INTERACTION PATTERNS IN CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA.

TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU), 4 S GROUPS COMPRISED OF PKU, RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN DAMAGED, PSYCHOTIC, AND NORMAL CHILDREN WERE COMPARED ON A MEASURE OF INTERACTION BEHAVIOR. ON TOTAL INTERACTION SCORES, THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO PERFORM SIGNIFICANTLY MORE POORLY THAN THE NORMALS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER THAN THE PSYCHOTICS. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PKU GROUP AND RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN-DAMAGED GROUP TENDED TOWARD SIGNIFICANCE, ALTHOUGH ON SEPARATE COMPARISONS FOR THE 3 SOCIAL STIMULUS CONDITIONS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE 2 GROUPS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST HETEROGENEOUS, AND THE CLUSTERING OF SCORES SUGGESTED THAT PHENYLKETONURIA IS BEHAVIORALLY NOT A UNITARY DISORDER. CORRELATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE CRITERIA AND INTERACTION SCORES FOR THE PKU GROUP FURTHER INDICATED THAT THE INTERACTION MEASURE MAY TAP FUNCTIONS NOT ASSESSED BY STANDARDIZED IQ TESTS. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SHIFT PARADIGMS IN HUMAN DISCRIMINATION LEARNING.

EVALUATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIFT PARADIGMS FOR TESTING MEDIATION THEORY VS. SINGLE-STAGE THEORY. THE BASIC DESIGN, THE OPTIONAL SHIFT, AND THE PARTIAL CHANGE DESIGN ARE ALL SHOWN TO HARBOR POSSIBLE BIASES WHICH COULD CONFOUND THE RESULTS. THESE SOURCES OF BIASES ARE INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT, SHIFT DETECTION, OBVIOUSNESS OF SOLUTION, STIMULUS NOVELTY, AND NEGATIVE TRANSFER. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE STRAIGHT REVERSAL SHIFT BE SUPPLANTED IN FAVOR OF ANOTHER TYPE OF INTRADIMENSIONAL SHIFT. THE TOTAL CHANGE DESIGN, WHICH USES NEW VALUES ON ALL DIMENSIONS FOR ALL GROUPS, IS PREFERABLE, PARTICULARLY IF SYMBOLIC STIMULI ARE EMPLOYED. (48 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE EFFECTS OF VERBAL REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ATTAINMENT OF SIZE CONSTANCY.

THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VERBAL REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS IN CHANGING BEHAVIOR WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE CONTEXT OF A SIZE JUDGMENT TASK IN WHICH REDUCED CUES NORMALLY LED TO RETINAL RATHER THAN OBJECTIVE SIZE JUDGMENTS. SS RATED THE DEGREE OF MATCH IN PHYSICAL SIZE BETWEEN A STANDARD AND SET OF COMPARISON STIMULI IN 60 TRAINING TRIALS. EACH GROUP RECEIVED EITHER (1) POSITIVE VERBAL REINFORCEMENT FOR CORRECT RATINGS, (2) INSTRUCTIONS EMPHASIZING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE ACTUAL AND APPARENT PHYSICAL SIZES OF OBJECTS, (3) BOTH REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS, OR (4) NEITHER REINFORCEMENT NOR INSTRUCTIONS. SS WERE THEN TESTED FOR ATTAINMENT OF SIZE CONSTANCY IN THE SAME VIEWING SITUATION FOR BOTH SIZE AND DISTANCE JUDGMENTS USING A METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT. IN BOTH TRAINING AND THE TESTS FOR SIZE CONSTANCY, THE GROUP RECEIVING BOTH INSTRUCTION AND REINFORCEMENT WAS SUPERIOR; REINFORCEMENT ALONE APPEARED TO HAVE NO EFFECT UPON JUDGMENTS WHILE INSTRUCTION ALONE DID. THE RESULTS SUPPORT A COGNITIVE VIEW OF THE FUNCTION OF REINFORCEMENT IN COMPLEX HUMAN LEARNING AND DEMONSTRATE THE NEED FOR FURTHER CONCEPTUALIZATION AND INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF INSTRUCTION IN THE MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

NATURAL LANGUAGE MEDIATION AND ALL-OR-NONE LEARNING.

