Current studies for tunneling-induced ground movements provide little information on the complex interaction between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils. In particular, little attention is paid to the internal force analyses for segment liners based on the non-uniform convergence deformation pattern. This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for the prediction of ground deformation and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels in clays. The non-uniform convergence deformation pattern is incorporated as the boundary condition of displacements between the ground and the liner. We investigated the difference between uniform radial and non-uniform convergence deformation patterns on the surface settlements and lateral deformation of soils. In general, good alignment was obtained between the predicted ground deformation caused by the non-uniform convergence model and field observations for tunnels in clays. In addition, the influences of sensitive parameters on the ground movements induced by tunneling were evaluated based on the non-uniform convergence pattern, including the soil and liner properties, the geometric properties of tunnel, the tunnel depth, the excavation gap and other main parameters. Furthermore, these solutions offer a more comprehensive framework for understanding the ground-liner interaction mechanism and the circumferential distribution of internal forces for segment liners. Parametric analyses were used to measure the influences of the lateral earth pressure coefficient on the axial forces and bending moments of tunnel liners. Results are provided on a theoretical basis to estimate the interaction behavior between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils correctly.     

3栋相邻高层建筑上部结构-基础-地基相互作用研究

在同一场地地基上建设多栋高层建筑，应考虑建筑与地基之间的相互影响。利用数值计算方法模拟从基坑开挖到3栋建筑依次建立的整个过程，分析桩筏基础的变形和受力特性以及新建建筑与已建建筑的相互影响等。研究结果表明：已建建筑桩的轴力分布随新建建筑荷载的增加趋于均匀，而其最大值则逐渐减小；基坑开挖的卸荷作用使得基坑开挖面一定范围内应力有所减小；由于附加应力的扩散作用，使新建建筑的基础沉降最大值位置、桩的轴力最大值位置、筏板高应力区域均有向已有建筑物方向偏移的趋势。此外，基坑开挖后，已有建筑物的筏板沉降分布向基坑开挖方向有移动，并产生较明显的附加沉降，并且各种建筑荷载的相互叠加，最终会使基础周边的地面产生一定沉降。     

地铁隧道盾构法施工过程中地层变位的三维有限元模拟

在全面分析土压平衡式盾构施工过程中影响周围土体变形各主要因素的基础上，提出一种能够综合考虑各种因素的盾构施工三维非线性有限元模拟方法，通过对某地铁隧道盾构施工过程的模拟，分析了盾构推进过程中隧道周围及地表处土体的位移和变形以及横断面不同深度上的沉降分布规律，计算得到的隧道纵向地面沉降分布曲线与实测数据非常接近，计算结果表明所提出的盾构施工模拟方法是有效可行的。     

临近基坑开挖复合地基侧向力学性状离心试验研究

临近基坑开挖引起复合地基CFG桩变形和内力改变,现有理论缺乏对该问题的研究。通过开展离心模型试验,对临近基坑开挖条件下,复合地基变形、CFG桩内力和变形、土压力等分布和变化规律进行深入分析。结果表明：开挖引起CFG桩弯矩增大,近基坑桩增幅明显|开挖引起桩土不同步沉降,导致CFG桩上刺入褥垫层,桩受到褥垫层的“嵌固拉结”作用,同时远基坑桩、褥垫层、加载气囊一起提供了“摩擦拉结”作用,从而在近基坑桩上出现负弯矩|而远基坑处不均匀沉降小,“嵌固拉结”作用小,且“摩擦拉结”作用是利于正弯矩产生,桩上未出现负弯矩|开挖引起支护背后土压力分为增长区和减小区两部分,在上部土体中,土体卸荷,土压力减小,而下部土体受支护挤压,土压力有所增大|开挖引起地表沉降呈指数形式,临近基坑地表沉降最大,在显著变形区域内,支护水平位移基本呈直线形式,各阶段最大水平位移均出现在支护顶端|开挖引起的CFG桩水平变形大小和范围随距基坑边距离的增大而减小。     

