INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERSONALITY INVENTORIES: THE 16 PF, THE MMPI, AND THE MPI.

ADMINISTERED THE 16 PF, THE MPI, AND THE MMPI TO 267 AIRMEN. A FACTOR ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE 16 PF SCALES, AND ESTIMATED CORRELATIONS OF MPI AND MMPI SCALES WITH THE 16 PF FACTORS WERE OBTAINED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE 16 PF EXTRAVERSION FACTOR AND THE MPI EXTRAVERSION SCALE WERE IDENTICAL FOR MOST PURPOSES, BUT THAT THE 16 PF ANXIETY FACTOR AND THE MPI NEUROTICISM SCALE SHOWED CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES. FINDINGS CONCERNING THE MMPI CLINICAL SCALES, THE 16 PF FACTORS, AND THE MPI SCALES ARE DISCUSSED. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CHANGES IN AFFECTIVE STATES AS A FUNCTION OF GUILT OVER AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.

60 UNDERGRADUATE MALES WERE PARTITIONED AT THE MEDIAN ON A MEASURE OF HOSTILITY-GUILT AND RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO MILD AND SEVERE DEROGATION TREATMENTS. AFTER LISTENING TO A "1ST IMPRESSION" INTERVIEW WITH A STRANGER AND COMPLETING THE NOWLIS MOOD ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST (MACL), SS WERE REQUESTED TO AGGRESS VERBALLY AGAINST THE STRANGER. THE 2 DEROGATION TREATMENTS EMPLOYED WERE EITHER TASK-FOCUSED OR PERSON-ORIENTED. THE AGGRESSIVE ATTACK BY SS LED TO GREAT DISTRESS, DISCOMFORT, AND DISORGANIZATION IN THE VICTIM WHICH WERE SIMULATED BY A TAPE RECORDING. A 2ND MACL AND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS MEASURED CHANGES IN FEELINGS OF GUILT AND OTHER AFFECTIVE STATES. RESULTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SS DISPOSED TO GUILTY REACTIONS OVER HOSTILITY DO REPORT AN INCREASE IN THE STATE OF GUILT AFTER AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. THE DEROGATION CONDITIONS DID NOT DIFFERENTIALLY EFFECT SUBSEQUENT AFFECTIVE STATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEGRO AND WHITE PREGNANT WOMEN ON THE MMPI.

MMPI RESPONSES OF 772 NEGRO AND WHITE LOWER CLASS PREGNANT WOMEN WERE EXAMINED FOR RACE DIFFERENCES. 6 OF 16 CONVENTIONALLY SCORED MMPI SCALES DIFFERENTIATED BETWEEN THE 2 GROUPS AT THE .05 LEVEL. THE ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCES IN MEANS, WHILE SIGNIFICANT, WERE SMALL. BY CONTRAST, 213 OF THE 550 ITEMS WERE SIGNIFICANT AT THE .05 LEVEL. A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE 150 MOST SIGNIFICANT ITEMS PRODUCED 20 FACTORS, EACH OF WHICH DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN THE GROUPS WELL BEYOND P     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL HISTORY FACTORS AND PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS.

CONSECUTIVELY ADMITTED, NONGERIATRIC PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY IF THEY HAD A VALID MMPI TAKEN WITHIN 14 DAYS OF ADMISSION TO A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL, AND AN M-B HISTORY RECORD COMPLETED BY THEIR NEAREST RELATIVE. DATA ON 120 PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED BY COMPUTING PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE 7 HISTORY THEMES AND 13 MMPI SCALES AND BY CANONICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE 2 SETS OF DATA. THE RESULTS OF BOTH ANALYSES ARE SEEN AS SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THERE ARE RELATIONS BETWEEN CERTAIN ASPECTS OF A PATIENT'S SOCIAL HISTORY AND THE SYMPTOMS REPORTED ON ADMISSION TO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INFLUENCE OF TEST-TAKING ATTITUDES ON PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCORES.