EXPLORED THE ROLE OF NATURAL LANGUAGE MEDIATION (NLM) IN THE ACQUISITION AND RETENTION OF VERBAL PAIRED ASSOCIATES. EXP. I USED 3 GROUPS OF 50 SS EACH TO SEE IF AN NLM FOR AN ITEM MIGHT BE THE CIRCUMSTANCE OF ITS ACQUISITION ON 1 TRIAL. 1 GROUP USED I. ROCK'S (SEE 33:1) DROP-OUT METHOD, A 2ND WAS GIVEN W. K. ESTES' (SEE 35:3), RTT PROCEDURE AND A 3RD HAD THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF LIST REPETITION WHERE THE SAME LIST WAS REPEATED ON EACH TRIAL. EXP. II, WITH 100 SS, HAD ACQUISITION BY THE LIST REPETITION PROCEDURE AND A RETENTION TEST AFTER 1 WK. THE RESULTS OF EXP. I ESTABLISHED FOR ALL 3 GROUPS THAT ITEMS WERE ACQUIRED IN 1 TRIAL AND HAD A HIGH PROBABILITY OF REMAINING CORRECT; IT MADE NO DIFFERENCE WHETHER THE ITEMS WERE MEDIATED OR ROTE. EXP. II DEMONSTRATED THAT NLMS GAVE BETTER RECALL THAN ROTE LEARNING PROVIDING THAT THE NLMS USED IN ORIGINAL LEARNING WERE REMEMBERED. (FRENCH ABSTRACT) (25 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE STABILITY AND COMMONALITY AS A FUNCTION OF STRESS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS, NEUROTICS, AND NORMALS.

4 ASSOCIATIONS TO EACH OF 16 STIMULUS WORDS, 8 JUDGED TO BE ANXIETY WORDS AND 8 NEUTRAL WORDS, WERE OBTAINED UNDER RELAXED AND TIME-PRESSURE CONDITIONS FROM EACH OF 40 SCHIZOPHRENICS, 32 NEUROTICS, AND 27 NORMALS ON 2 SUCCESSIVE DAYS. SCHIZOPHRENICS AND NEUROTICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NORMALS IN THEIR ASSOCIATIONS, AND SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NEUROTICS IN THEIR RESPONSES TO ANXIETY WORDS. TIME PRESSURE MADE SCHIZOPHRENICS EVEN LESS STABLE AND NEUROTICS MORE STABLE. THE ASSOCIATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE MORE UNCOMMON THAN THOSE OF NEUROTICS OR NORMALS. ALL GROUPS GAVE MORE UNCOMMON RESPONSES WHEN RESPONDING TO ANXIETY WORDS AS COMPARED TO CONTROL WORDS. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A PARTIAL DISORGANIZATION OF VERBAL HABITS IS AN ASPECT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC THOUGHT DISTURBANCE, AND THE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH A RESPONSE-STRENGTH CEILING INTERPRETATION OF THIS DISORGANIZATION. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AGREEMENT BETWEEN CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION IN INTERVIEWS.