砂性土层大直径浅埋隧道掘进试验及离散元模拟

隧道断面的增大致使盾构施工的风险增大,尤其是高水压砂性土层,大直径浅埋隧道盾构对周边岩土体的扰动以及土层变形的影响是目前需要研究的新课题。本文以武汉地铁7号线大直径越江隧道段为工程背景,建立了大直径浅埋隧道盾构掘进室内缩尺试验模型,采用螺旋出土盾构设备(包含螺旋杆、螺旋出土器及套筒),以恒定的推进速率进行了隧道掘进,并且对地表沉降进行了监控。同时,本文建立了同尺寸的浅埋隧道盾构掘进离散元模型,对盾构掘进过程中地表沉降、开挖面前方土层中颗粒配位数以及黏结破裂区域进行了分析研究,并与室内试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:地表竖向位移与室内试验结果吻合度较高,盾构掘进地表各点处的沉降均随着掘进距离的增大而增大;盾构掘进影响区域主要分布在隧道顶部至地表、一定范围内的周边土体以及开挖面前方一定范围内的盾构区域;颗粒接触点处的黏结破裂区域主要分布在盾构区域和隧道顶部区域。     

富水地层中重叠隧道施工引起土体变形研究

重叠隧道施工易产生隧道结构不稳定和地层变形等问题。重叠隧道富水地层施工时,土层开挖应力释放和地下水渗流共同作用使得地层和隧道变形问题显得更加突出,增加了施工难度。以深圳地铁5号线重叠隧道为背景,采用数值方法研究了开挖应力释放和渗流作用在重叠隧道施工不同阶段对隧道结构和土层变形的影响,得到富水地层重叠隧道施工土层变形规律,同时提出了控制地层变形措施。重叠隧道下洞施工时,采用设置超前注浆支护能有效控制开挖应力释放引起拱顶沉降,开挖完成后隧道拱顶在渗流作用下沉降稳定,而隧道上覆土层因失水固结产生较大工后沉降,同时地表沉降槽深度和半径在渗流作用下不断增大;为避免下洞隧道在渗流作用引起上洞隧道整体沉降,上洞在下洞施工引起土体变形稳定后进行施工。上洞开挖应力释放引起较大地层沉降,开挖应力释放引起较大地层沉降,渗流因素引起地层工后变形较小,地表沉降槽深度迅速增大而影响半径保持稳定。     

3D Effects on Earth Pressure and Displacements During Tunnel Excavations

Three-dimensional model tests of tunnel excavation and the corresponding numerical analyses were carried out to investigate the influence of tunnel excavation on surface settlement and earth pressure surrounding a tunnel. Numerical analyses were performed with the finite element method using elastoplastic subloading t_ij model. Two types of apparatuses were used in the model tests, namely-trap door apparatus and pulling out tunnel apparatus. The minimum excavation length along the excavation direction is 8 em in the trap door apparatus. However, the process of real tunnel excavation is more continuous. For simulating real tunnel excavation in 3D, a new apparatus was developed, which is called as the pulling out tunnel apparatus. This apparatus can simulate tunnel excavation in sequential way. Both experiments and analyses were conducted with various ground depths for simulating the influence of soil cover on tunnel excavations. Surface settlements are measured at the transverse cross-section of the ground. Earth pressures at the top of the tunnel in the trap door apparatus are measured. However, in the tests performed with the pulling out tunnel apparatus, earth pressures are measured adjacent to the tunnel cross section. In this paper, the effects of 3D excavation on surface settlements and earth pressures are discussed. It is revealed that arching is formed in both transverse and longitudinal directions of tunnel excavation. Numerical results show very good agreement with the results of the model tests. In the three-dimensional analyses performed in a sequential way, earth pressure is almost zero at the excavation front, irrespective of the soil cover. In 2D analyses and 3D analyses using the trap door apparatus, the earth pressure at the excavation front does not vanish, as observed in 3D sequential analyses.     