THE MMPI AND CROWNE-MARLOWE SCALES WERE ADMINISTERED TO 50 PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS WHO WERE GROUPED BY LEVELS OF MOTIVATION FOR DISCHARGE AND THEN RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO 1 OF 2 TESTING CONDITIONS. FOR THE "DEFENSIVE" CONDITION, THE PATIENTS WERE TOLD THAT THE TESTS WOULD DETERMINE THEIR READINESS FOR DISCHARGE; FOR THE "ROUTINE" CONDITION, THEY WERE ASSURED THAT THE TEST RESULTS WOULD NOT AFFECT THEIR DISCHARGE DATE. THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECTS FOR THE CONDITIONS OF TESTING AND LEVELS OF MOTIVATION ON SEVERAL OF THE STANDARD AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALES. FROM AN ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION EFFECTS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SS ARE MORE LIKELY TO DISSIMULATE WHEN THE TESTING IS PERCEIVED AS A POTENTIAL BARRIER TO THE ATTAINMENT OF THEIR IMMEDIATE GOALS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEMOGRAPHIC AND PROGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS CLASSIFIED BY GROSS MMPI MEASURES.

APPLICATION OF THE GILBERSTADT-DUKER MMPI RULES TO THE MMPI PROFILES OF PATIENTS ADMITTED TO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL REVEALED THAT ONLY 28% OF THESE SS PRODUCED CLASSIFIABLE PROFILES, AND 36% PRODUCED INVALID PROFILES. SS WERE STUDIED FURTHER BY CLASSIFYING ALL PROFILES ON THE BASIS OF GROSS INDICES OF VALID (I.E., L > 60 AND/OR F > 80) VS. INVALID AND NORMAL (I.E., ALL CLINICAL SCALES LESS THAN T = 70) VS. ABNORMAL. DEMOGRAPHIC, DIAGNOSTIC, AND PROGNOSTIC DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND BETWEEN THESE GROUPS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORAL JUDGMENT AND GUILT IN DELINQUENT BOYS.

THE STAGE OF MORAL JUDGMENT WAS ASSESSED BY USING KOHLBERG'S STANDARDIZED INTERVIEW WHICH FOLLOWS THE APPROACH OF PIAGET. GUILT WAS ASSESSED BY A CONTENT ANALYSIS, A MEASURE OF SPEECH DISTURBANCE, AND A GLOBAL CLINICAL RATING OF A STANDARDIZED INTERVIEW CONCERNING THE 36 DELINQUENT BOYS' FEELINGS ABOUT THE TRANSGRESSION LEADING TO THEIR INCARCERATION. THE MOSHER GUILT SCALE WAS AN ADDITIONAL MEASURE OF GUILT WHICH, LIKE THE PRECEDING MEASURES BASED ON THE TRANSGRESSION INTERVIEW, USES REFERENTS FROM FREUD'S THEORETICAL CONCEPTION OF GUILT. STAGE OF MORAL JUDGMENT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO ALL OF THE MEASURES OF GUILT EXCEPT SPEECH DISTURBANCE. SPEECH DISTURBANCE MIGHT BETTER HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED AN INDEX OF ANXIETY RATHER THAN OF AN INTERNALIZED GUILTY EMOTION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ITEM AMBIGUITY AND ITEM DISCRIMINATION IN THE MMPI.

EVALUATED 2 CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF ITEM AMBIGUITY WITH RESPECT TO THE DISCRIMINATION POWER AND RESPONSE DIRECTION OF MMPI ITEMS. INTERPRETIVE AMBIGUITY RATINGS AND RESPONSE AMBIGUITY VALUES WERE OBTAINED ON THE ITEMS IN ORDER TO DIVIDE THEM INTO GROUPS BY AMBIGUITY CHARACTERISTICS. A CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS INDICATED THE PRESENCE OF A LOW POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 2 MEASURES. THE ITEMS WERE ANALYZED WITH RESPECT TO THE NUMBER OF SCALES ON WHICH THEY ARE KEYED AND IN TERMS OF THEIR VARIABILITY IN RESPONSE DIRECTION. IT WAS EXPECTED THAT ITEMS HIGH IN INTERPRETIVE AMBIGUITY AND LOW IN RESPONSE AMBIGUITY WOULD HAVE GREATER DISCRIMINATION POWER AND WOULD BE MORE VARIABLE IN KEYED RESPONSE DIRECTION. BOTH EXPECTATIONS WERE CONFIRMED. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTERPRETIVE AND RESPONSE AMBIGUITY IS USEFUL TO CONSIDER IN ITEM-ANALYSIS PROCEDURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF FREE-ASSOCIATIVE SEX RESPONSES TO DOUBLE-ENTENDRE WORDS.