IN ORDER TO SPECIFY THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN JUDGMENTS OF AFFECT IN VERBAL AND NONVERBAL CHANNELS, 4 GROUPS OF JUDGES OBSERVED 56 SS' INTERVIEWS. 1 GROUP JUDGED AUDIO-VIDEO CUES, 1 VIDEO, 1 AUDIO, AND THE 4TH TRANSCRIPT. ANALYSIS OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHANNELS SUGGESTED THAT VERBAL (AUDIO AND TRANSCRIPT) AND NONVERBAL (VIDEO) CUES WERE USED BY AUDIO-VIDEO JUDGES, WHO HAD ACCESS TO BOTH. THERE WAS LITTLE OVERLAP IN INFORMATION COMMUNICATED FROM THE VERBAL AND NONVERBAL SOURCES. THOUGH THERE ARE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SS IN THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE CHANNELS, THE IMPORTANCE OF NONLINGUISTIC (VOCAL AND FACIAL) COMMUNICATION OF AFFECT WAS STRESSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OUTER-DIRECTEDNESS IN THE DISCRIMINATION LEARNING OF NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN.

HIGH- AND LOW-DISTRACTIBLE RETARDATES OF MIXED ETIOLOGY AND NORMALS OF A COMPARABLE MA LEARNED A 3-CHOICE SIZE DISCRIMINATION WITH AND WITHOUT AN ADDITIONAL CUE. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE ALWAYS INDICATED THE CORRECT STIMULUS, AND FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE INDICATED AN INCORRECT STIMULUS. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN EACH OF THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE WAS E'S FINGER, FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE WAS A LIGHT. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RETARDATES ARE MORE OUTER-DIRECTED IN PROBLEM SOLVING THAN NORMALS GENERATED THE PREDICTION THAT THE LEARNING OF THE RETARDATES WOULD BE MORE ENHANCED IN THE POSITIVE CONDITION AND MORE DEBILITATED IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. CONFIRMATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS WAS FOUND IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. NO DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE OF CUE OR LEVEL OF DISTRACTIBILITY WERE FOUND. FAMILIAL RETARDATES WERE FOUND TO BE LESS OUTER-DIRECTED IN THEIR PROBLEM SOLVING THAN WERE NONFAMILIAL RETARDATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-ESTEEM OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS.

THE BILLS INDEX OF ADJUSTMENT AND VALUES (IAV) WAS USED TO OBTAIN MEASURES OF SELF-ESTEEM FOR A SAMPLE OF 155 FACTORY WORKERS. THE WORKERS' SELF-ESTEEM WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN COLLEGE STUDENTS' USED AS A STANDARDIZATION GROUP FOR THE IAV. SELF-ESTEEM PROVED UNRELATED TO A VARIETY OF JOB-RELATED VARIABLES. MARRIED WORKERS DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN UNMARRIED. THOSE WITH SOME COLLEGE EXPERIENCE DEMONSTRATED GREATER SELF-ESTEEM THAN THOSE WITH ONLY A HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION. EMPLOYEES WHO HAD TO CHANGE THEIR JOBS DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM FOLLOWING THE JOB CHANGE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THOSE EMPLOYEES WHO RESPOND READILY TO SURVEY-RESEARCH INQUIRIES ARE LOWER IN PERSONAL AND JOB ADJUSTMENT THAN THOSE WHO CHOOSE NOT TO RESPOND. (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

GOAL SETTING AS A MEANS OF INCREASING MOTIVATION.

ON THE BASIS OF DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE IN RELATION TO MAXIMAL ABILITY AND DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDE RATINGS ON AN ADDITION TASK, A LOW-MOTIVATION AND A HIGH-MOTIVATION GROUP WERE SELECTED FOR 2 RETESTS ON THE SAME TASK. THE LOW-MOTIVATION GROUP WAS GIVEN SPECIFIC GOALS TO REACH, AND THE HIGH-MOTIVATION GROUP WAS TOLD TO DO ITS BEST ON EACH TRIAL OF EACH RETEST. BY THE END OF THE 2ND RETEST, THE GROUP GIVEN SPECIFIC GOALS HAD "CAUGHT" THE DO-BEST GROUP BOTH IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE AND IN TERMS OF FAVORABLE ATTITUDES TOWARD THE TASK. THE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT SPECIFIC GOALS CAN BE USED TO MOTIVATE SS WHO BRING A LOW DEGREE OF MOTIVATION TO THE TASK SITUATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF ANXIETY AND DEFENSE IN A THERAPY-LIKE SITUATION.

