真空冷冻干燥残余水分监测方法概述

通过残余水分含量来判断真空冷冻干燥过程中升华干燥和解吸干燥结束点是一种直接的方法。对当今残余水分监测的方法进行总结和分析,认为湿度传感器法和介电法将成为未来的一个研究方向,而称重法若能解决传热及安装等问题,也会是一种理想的测量手段。     

地面气象观测站湿度传感器现场校准

本文对HMP155型湿度传感器现场校准方法进行了研究.首先介绍了校准装置与湿度传感器结构基本原理,然后论述了饱和盐溶液(湿度环境)的配置方法及注意事项,最后对湿度传感器现场校准技术及超差时调整技术进行了分析总结.     

湿度传感器的修正值测量结果的不确定度评定

依据JJF1076—2001《湿度传感器校准规范》,在满足温度(23±5)℃;相对湿度:≤85%RH的条件下,使用Optidew Vision精密露点仪、YGM-C600温湿度检定箱对测量范围为(10~100)%RH,分辨力为0.1%RH的湿度传感器进行校准,开展湿度传感器的修正值的试验研究,给出其测量结果的不确定度评定方法和步骤。     

温度不敏感的柔性氧化石墨烯湿度传感器研究

本文设计并制作了一种氧化石墨烯(GO)柔性湿度传感器,通过阻抗分析测试法,分别比较了温度对其电阻和电容湿敏特性的影响,并研究了其动态响应特性。结果表明,电阻工作模式的GO柔性湿度传感器湿敏特性受温度影响较大,而电容工作模式则几乎对温度不敏感。当湿度为50%时,传感器的响应时间和恢复时间分别约为1.7s和8.4s。同时,验证了该传感器可实现穿戴式人体呼吸频率的监测。     

双脉冲电沉积Ni-SiC复合镀层的摩擦学性能

双脉冲电沉积法制备的镀层比直流电沉积层在硬度、应力、耐蚀性方面更佳,目前就双脉冲法制备的Ni-SiC复合镀层的摩擦学行为的研究较少.为此,利用直流和双脉冲2种电沉积方法制备了Ni-SiC复合镀层,研究了加入SiC颗粒对2种复合镀层微观结构和室温干摩擦条件下磨损性能的影响,并将两者进行比较.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)检测了镀层的微观结构,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了镀层的磨损表面,分析了磨损机理.结果表明:脉冲方法能够更有效地提高镀层硬度,降低宏观残余应力,随着SiC颗粒含量的增加,Ni-SiC复合镀层的摩擦系数减小,磨损率降低.     

基于ADT的电阻型湿度传感器可靠性评估

传统的寿命试验对电子元件可靠性进行评估需较长时间。如何快速、准确获取电子元件的性能指标是工程实践和试验研究迫切需要解决的问题。本文以电阻型湿度传感器为研究对象,基于加速退化试验(ADT)的可靠性评估方法,建立加速模型和退化轨迹,结合最大似然估计和最小二乘法求解加速应力下伪失效寿命分布参数,从而得出正常应力水平下可靠度函数。结果表明,采用ADT能够准确获取湿度传感器的可靠性信息,缩短试验周期,此评估方法同样适用于其它电子元件的可靠性研究,存在广泛的应用价值。     

基于c‒MWCNTs/GO体系的湿敏型智能包装研究

目的 优选羧基化多壁碳纳米管(c–MWCNTs)与氧化石墨烯(GO)作为敏感材料制备湿度传感器,对其湿敏特性进行研究,探索一种能够快速精确监测包装内湿度变化的传感器。方法 通过丝网印刷工艺印制传感器电极基底,在电极表面涂布c–MWCNTs/GO湿敏溶液,混合湿敏溶液中c–MWCNTs的质量分数分别为20%和67%,烘干后得到电阻型湿度传感器,测定其灵敏度、动态响应、响应恢复时间、吸湿滞后性、重复性等湿敏特性。结果 选用长度为0.5~2 μm的c–MWCNTs制备的湿度传感器灵敏度、线性度优于10~30 μm的。质量分数分别为20%和67%的c–MWCNTs的湿敏溶液制备而得的传感器均对不同湿度敏感,而当c–MWCNTs质量分数为67%时灵敏度更高,线性度更好,在低湿(相对湿度为33%)时响应和恢复时间分别为7 s和3.9 s,高湿(相对湿度为85%)时分别为20 s和15 s,最大吸湿滞后值为17%。结论 将c–MWCNTs与GO掺杂用于制备湿度传感器,可以检测的相对湿度范围为11%~98%,且c–MWCNTs质量分数为67%时传感器具有较高的灵敏度、良好的线性度、良好的重复性、快速的响应恢复能力和较小的吸湿滞后,在未来包装湿度监控应用方面具有广阔前景。     

HS1100湿度传感器及两种实用电路

HS1100湿度传感器是一种基于电容原理的湿度传感器.相对湿度的变化和电容值呈线性规律.在自动测试系统中,必须将电容的变化转换成电压或频率的变化,才能进行有效地数据采集.以HS1100湿度传感器充当NE555构成振荡器的振荡电容,从而完成湿度到频率的转换.用脉冲信号加在标准电容和串联的电路上,从他们的中点取出信号,经滤波、放大,从而完成从湿度到电压的转换.文中给出了上述两种实用电路和有关数据.     