SEX RELATED RESPONSES GIVEN IN FREE ASSOCIATION TO DOUBLE-ENTENDRE WORDS WERE RELATED TO THE PERSONALITY VARIABLES OF SEX GUILT, NEED FOR HETEROSEXUALITY, AND THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE SET. TESTING WAS CONDUCTED INDIVIDUALLY. VARIABLES OF SEX GUILT, SEXUAL MOTIVE STRENGTH, AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE TENDENCY WERE MEASURED RESPECTIVELY BY THE MOSHER FORCED-CHOICE GUILT SCALE, THE EPPS, AND THE MARLOW-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE. RESULTS INDICATED A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEED FOR HETEROSEXUALITY AND ASSOCIATIVE SEXUAL RESPONSES, AND A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEX GUILT AND SEXUAL RESPONSIVITY. CONTRARY TO PREDICTION, ASSOCIATIVE SEXUAL RESPONSES WERE UNRELATED TO THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE TENDENCY. DATA ALSO SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE RELATION BETWEEN SEX GUILT AND SEXUAL NEED STRENGTH, AND A LOW POSITIVE RELATION BETWEEN SEX GUILT AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

USE OF A STRUCTURED AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN THE CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF PERSONALITY SCALES.

STRUCTURED AUTOBIOGRAPHIES WRITTEN BY 352 MALE FRESHMEN, WERE CONTENT ANALYZED, AND THE RESPONSES OF THE HIGH AND LOW SCORERS WERE COMPARED BY CHI-SQUARE ON EACH OF 6 CPI SCALES (DOMINANCE, INTELLECTUAL EFFICIENCY, RESPONSIBILITY, SOCIALIZATION, ACHIEVEMENT VIA CONFORMANCE, ACHIEVEMENT VIA INDEPENDENCE). AREAS COMPARED WERE RELATIONSHIPS WITH FATHER AND MOTHER, CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE, CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES, SELF-DESCRIPTION, AND WORK-STUDY HABITS. THE RESULTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR THE VALIDITY OF THE MANUAL'S DESCRIPTION OF THE 1ST 5 SCALES AND FOR A GENERAL CONCEPT OF INDEPENDENCE ON THE LAST SCALE. THE LIMITED EVIDENCE ON RESPONSIBILITY IS EQUIVOCAL. A STRUCTURED AUTOBIOGRAPHY IS SEEN AS A USEFUL ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF PERSONALITY SCALES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE MANIFEST ANXIETY, EXTRAVERSION, AND REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION SCALES.

THE MA, EXTRAVERSION (E), REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION (R-S), AND 13 OTHER PERSONALITY SCALES WERE GIVEN TO 226 SS TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH MA SCORES ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE INFLUENCE OF EXTRAVERSION AND TO EXPLORE THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE R-S SCALE ASSESSES ATTRIBUTES SIMILAR TO THOSE MEASURED BY THE MA AND E SCALES. FROM THE RESULTS OF A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE 16 VARIABLES IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: SCORES ON THE MA AND R-S SCALES ARE ALMOST TOTALLY INDEPENDENT OF EXTRAVERSION; THE MA AND R-S SCALES ARE PRACTICALLY IDENTICAL IN PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING; SCORES ON BOTH THESE SCALES ARE LARGELY DETERMINED BY 2 BIPOLAR, ORTHOGONAL TRAITS-DEFENSIVENESS AND EMOTIONALITY. (27 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICIANS IN A FEDERAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION.