THE MAJOR HYPOTHESES WERE THAT (1) HIGH-ANXIOUS (HA) SS TALK WITH LESS SPONTANEITY AND AFFECT IN AN AMBIGUOUS CONDITION THAN IN A MORE STRUCTURED ONE, WHILE FOR LOW-ANXIOUS (LA) SS THE REVERSE RELATIONSHIP OBTAINS; AND (2) LA SS TALK WITH LESS AFFECT AND SPONTANEITY THAN HA SS. 52 HA AND LA WOMEN WERE EACH INSTRUCTED TO TALK AS A PATIENT MIGHT IN THERAPY. 2 SETS OF INSTRUCTIONS USED WERE INTENDED TO VARY IN AMBIGUITY. HA SS DID TALK WITH GREATER AFFECT AND SPONTANEITY THAN LA SS, AND THE PREDICTED INTERACTION WITH AMBIGUITY OCCURRED. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE ANXIETY SCALE CONSTITUTED A MEASURE OF DEFENSIVE STYLE. FURTHER, THE USUAL HA GROUP IS NOT HOMOGENEOUS, BUT CONTAINS AT LEAST 2 SUBGROUPS. (36 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MODERATING EFFECTS OF INTELLIGENCE ON THE INDEPENDENCE OF EXTRAVERSION AND NEUROTICISM.

ATTEMPTED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMATICALLY MODERATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRAVERSION (E) AND NEUROTICISM (N). FROM 215 MALE SS, 5 GROUPS OF 43 SS EACH WERE RANKED FROM HIGH TO LOW ON THE BASIS OF INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES, AND WITHIN EACH GROUP E AND N MEASURES WERE CORRELATED. NO PATTERN OF CORRELATIONS EMERGED THAT INDICATED ANY MODERATING EFFECT OF INTELLIGENCE. AS EXPECTED, MOST OF THE CORRELATIONS WERE IN THE NEGATIVE DIRECTION AND INSIGNIFICANT. DATA WERE DISCUSSED IN REGARD TO THE SEARCH FOR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COGNITIVE VARIABLES AND PERSONALITY/MOTIVATIONAL VARIABLES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INCONGRUENCIES BETWEEN CONTENT AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF PATIENTS' RESPONSES TO CONFRONTATION WITH PERSONALITY DESCRIPTIONS.

IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT WHEN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS WERE CONFRONTED WITH AN INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS PURPORTEDLY DESCRIBING THEIR PERSONALITIES (1) THEY WOULD NOT CORRECTLY DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ACCURATE AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES, (2) STATEMENTS ATTRIBUTING SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR TO THEM WOULD BE RATED AS BEING MORE ACCURATE THAN LOW SOCIAL DESIRABILITY STATEMENTS, AND (3) DIFFERENCES IN THE ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS WOULD DIFFERENTIALLY INFLUENCE TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' VERBAL BEHAVIOR. SS' RATINGS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS, WHICH WERE EXPERIMENTALLY VARIED IN ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR REACTIONS TO THE STATEMENTS PROVIDED DEPENDENT MEASURES. ACCURACY RATINGS SUGGESTED THAT THE SS DID NOT DISCRIMINATE ON THE DIMENSION OF ACCURACY BUT, IN CONTRADICTION TO THIS FINDING, DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF TEMPORAL RESPONSE INDICATED THAT THEY HAD DISCRIMINATED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BIRTH ORDER, ANXIETY, AND VERBALIZATIONS IN GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY.