气象用湿度传感器低温测量探讨

通过湿度传感器的低温性能测试研究,掌握温度变化对湿度测量准确度的影响量。通过随机挑选的3支湿敏电容湿度传感器在实验室不同的温度点下开展湿度全量程测试,在测试温度低于0℃时,计量标准的两种计算方法 -标准方法和WMO法,与之进行比对分析,验证低温时湿度测量的两种计算方法的相关性和差异性,进而定量地分析0~-40℃环境下湿度计量的温度影响量。     

近断层脉冲型地震动的残余位移系数谱研究

残余位移是基于性能抗震设计过程中一项重要性能指标。为研究近断层区域脉冲型地震动下结构的残余位移计算方法,采用同时包含场地特征周期T_g与地震动脉冲周期T_p的双周期规准法(TTN),以226条脉冲型地震动为输入,对单自由度体系进行线性与非线性时程分析,通过统计分析生成了TTN残余位移系数均值谱;探讨了场地条件、结构自振周期T以及强度折减系数R与残余位移系数C_r的关系,并拟合得到了TTN残余位移系数设计谱;研究结果表明:①采用TTN方法生成的残余位移系数谱能直接体现出速度脉冲效应对长周期结构动力响应的增大作用;②T和R是影响C_r的主要参数,而不同场地条件下的TTN残余位移系数谱具有一致性,可生成统一场地谱;③提出的TTN残余位移系数设计谱数学表达形式简洁,能够反映C_r与T,R的相关性,可用于预测近断层区域结构残余位移。     

Using cereal grain permittivity for sensing moisture content

A brief history of cereal grain moisture measurement by sensing the electrical properties of grain is presented. The basic principles are also described for using radio-frequency (RF) and microwave dielectric properties, or permittivity, of grain for sensing moisture through their correlation with moisture content. The development of density-independent functions of the permittivity is explained. The findings of recent research are summarized, which indicate that reliable density-independent moisture content determinations can be realized by measurements on grain at RF and microwave frequencies. Development of these techniques will provide useful instruments for on-line monitoring of moisture content in flowing grain to manage moisture in grain, prevent spoilage in storage and transport, improve processing, and provide information important for yield determinations in precision agriculture applications     

基于露点法判断冻干过程的一次升华结束点

本文根据冻干过程干燥室内的露点值和物料的水分含量有关提出一种新的方法--露点法来监控冻干过程物料的水分迁移情况.以浓度为2%(W/V)的甘露醇(冻干保护剂)为研究对象,分别取80个,160个,20个小瓶,通过不同的过充小瓶数(1个,2个),不同的溶液高度(溶液高度6.5 mm,0.32 mm)来检验露点法在监测整批样品冻干过程的灵敏性.与称重法对照,称重法即在冻干过程不同的时刻取出样品测量整批样品质量.实验结果表明露点法即使当过充小瓶率为0.625%,或者溶液高度为0.32mm时仍有足够的灵敏度,露点法得到的一次升华结束点与称重法结果一致.这说明非接触法露点法是一种可靠,便利的监测一次升华结束点的方法,将其应用于控制成批冻干样品大有可为.     

不同微波遥感模态和不同数据组合的等湿度区域分布与土壤湿度的反演

论述了主动、被动和主动被动相结合的3种微波遥感模态反演土壤湿度的方法和特点。为了采用人工神经网络方法反演出土壤湿度，在随机粗糙面双谱散射模型的基础上计算了裸土壤表面的散射系数和发射率，分析了3种不同的微波遥感模态和不同数据组合的等湿度区域分布的特点，从而确定了适合于各个微波遥感模态的输入数据组合。反演结果表明，只要选择适当的人工神经网络输入数据组合，采用3种模态中的任何一种微波遥感模态反演土壤湿度都是可行的，并具有较好的反演精度，结果对于微波遥感反演土壤湿度方案的选取具有指导意义。     

Rarefied gas dynamics aspects of pharmaceutical freeze-drying

Freeze-drying is a low-pressure, low-temperature condensation pumping process widely used in manufacture of bio/pharmaceutical products. Because of the need to avoid the aggressive evaporation drying, typical operating pressures in freeze-drying are below 100 Pa. Understanding relevant rarefied flow physics can help improve freeze-drying systems and processes. The paper presents various rarefied gas dynamics aspects of freeze-drying including thermal creep and conduction, pressure and concentration-gradient driven flows and sonic expansion flows with icing. In particular, flow through the duct where the Knudsen number is small enough is modeled using conventional CFD techniques. The effect of the hardware on flow in the duct is discussed in detail. Furthermore, flow and icing in the freeze-drying condenser is modeled using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique. The effect of duct length on the uniformity of mass flux and ice accretion rates are discussed. It is found that by increasing the duct length, there is a trade-off between increased residual pressure and improved uniformity. The simulations show that by augmenting the DSMC method with conventional CFD technique in appropriate regimes, the gas dynamics in the entire freeze-dryer system can be modeled numerically for given sublimation rate and geometry.     