CONTRASTING HIGH (N = 156) AND LOW (N = 156) CRITERION GROUPS OF UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PHYSICIANS WERE IDENTIFIED ON THE BASIS OF SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS ABOUT PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS APPEARING IN SUPERVISORS' EFFICIENCY REPORTS. THE 2 GROUPS WERE COMPARED ON PERSONALITY INVENTORIES AND OTHER MEASURES. SIGNIFICANT GROUP DIFFERENCES (.10 LEVEL OR BELOW) WERE FOUND ON PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES, AN EMPLOYMENT SELECTION INTERVIEW, SCORES DERIVED FROM A REGRESSION EQUATION FOR THE CPI FOUND TO BE PREDICTIVE OF PERFORMANCE IN MEDICAL SCHOOL, SCORED SECTIONS OF SUPERVISORY EFFICIENCY REPORTS, AND IN ATTITUDES ABOUT THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION. THE GROUPS DID NOT DIFFER ON MEASURES OF APTITUDE, ACHIEVEMENT, CREATIVITY, AND VALUES. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CONTRASTING GROUPS WERE DEVELOPED FROM THE DISCRIMINATING PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES. THE TYPE OF PERSONALITY CRITERION EMPLOYED CAN BE USED WITH OTHER OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS. (25 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COGNITIVE SENSITIVITY TO AVERSIVE MATERNAL STIMULATION IN LATE-ADOLESCENT MALES.

THE DEGREE OF INTERFERENCE PRODUCED BY SIMULATED MATERNAL CENSURE AND CONTROL WITH THE COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE OF LATE ADOLESCENTS WHO PERCEIVED THEIR MOTHERS AS CONTROLLING AND HOSTILE (HC-LN) WAS USED TO IDENTIFY SS WHO HAD ADAPTED TO THESE AVERSIVE MATERNAL CUES AND THOSE WHO HAD NOT. CONTROLS HAD LOW-CONTROL, HIGH NURTURANCE (LC-HN) MOTHERS. SS WERE 40 MALE STUDENTS. COMPARISON OF DISRUPTED AND NONDISRUPTED HC-LN MALES ON THE MMPI FOUND DISRUPTED SS HIGHER ON THE MA SCALE AND NONDISRUPTED SS HIGHER ON THE D SCALE. NO MMPI DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND FOR CONTROLS. IT WAS PROPOSED THAT INNER-DIRECTEDNESS (HIGH D) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ADAPTATION TO AVERSIVE MATERNAL CUES, OUTER-DIRECTEDNESS (HIGH MA), WITH NONADAPTATION. OVERALL GROUP COMPARISONS SHOWED HC-LN SS HIGHER ON THE D, PT, SC, AND SI SCALES THAN LC-HN SS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE K FACTOR AS A (VALIDITY) SUPPRESSOR VARIABLE IN PREDICTING SUCCESS IN SELLING.

THE MMPI WAS GIVEN TO 182 SALES REPRESENTATIVES FROM 9 COMPANIES, RANGING FROM BEVERAGE SALES TO BUSINESS FORMS. WITHIN EACH SAMPLE, SS WERE CAST INTO UPPER- AND LOWER-CRITERION GROUPS, BASED UPON SALES MANAGERS' RATINGS. THE 5 UNCORRECTED MMPI SCALES WHICH ARE NORMALLY SUBJECT TO THE K CORRECTION DIFFERENTIATED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN THE CRITERION GROUPS IN THE EXPECTED DIRECTION. THE K SUPPRESSOR VARIABLE, WHEN APPLIED AS INSTRUCTED IN THE PUBLISHER'S MANUAL, ACTUALLY DECREASED VALIDITY. THIS EFFECT WAS CLEARLY STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT FOR 3 OF THE SCALES, APPROACHED SIGNIFICANCE FOR 1 SCALE, AND WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT FOR THE FINAL SCALE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ON THE ASSESSMENT OF POTABILITY.

POTABILITY, THE ACCEPTANCE OF WATER FOR DRINKING PURPOSES, MAY BE CONCEPTUALIZED AND STUDIED THROUGH THE ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD DOMESTIC WATER. 3 ATTITUDE SCALES WERE DEVELOPED AND TESTED IN 6 COMMUNITY STUDIES UTILIZING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POTABILITY IS A FUNCTION OF THE TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) IN DRINKING WATER. RELIABILITIES OF THE SCALES WERE FOUND TO BE .82 AND HIGHER. THE HYPOTHESIS WAS STRONGLY SUPPORTED BY THE DATA: MEAN ATTITUDE SCORES WERE FOUND TO BE INVERSELY RELATED TO THE TDS IN COMMUNITY DRINKING WATER. A THEORY OF CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD TASTE IN WATER IS BRIEFLY OUTLINED, AND THE RECOMMENDATION OF LIMITING STANDARDS FOR TDS IN DOMESTIC WATER IS DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARATIVE VALIDITY OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF CONSTRUCTING PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES.

