水利技术标准国际化的思考与建议

分析了水利技术标准国际化面临的形势、进展与成效、存在的主要问题,针对如何进一步提升水利技术标准国际化水平提出了对策建议,具体包括编制规划引领水利技术标准国际化相关工作、集中力量组织翻译出版工作、加大已出版水利技术标准英文版推广力度等。     

水利技术标准体系问题及对策研究

标准体系是标准化管理工作的核心.随着水利标准化工作的不断发展,我国现行的水利技术标准体系出现了体系框架中层次维没有发挥显著作用、体系框架内部交叉重复、标准之间交叉重复、有些标准偏小偏细、存在个别缺项漏项、标准特征名使用不规范和标准国际化程度不够的问题,已不能很好地适应新形势的发展要求.本文在分析现行水利技术标准体系存在问题的同时,以问题为导向提出了相应的解决对策,以期能够为水利技术标准体系表的修订提供参考.     

水利统计标准发展现状及需求分析

概述我国水利统计工作的发展历程及主要成就,介绍我国水利统计领域标准的发展情况,列出正在编制与待编的技术标准,分析这些技术标准对水利统计工作发展发挥的重要作用。依据水利统计标准编制的意义、自身的规律以及发展趋势,提出今后我国水利统计工作要研制的关键技术及与之配套的技术标准。     

水利标准化工作服务高质量发展的思考

从服务高质量发展的视角,分析了标准化工作的作用,梳理了水利标准化发展现状,分析了当前水利标准化工作面临的挑战,并围绕完善水利标准化体制机制和机构建设、构建推动水利高质量发展的技术标准体系、加强标准化专题研究和推进水利标准国际化等方面,提出了有针对性的建议,以期为新时代水利标准化工作提供参考。     

我国水利技术标准体系现状研究及思考

在研究梳理水利技术标准体系发展历程及现状,分析水利技术标准体系框架结构以及水利技术标准的时效性和适用性的基础上,提出水利技术标准体系存在标准交叉重复、标准缺失、与国际标准接轨不够、与机构职责不相适应、团体标准未纳入标准体系等问题,并给予相应对策思考,以期为下一步标准体系修订优化提供参考。     

浅谈我国水利技术标准体系存在的问题及对策

我国水利行业现行的水利技术标准体系较为笼统,部分技术标准还需进一步细化和完善,需参照国际标准,不断地修订和完善水利标准体系。现阶段,水利技术标准、管理标准和工作标准三者没有明确的界定方法,且《体系表》内容较多,存在交叉分管的问题。本文基于水利技术标准体系的现状分析和发展,对水利技术标准体系存在问题提出了解决对策,以供水利工程项目实施管理中作为参考。     

保护水(资源)的技术标准发展浅议

从传统工程水利向资源水利、生态水利的转变过程中,我国现行水资源保护标准体系明显缺位。根据水功能区监督管理、水生态系统保护、生态友好型水利工程、水利科学快速发展形成的保护水的技术标准需求,提出在当前完善保护水资源的技术标准体系工作中要注重标准制定的前瞻性,加强科学试验验证,切实提高技术标准的科技水平,开展调查研究,协调好水资源保护标准的统一性与特殊性的问题。     

水利技术标准、管理标准及工作标准的界定原则研究

标准分类有多种方式,但大都没有明确权威的界定方法。结合2008版《水利技术标准体系表》,从标准的内容、编制目的、使用对象、结构等方面,研究提出了水利技术标准、管理标准与工作标准的界定原则,可为体系表的修订及收录范围的确定提供技术依据。     

水库大坝安全监测技术标准相关问题探讨研究

当前大坝安全监测类水利行业技术标准存在局部衔接不一致、体系不完善等问题。将水利行业安全监测类技术标准划分为通用、工程设计、其他三类;结合工作实践,针对现行标准存在的问题,提出了看法与见解;在分析现有技术标准体系存在问题基础上,提出了下一步完善标准体系的建议。     

水利技术标准特征名研究

结合<水利技术标准体系表>(2008版),分析了目前水利技术标准特征名使用和管理过程中的常见问题,参照目前较为权威的部分特征名定义,从术语学的理论出发,初步研究建立了标准特征名的概念体系,并研究提出了水利技术标准常见特征名的共性特征及区别特征,以便于标准的管理者、编制者和使用者能对标准更好地管理、理解与应用.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。