A Noninvasive Resonance-Based Method for Moisture Content Evaluation Through Microstrip Antennas

Several techniques for measuring the moisture levels of materials, particularly in the soil science area, are available. Nevertheless, the state of the art is rather lacking in moisture-sensing methods that are both inexpensive and noninvasive. The time-domain reflectometry (TDR)-based method, despite being a well-established low-cost technique for sensing moisture content, is intrinsically invasive due to the configuration of the probes that are commonly used. These considerations motivated the authors to investigate the adoption of simple inexpensive microstrip antennas as sensing elements for TDR-based moisture content measurements. For this purpose, the water content of the monitored material is sensed through the changes in the reflection scattering parameter S ₁₁(f) of the antenna. In particular, the change in the resonant frequency of the antenna, which is evaluated through an appropriate processing of the TDR waveforms, is correlated with the water content of the material under investigation. The ultimate goal is to assess a sensing method that can be implemented for inexpensive real-time noninvasive monitoring applications.     

A theory for the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze-drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes: comparison between experimental data and theory

A theory is constructed to describe quantitatively the dynamic behavior of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze-drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes. Experimental data for the freeze-drying of cloxacillin monosodium salt and skim milk are obtained using a pilot freeze-dryer. The comparison of the theoretical results with the experimental data shows that the agreement between experiment and theory is good.     

Physicochemical interaction mechanism between nanoparticles and tetrasaccharides (stachyose) during freeze-drying

Nanoparticle suspensions are thermodynamically unstable and subject to aggregation. Freeze-drying on addition of saccharides is a useful method for preventing aggregation. In the present study, tetrasaccharides (stachyose) was employed as an additive. In addition, we hypothesize the interactive mechanism between stachyose and the nanoparticles during freeze-drying for the first time. The mean particle size of the rehydrated freeze-dried stachyose-containing nanoparticles (104.7?nm) was similar to the initial particle size before freeze-drying (76.8?nm), indicating that the particle size had been maintained. The mean particle size of the rehydrated normal-dried stachyose-containing nanoparticles was 222.2?nm. The powder X-ray diffraction of the freeze-dried stachyose-containing nanoparticles revealed a halo pattern. The powder X-ray diffraction of the normally dried stachyose-containing nanoparticles produced mainly a halo pattern and a partial peak. These results suggest an interaction between the nanoparticles and stachyose, and that this relationship depends on whether the mixture is freeze-dried or dried normally. In the case of normal drying, although most molecules cannot move rapidly thereby settling irregularly, some stachyose molecules can arrange regularly leading to some degree of crystallization and potentially some aggregation. In contrast, during freeze-drying, the moisture sublimed, while the stachyose molecules and nanoparticles were immobilized in the ice. After sublimation, stachyose remained in the space occupied by water and played the role of a buffer material, thus preventing aggregation.     

New calibration technique for microwave moisture sensors

A new calibration technique was developed for implementation with microwave moisture sensors. The calibration permittivity function used for this purpose allows computation of moisture content in granular materials with significant differences in shape, dimensions, and composition, independent of bulk density and with temperature compensation. A 3D representation is used to plot the calibration permittivity function as it depends on temperature and moisture content in wheat and corn. For each material, data points form a plane surface. These planes have nearly the same coefficients, which can be utilized for the development of a “universal” calibration method for moisture sensing in natural and manufactured granular materials. Foundations of the method are discussed based on results obtained for wheat and corn over a wide temperature range and at moisture contents of practical interest     

真空冷冻干燥机内的水蒸气压力分布计算

试图从冻干过程中冻干室内水蒸气压力分布不均匀的角度,分析解释大型真空冷冻干燥机存在的不同部位物料干燥速率不均匀问题.通过建立描述搁板层间通道和搁板组间抽气通道内水蒸气流动的数学模型,计算得出流动通道内的水蒸气压力分布规律.定义了2个通道特征系数,反映出冻干机结构、工艺参数对水蒸气压力分布的影响作用.计算结果可以用于估算冻干机内不同部位物料的干燥速率,并可为确定冻干机关键结构工艺参数提供重要的理论参考依据.