TO EXAMINE THE DIFFERENTIAL VALIDITY OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES DEVELOPED BY DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF SCALE CONSTRUCTION, 6 STRATEGIES WERE COMPARED: FACTOR ANALYTIC, EMPIRICAL GROUP DISCRIMINATIVE, INTUITIVE-THEORETICAL, INTUITIVE-RATIONAL, STYLISTIC-PSYCHOMETRIC, AND RANDOM. A COMMON ITEM POOL, THAT OF THE CPI, WAS USED TO CONSTRUCT SETS OF 11 SCALES BY EACH OF THE 6 STRATEGIES. THE SS WERE APPROXIMATELY 200 UNIVERSITY FRESHMAN GIRLS, FOR WHOM CPI RESPONSES AND 13 CRITERION MEASURES WERE AVAILABLE. THESE 13 CRITERIA INCLUDED AN INDEX OF SORORITY MEMBERSHIP; AN EXPERIMENTAL MEASURE OF CONFORMITY; PEER RATINGS ON THE TRAITS OF DOMINANCE, SOCIABILITY, RESPONSIBILITY, PSYCHOLOGICAL-MINDEDNESS, AND FEMININITY; A PEER RATING OF HOW WELL S WAS KNOWN; S'S AVERAGE NUMBER OF DATES PER MO.; COLLEGE GRADE POINT AVERAGE; COLLEGE ACHIEVEMENT RELATIVE TO ABILITY; COLLEGE MAJOR; AND COLLEGE DROPOUT. MULTIPLE REGRESSION PROCEDURES WERE USED IN A DOUBLE CROSS-VALIDATION DESIGN. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE 4 PRIMARY STRATEGIES OF SCALE CONSTRUCTION DID NOT DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER IN OVERALL VALIDITY; ALL 4 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE VALID THAN THE STYLISTIC AND RANDOM SCALES, WHICH IN TURN DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY FROM EACH OTHER. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREDICTION OF THE STANDARD MMPI SCALE SCORES FROM 71 ITEMS: THE MINI-MULT.

SELECTED 71 ITEMS AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CONTENT CLUSTERS TAPPED BY THE 11 STANDARD VALIDITY AND CLINICAL MMPI SCALES. THE ABILITY OF THIS ITEM POOL TO PREDICT THE STANDARD SCALE SCORES WAS CONTRASTED WITH THE ABILITY OF A RETEST TO DO THE SAME. THE ABBREVIATED FORM (THE MINI-MULT) WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE SUFFERED ONLY A 9% LOSS IN RELIABILITY AND A 14% LOSS IN CORRESPONDENCE IN COMPARISON WITH THE READMINISTRATION OF THE STANDARD FORM. CORRELATIONAL, CODE-TYPE, AND GLOBAL RATING DATA WERE USED IN ASSESSING THE DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE. THE LOSS IN RELIABILITY AND CORRESPONDENCE WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE AGAINST THE USE OF THE MINI-MULT WHEN A STANDARD TEST COULD NOT BE OBTAINED. METHODOLOGICAL QUESTIONS RELEVANT TO THE USE OF THE SPEARMAN-BROWN FORMULA AND FACTOR ANALYSIS ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS AND NONPARTICIPANTS IN INDIVIDUAL TEST-INTERPRETATION INTERVIEWS.