AN INITIAL STUDY AND A REPLICATION WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY AS THEY RELATED TO SPEECH IN GROUP THERAPY. 48 PATIENTS UNDERGOING GROUP THERAPY AT A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL SERVED AS SS, WITH 24 IN THE INITIAL STUDY AND 24 IN THE REPLICATION. IN BOTH STUDIES, 1/2 THE SS WERE 1ST BORN, AND 1/2 WERE LATER BORN. SPEECH WAS RECORDED FOR 5 CONSECUTIVE THERAPY MEETINGS IN 6 GROUPS, FOR A TOTAL OF 30 GROUP THERAPY MEETINGS INVESTIGATED. 3 ANXIETY MEASURES AND THE MINIMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SCALE WERE ALSO ADMINISTERED. RESULTS SUPPORTED ALL HYPOTHESES IN THAT: (1) 1ST-BORN AND HIGH-ANXIOUS SS SPOKE MORE FREQUENTLY THAN LATER-BORN OR LOW-ANXIOUS SS, (2) 1ST-BORN PATIENTS ASKED MORE QUESTIONS DURING THERAPY THAN LATER-BORN PATIENTS, AND (3) 1ST BORNS SPOKE MORE THAN LATER BORNS WHEN HIGHLY ANXIOUS. VERBALIZATIONS OF HOSPITALIZED MENTAL PATIENTS ARE RELATED TO THEIR BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY LEVEL, WHICH HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF TOLERANCE FOR UNREALISTIC EXPERIENCES.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONALITY FACTORS TO TOLERANCE FOR UNREALISTIC EXPERIENCES (TUE), I.E., A PERSON'S CAPACITY TO PERCEIVE IN WAYS WHICH CONTRADICT USUAL MODES OF PERCEPTION, IN 20 GRADUATE STUDENTS. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SUGGESTED THAT ABILITY TO ENGAGE IN BOTH UNREALISTIC AND DRIVE-RELATED THINKING THAT WAS INTEGRATED WITH MORE REALISTIC, NEUTRAL, SOCIALIZED THOUGHT SHOULD RELATE POSITIVELY TO TUE. AMOUNT AND INTEGRATION OF UNREALISTIC AND DRIVE-RELATED THOUGHT WERE MEASURED BY THE HOLT PRIMARY-SECONDARY PROCESS SCORING OF THE RORSCHACH TEST, ON A WORD-ASSOCIATION TEST, AND ON AN ART-PREFERENCE TEST. RESULTS INDICATE THAT TUE RELATED TO THE CAPACITY TO ENGAGE IN BOTH INTEGRATED UNREALISTIC AND IN INTEGRATED DRIVE-RELATED THOUGHT. THESE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THEIR RELEVANCE FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF PERSONALITY FACTORS INVOLVED IN RIGIDITY AND IN CREATIVITY. (25 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

POSSIBLE INTERPRETIVE PROBLEMS IN ANALYSES USING GROUP MEANS AS THE EXPERIMENTAL UNIT.

FICTITIOUS DATA ARE PRESENTED FOR 5 6TH-GRADE SS IN EACH OF 2 GROUPS WITH ALL SS TESTED UNDER 4 TREATMENTS OF MONOTONICALLY INCREASING DIFFICUTY. ALL SCORES WERE RANDOMLY DETERMINED EXCEPT THOSE OF ONLY 1 DEVIANT S IN EACH GROUP WHOSE SCORES WERE ALLOWED TO REFLECT THE PREDICTED TREATMENT EFFECTS. WHEN APPLIED TO THE 2 SETS OF 4 TREATMENT MEANS, BOTH A NONPARAMETRIC TEST (PAGE'S L TEST) AND A PARAMETRIC TEST (F TEST FOLLOWING AN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE) PERMITTED REJECTION OF THE NULL HYPOTHESIS-THAT THE OBTAINED SCORES REPRESENT RANDOM SAMPLES OF NUMBERS FROM THE SAME POPULATION-AT THE .01 LEVEL. HOWEVER, WHEN APPLIED TO ALL OF THE DATA, NEITHER TEST PERMITTED ITS REJECTION. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT ALL SCORES SHOULD ENTER ANY ANALYSIS SO THAT THE RESULTING STATISTICAL INFERENCE WILL BE MORE ANALOGOUS TO THE EXPERIMENTAL INFERENCE USUALLY OF INTEREST IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ESCAPE AND APPROACH RESPONSES IN AVOIDANCE LEARNING.