盾构隧道变位复变函数解的验证与参数分析

针对不排水黏土浅埋盾构隧道的一种(均匀)收敛-椭(卵)变(形)-(刚体)下沉复合体积损失模型,分别引入椭变系数与下沉系数,采用改进的复变函数求解方法,求解对应的地层变位和地层应力,并分析复合体积损失模型参数的影响。参数分析表明:(1)随着隧道下沉系数或椭变系数的增大,地表沉降值增大,沉降槽宽度也增大,但增加的量值不大;(2)隧道椭变系数主要会影响地层水平变位的大小及方向,而隧道下沉降系数则主要影响地层水平变位分布曲线的曲率;(3)最大环向应力出现在开挖边界的顶部,主因是隧道的下沉,次因是隧道的椭变。本文方法可以计算分析粘土浅埋盾构隧道开挖引起的地层变位以及应力分布。     

带衬砌浅埋隧道开挖受非对称收敛变形影响的地层位移和衬砌应力分析

 盾构隧道施工引起的环境土工效应分析一直是城市轨道交通安全控制的关键课题。由于目前该领域较少考虑隧道衬砌与土体相互作用带来的影响,尤其是较少针对衬砌应力进行分析,由此提出带衬砌浅埋隧道开挖受非对称收敛变形影响的地层变形计算方法;同时考虑地层与衬砌之间的非对称收敛协调变形模式,建立带衬砌隧道开挖的Airy应力函数解析解答。通过实例研究,得到带衬砌隧道非对称变形模式下的地层沉降和水平位移曲线,并与实测数据进行对比验证;通过参数分析,获取土体和衬砌的材料特性、隧道几何特性以及隧道埋深等主要参数对浅埋隧道开挖地层变形和衬砌应力的影响规律。结果表明：非对称收敛变形模式对地层位移的影响明显,在此条件下得到的沉降槽和水平位移曲线与实测值吻合较好,地表最大沉降值更接近于实际;隧道半径或土层硬度对土体沉降最大值有较大影响,减小半径和硬化土层对减少土体沉降量效果显著,而衬砌几何参数的改变对沉降量的影响不大;衬砌轴力和弯矩整体关于90°/270°轴即隧道竖轴线严格对称,其中轴力沿圆周呈倒“8”字分布,而弯矩随着k值的增大,沿圆周方向由“8”字形向“0”字形过渡,最大轴压力和最大负弯矩发生在拱腰位置,土体侧压力系数k的取值对衬砌轴力和弯矩的分布和大小影响明显。分析成果可为正确预估软土浅埋盾构开挖变形提供一定的理论依据。     

Centrifuge model tests on piled raft foundation in sand subjected to lateral and moment loads

Piled raft foundation has been widely recognized as a rational and economical foundation system with the combined effects of raft and piles. However, the behavior of laterally loaded piled raft foundation has not been well understood due to the complicated interaction of raft–ground–piles. A series of static horizontal loading tests were carried out on three types of foundation models, i.e., piled raft, pile group and raft alone models, on sand using a geotechnical centrifuge. In this paper, the influences of relatively large moment load and rotation on the overall performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation were examined. From the centrifuge model tests, it is found that the vertical displacement due to horizontal loads is different between piled raft and pile group foundation, and this vertical displacement has significant influences on the performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation. The horizontal resistance of the pile part in the piled raft foundation is higher than those observed in the pile group foundation due to raft base contact pressure. The vertical displacement of the foundation due to the horizontal loads affects the vertical resistances of piles, which results in the different mobilization of moment resistances between the piled raft and pile group foundations.     