THE STUDY COMPARED STUDENTS WHO REQUESTED AN INTERPRETIVE INTERVIEW AFTER A BATTERY OF TESTS WITH THOSE WHO DID NOT REQUEST AN INTERVIEW. AN INTERVIEW SAMPLE (N = 96) WAS COMPARED WITH A NONINTERVIEW SAMPLE (N = 35) USING SCORES ON THE MMPI, THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL INVENTORY, AND THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST. ONLY THE MMPI COMPARISONS YIELDED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 2 GROUPS. THE INTERVIEW SAMPLE HAD LOWER SCORES ON SCALES K AND R (WELSH), AND HIGHER SCORES ON SCALES 2 (D), 5 (MF), AND A (WELSH). THE INTERVIEW SAMPLE ALSO HAD A HIGHER MEAN GRADE-POINT AVERAGE THAN THE NONINTERVIEW SAMPLE. AN EXPLANATION OF SOME OF THE OBSERVED DIFFERENCES WAS OFFERED IN TERMS OF DIFFERENCES AMONG SS ALONG THE INTROVERT-EXTRAVERT CONTINUUM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PROCESSES UNDERLYING EXPOSURE TO ADVERTISING.

EXPLORES ONGOING PROCESSES DURING MOMENTS OF EXPOSURE. 3 KINDS OF DATA ARE REPORTED. THINKING IS DEFINED AS THOUGHTS COMING SPONTANEOUSLY TO MIND WHILE VIEWING. LOOKING IS DEFINED IN TERMS OF A STAND MOUNTED EYE MOVEMENT RECORDER (MACKWORTH OPTISCAN). FEELING IS DEFINED IN TERMS OF INTENSITY OF RESPONSE AS MEASURED BY PUPIL SIZE (HESS APPARATUS). TEST ADS ELICITED MUCH SUBJECTIVE RESPONSE. ADS WITH THE LEAST STRUCTURE ELICITED THE MOST THOUGHTS PER RESPONDENT, THE WIDEST VARIETY OF THOUGHTS AND THE MOST THOUGHTS EXPRESSING DESIRE FOR THE PRODUCT AND SERVICE. HIGHLY STRUCTURED ADS WERE MOST INFORMATIVE, LEAST MOTIVATING OR PERSUASIVE, I.E., INFORMATION IS NOT SIMPLY PERSUASIVE. ADS WHICH WERE EASILY LEARNED REQUIRED LITTLE OF THE RESPONDENT, AND COMMUNICATED WITH LITTLE WORK ON HIS PART; BUT ADS WHICH WERE NOT LEARNED EASILY REQUIRED THE RESPONDENT TO BE MORE ACTIVE, I.E., TO SCAN RATHER THAN FOCUS. THE WORK OF COMMUNICATION MAY THEREFORE BE DONE BY THE COMMUNICATOR VIA CREATION OF AN EASILY LEARNABLE AD, OR BY THE RESPONDENT VIA AN ABILITY TO LEARN DIFFICULT COMMUNIQUES. COMMUNICATION IS FURTHER DISCUSSED, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FAMILIAR AND NOVEL STIMULI, AND RELATED COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF TRIALS. THE STUDY OF EFFECTS OF COMPLETED COMMUNICATION IS PROPOSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SITUATIONAL AND PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF PREDICTIVE ACCURACY.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PREDICTIVE ACCURACY AND TYPE OF INTERVIEWER-INTERVIEWEE CONTACT. 120 UNDERGRADUATES WERE ADMINISTERED THE ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST (ACL) AND ASSIGNED THE ROLES OF INTERVIEWER, INTERVIEWEE (OBJECT), AND O. AFTER A SHORT INTERVIEW, SEEN BY THE O THROUGH A 1-WAY MIRROR, THE INTERVIEWER AND O PREDICTED THE OBJECT'S RESPONSES TO THE ACL. FEMALES WERE PREDICTED MORE ACCURATELY THAN MALES REGARDLESS OF CONDITION OF CONTACT OR SEX OF JUDGE. THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN ACCURACY OF PREDICTION BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT CONTACT WITH THE OBJECT. HIGH-ACCURACY JUDGES OBTAINED HIGHER SCORES ON THE ORDER SCALE OF THE ACL AND LOWER SCORES ON THE CHANGE AND AFFILIATION SCALES THAN LOW-ACCURACY JUDGES. UNDER CONDITIONS OF DIRECT CONTACT, HIGHER ACCURACY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT; UNDER THE CONDITION OF INDIRECT CONTACT, THIS PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER ACCURACY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)