环流旋流器的结构与性能研究

以细沙和水的混合物作实验物系,分别对四种不同结构尺寸的旋流器进行了研究,测定了不同操作条件的压降和分离效率。实验结果表明：带分离柱的环流式旋流器压降最低,效率最高。由该旋流器的粒级效率曲线可以看出,直径小于5μm的颗粒,由于比较容易被大颗粒夹带分离,其分离效率比7．5μm左右颗粒高。     

环流旋流器的结构与性能研究

以细沙和水的混合物作实验物系 ,分别对四种不同结构尺寸的旋流器进行了研究 ,测定了不同操作条件的压降和分离效率。实验结果表明 :带分离柱的环流式旋流器压降最低 ,效率最高。由该旋流器的粒级效率曲线可以看出 ,直径小于 5μm的颗粒 ,由于比较容易被大颗粒夹带分离 ,其分离效率比 7.5μm左右颗粒高。     

多效旋风分离器性能的实验研究

多效旋风分离器通过采用2级螺旋管预分离含尘气体、螺旋形顶盖板导流、筒体中心稳流锥稳流和吸气回流系统防止粉尘返混等措施,解决了在旋风流场中分离微米及亚微米级颗粒的难题。文中通过实验研究了直径为0.25 m的多效旋风分离器的压降、分离效率和进口风速的关系,实验物料粒径范围为0.1—23μm,平均粒径为7.59μm。结果表明:在10—14 m/s入口风速时,对0.1—3μm颗粒的分离效率大于90%,对大于5μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%,压降在500—1 000 Pa。风速大于16 m/s时,对0.1—2μm颗粒的分离效率大于75%。     

环流式旋风除尘器的改进与分离性能研究

以分子筛-空气为实验物系,测定了三种不同结构的环流式旋风除尘器的压降和分离效率,即不加整流器、加有导流锥的整流器和加无导流锥的整流器。实验结果表明:加整流器后,分离效率得到一定的提高,加带有导流锥的整流器效率最高,但压降略有增加。由该除尘系统的粒级效率曲线可以看出,直径在2.8μm左右的颗粒由于容易被大颗粒夹带分离,其分离效率比4μm左右的颗粒高。     

高海拔地区水力旋流器旋液分离过程CFD模拟与结构优化

针对氯化钾冷结晶器溢流液分离问题，提出使用水力旋流器进行固液分离。采用CFD数值模拟方法对水力旋流器的分离过程进行计算，研究在高海拔地区下水力旋流器筒径、溢流口直径、入口流速、锥角等因素对其流动特性和分离性能的影响。结果表明：筒径Dc=200 mm时分离效果最好；溢流口直径d0的增大会使分离效率与压降减小；增大入口流速会使分离效率先上升再下降，且压降随入口流速增大而增大；锥角α减小，水力旋流器分离效率增加并且压降减小，海拔高度的改变基本不改变水力旋流器的分离效率与压降。经分析可知：当Dc=200 mm、d0=56 mm、α=10°、入口流速为9 m/s时，粒径在20μm以上的颗粒分离效率可以达到80%以上，此时压降为0.26 MPa，整体性能最好。     

石膏旋流器分离性能的试验研究

通过对影响水力旋流器分离性能的三个因素:底流管径、进料浓度和入口压力进行正交试验,得出影响旋流器分离效果的各因素主次顺序,并对各影响因素进行分析。通过分级实验得出,经分离后底流口颗粒粒径集中于20μm以上,溢流颗粒粒径则集中于20μm以下。随着颗粒粒径的增大,分离效率也在增大,当粒径达到30μm时,效率已经接近100%,旋流器起到明显的分级、增浓效果。     

分流型芯管开缝结构对导叶式旋风管分离性能的影响

通过改变分流型芯管开缝面积比和开缝位置研究了开缝结构对旋风管压降和不同粒径颗粒分离效率的影响.结果表明,侧壁开缝的分流型芯管能够有效地降低旋风管的压降并且提高不同粒径颗粒的分离效率;随着开缝面积比增大,旋风管压降降低,开缝面积比为3.0使5μm以上颗粒分离效率最高;分流型芯管下部开缝能够提高旋风管的操作弹性.     

新型α旋流器流场模拟与实验研究

根据集成膜法海水软化技术对海水超滤前分离粒度及效率的要求,开发出了内置导流板和曲线长锥体的新型α旋流器,并对其流场特性进行了数值模拟和实验研究.以CFD模拟软件Fluent 6.2提供的雷诺应力模型(RSM)为基础,分析了速度矢量、切向速度、轴向速度等参数的分布规律,研究了内部导流板和曲线长锥体结构对其分离性能的影响.按照模拟优化结果,加工了相同的尺寸常规旋流器和新型α旋流器,以水-细砂为实验物系对两旋流器的分离性能做了对比实验.模拟和实验结果表明:与常规旋流器相比,新型α旋流器以内构件对流体进行导流和整流后,不仅流场稳定,而且能耗小、压降低.在相同操作条件下,对于小粒径颗粒的分级效率新型α旋流器优于常规旋流器,对于5μm粒径的颗粒其分离效率达到90%;当分流比为0.87时,其分割粒径d50为1.3μm.     

旋流分离器在乙二醇脱盐过程中的模拟研究

应用计算流体力学(CFD)模拟研究了旋流分离器内液固(乙二醇-NaCl)两相分离过程.应用RSS雷诺应力湍流模型、DPM离散相颗粒模型,建立液固两相分离模型,研究了旋流器结构、固相颗粒粒径、操作条件对颗粒分离效率、压降的影响.结果表明:采用优化的旋流分离器,粒径大于35μm的NaCl颗粒分离效率可以达到99.6％以上.     

水力旋流器分离细颗粒的试验研究

介绍了用于细颗粒分离的水力旋流器的基本结构形式及主要结构参数。并针对旋流器雷诺数、分流比、旋数等无因次参数对压力特性的影响进行了细致的试验研究,找出了这些参数与欧拉数和压降比的相互关系。所有试验均在不含气的条件下进行。结果表明,随着雷诺数、分流比和旋数的分别加大,水力旋流器的压力降呈增加趋势,压降比则呈下降趋势。另外,针对当量直径45μm尿素复合颗粒进行了分离特性研究。结果表明,随着雷诺数的加大,分离效率逐步提高,但并非雷诺数越大越好;对于分流比,则只在低雷诺数时有利于分离效果的改善;旋数分别为9、16和29的实验结果表明,旋数16的总体效果为最优。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.