桩顶与筏板多种连接构造方式工作性状对比试验研究

针对桩顶与筏板之间不同构造形式下的相互作用,对可压密土中刚性桩复合地基、常规桩筏基础和桩顶预留净空桩筏基础进行了现场模型试验,测量了筏板沉降、筏板内外不同深度地基土沉降、桩身轴力和桩间土反力,分析了不同荷载级别下筏板沉降、筏板内外不同深度地基土沉降、桩土荷载传递特性和桩土荷载分担比分布规律。与刚性桩复合地基和常规桩筏基础相比,对于桩顶预留净空桩筏基础工作性状,研究发现在桩顶与筏板接触前,桩顶预留净空桩筏基础工作性状与刚性桩复合地基相似;桩顶与筏板接触后,其工作性状与常规桩筏基础相似。试验条件下,桩顶与筏板之间接触、设置褥垫层、预留净空(或可压缩垫块)不同连接方式可显著影响桩间土的压缩及桩土相对滑移,对上述三者来说,桩身下部桩、土相对滑移量(桩端刺入量)依次减小。     

南京长江隧道浦口深基坑信息化施工与分析

以南京长江隧道浦口深基坑工程为例,介绍了深基坑工程施工安全监测和信息化施工手段。针对不同的维护结构,设计了不同类型的监测断面,监测内容包括沉降与位移、基坑底部隆起、地下水位、支护桩内力、支撑轴力和水土压力等。结合施工工况分别对引道段、暗埋段、井后续段、盾构始发工作井及周边环境的监测数据进行了分析,表明基坑外侧降水可改善支护结构受力情况,但大面积降水对工程周边环境影响较大,基坑支护结构变形和内力与支撑设置及工况密切相关,反馈的意见实时指导了施工。研究成果可为今后类似工程的设计、施工和研究提供有益的借鉴和参考。更多还原 AbstractFilter('ChDivSummary','ChDivSummaryMore','ChDivSummaryReset');     

平行盾构开挖离心机模拟试验研究

通过离心模型试验模拟平行盾构隧道近接开挖施工,研究了盾构隧道近接开挖对既有隧道结构内力、管片变形和地表沉降的变化规律。结果表明:1隧道开挖引起地表沉降的大小与开挖的步骤有关,而沉降槽的范围基本不变;2既有隧道靠近新建隧道一侧受拉,这一侧弯矩出现负增量,侧向土压力也有一定的减小,且既有隧道直径水平向变大,而垂向直径基本不受影响;3由于土拱效应,新建隧道已完成开挖部分管片拱顶的土压力随开挖进程先减小后增大;4采用地层结构法可以准确模拟隧道开挖过程的隧道结构力学特性与变形规律。     

位移调节器用于端承型桩筏基础的模型试验研究

位移调节器是用于调节物体支承接触点之间位移的特殊装置,可用来保证端承型桩筏基础桩–土的变形协调和共同作用。为研究端承型桩筏基础中位移调节器的设置对桩–土–筏相互作用的影响,进行了位移调节器设置前后端承型桩筏基础的室内模型对比试验。试验测量了桩身轴力、筏板沉降及桩间土反力,分析了不同荷载级别下端承型桩筏基础的荷载传递规律、整体沉降与差异沉降分布特征以及桩土荷载分担比等内容,结果表明：与常规端承型桩筏基础相比,位移调节器的设置改变了桩筏基础的荷载传递规律,顺利实现了桩土的共同作用,同时适当支承刚度的调节器可优先且充分地发挥筏底土体承载能力,优化桩土荷载分担比。结论可为进一步理论研究提供试验依据。     

Approximate Numerical Analysis of a Large Piled Raft Foundation

An approximate method of analysis has been developed to estimate the settlement and load distribution of large piled raft foundations. In the method the raft is modelled as a thin plate, and the piles and the soil are treated as interactive springs. Both the resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile-soil-pile interaction, pile-soil-raft interaction and raft-soil-raft interaction are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions. The proposed method makes it possible to solve problems of large non-uniformly arranged piled rafts in a time-saving way using a PC. The method can also be used for the deformation analysis of pile groups by setting the soil resistance at the raft base equal to zero. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with existing solutions. Two case studies on settlement analyses of a free-standing pile group and a large piled raft are presented. In the analyses, applicability of the equivalent pier concept is also examined and discussed. The computed settlements compare favourably with the field measurements.     

管线渗漏水范围对浅埋隧道围岩变形和破坏的影响

 管线渗漏水是城市浅埋隧道施工安全事故的重要诱因,明确管线渗漏水对浅埋隧道围岩变形和破坏的影响规律是安全事故防控的基础。针对VI级围岩浅埋地铁隧道,采用平面应变模型试验研究管线渗漏水范围对围岩变形和破坏的影响规律。试验结果表明：(1) 管线渗漏水作用下,隧道尚未开挖就产生明显的地表沉降,随着渗漏水范围的增加,地表沉降值和沉降范围也随之增大,但当管线渗漏水范围到达拱顶后,其继续增大对地表沉降的影响程度明显减弱。(2) 管线渗漏水作用下,隧道开挖前地表即产生明显的竖向裂缝,随着地表沉降的增加,裂缝的深度和宽度均同步增加;隧道开挖后,地表竖向裂缝的深度和宽度随地表沉降的变化速率较隧道开挖前有所减小。(3) 管线渗漏水范围越大,隧道开挖后造成地层破坏的程度越剧烈;小范围管线渗漏水情况下,管线渗漏水范围对围岩破裂面形状的影响不大;中等范围和大范围管线渗漏水情况下,管线渗漏水范围的包络线和围岩破裂面高度吻合,且破裂面相对于无渗漏水影响的情况更为陡峭。     

A simplified analysis method for the influence of tunneling on grouped piles

One of key issues of tunneling in urban areas is to assess the likely impact on adjacent piled buildings of tunnel construction. Simple and reliable predictions of tunneling-induced bending and axial stresses in pile foundations are important to the safety of tunneling. In this paper, a simple two-stage analysis method for determining the response of pile groups caused by tunneling was presented. At the first stage, an analytical solution proposed by Loganathan and Poulos [Loganathan, N., Poulos, H.G., 1998. Analytical prediction for tunneling-induced ground movement in clays. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE 124 (9), 846–856] is used to estimate the free-field vertical and lateral soil movements induced by tunneling. At the second stage, assuming no slippage at the soil-pile interface, the Winkler model is first adopted for simulating the pile-soil interaction, combined with finite difference method in the case of multi-layered soils. Then, shielding effect is considered for the interaction between two passive piles using a logarithmic attenuation function suggested by Randolph and Wroth [Randolph, M.F., Wroth, C.P., 1979. Analysis of the vertical deformation of pile groups. Géotechnique 29 (4), 423–439] for vertical response and Mindlin’s solution for lateral response. Finally, the response of a passive pile group due to tunneling is obtained by the superposition principle. Solutions obtained by the proposed approach for the analysis of single piles and piled groups subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling are compared with those using the boundary element program GEPAN. Comparisons are also made between the observed behavior of centrifuge model tests as well as field measurements and those computed by the proposed method. It is demonstrated that the present method can in general give a satisfactory prediction of the response of passive piles subjected to tunneling.     

地下通道开挖宽度对地表沉降的影响

根据深圳某地下通道的施工实践,浅埋地下通道开挖宽度对地表累计沉降值影响很大,基于此,文章主要依据对地表沉降、拱顶下沉、支护与土体接触压力、支护内力等施工监测资料的详细分析和有限元法计算,针对CD法施工中地表沉降的主要构成因素:开挖阶段的初支整体下沉和中隔墙拆除阶段的结构变形,从初支接触压力、支护整体刚度、支护结构受力、支护整体下沉等方面分析了开挖宽度对地表沉降的影响情况。分析表明,开挖宽度是影响地表累计沉降值的主要因素之一,随着开挖宽度增加,支护与土体接触应力增大,开挖阶段支护整体下沉量和拆撑阶段中隔墙受力的变大是导致地表沉降量值迅速增加的主要原因。