IN EXP. I, 18 MALE ALBINO SPRAGUE-DAWLEY 85-100 DAY OLD RATS WERE ORIGINALLY TRAINED TO RUN FROM A DISTINCTIVE SHOCK CHAMBER (SIDE A) TO A DISTINCTIVE SAFE CHAMBER (SIDE B) AND CONFINED ON SIDE B FOR EITHER 30 OR 150 SEC. AFTER REACHING CRITERION, ALL GROUPS WERE GIVEN REVERSAL TRAINING (SIDE B TO SIDE A) WITH 30-SEC CONFINEMENT. THE GROUP WITH 150-SEC CONFINEMENT IN ORIGINAL LEARNING LEARNED FASTER BUT REVERSED SLOWER THAN THE 2 30-SEC CONTROL GROUPS. IN EXP. II, 52 MALE SS WERE SHOCKED OR NOT SHOCKED IN AN EXTERNAL SHOCK BOX, AND THEN TRANSPORTED BY HAND TO 1 SIDE OF A 1-WAY BOX FOR EITHER 30 OR 150 SEC. OF CONFINEMENT. AFTER 8 TRIALS, ALL GROUPS WERE GIVEN AVOIDANCE TRAINING EITHER TOWARD OR AWAY FROM THEIR PRETRAINING CONFINEMENT CHAMBER. THE GROUP THAT WAS BOTH SHOCKED IN THE EXTERNAL SHOCK BOX AND CONFINED FOR 150 SEC. LEARNED FASTER WHEN RUN TOWARD AND SLOWER WHEN RUN AWAY FROM THE PRETRAINING CONFINEMENT SIDE THAN ALL OTHER GROUPS (CONTROLS). (FRENCH SUMMARY) (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ATTITUDES OF ACADEMIC CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS TOWARD PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES.

A QUESTIONNAIRE WAS SENT TO 163 CLINICAL ACADEMIC FACULTY CONCERNING THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES (PTS). 86% RETURNED THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE FOLLOWING RESULTS ARE SUGGESTED: PTS ARE SEEN BY MANY AS DECLINING IN IMPORTANCE AND NOT SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH. HOWEVER, MANY RESPONDENTS SUPPORT CONSIDERABLE DEPARTMENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE TEACHING OF PTS, BELIEVE THEY SHOULD BE REQUIRED IN COURSE WORK, AND THAT THEY ARE IMPORTANT TO THE PRACTICING CLINICIAN. YOUNGER CLINICAL FACULTY, AND POSSIBLY THOSE RECEIVING THEIR PHD IN THE WESTERN REGION, APPEAR TO HAVE MORE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD PTS THAN THEIR COLLEAGUES. APPARENT INCONSISTENCIES IN THE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED AND THE FINDINGS ARE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF A RELATED SURVEY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ANXIETY ABOUT DRINKING IN ALCOHOLICS.

TESTED THE HYPOTHESES THAT ALCOHOLICS WOULD SHOW INCREASES IN ANXIETY (1) WHEN ANTICIPATING, AND (2) AFTER HAVING TAKEN A DRINK. 30 ALCOHOLICS, 30 NORMALS, AND 30 SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE TESTED ON 2 OCCASIONS WITH THE NOWLIS-GREEN MOOD ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST (MACL). FOLLOWING THE 1ST TEST SESSION EACH DIAGNOSTIC GROUP WAS RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS WHICH RECEIVED DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS: (1) A CONTROL GROUP WAS TOLD THEY WOULD RECEIVE NO ALCOHOL, (2) AN ANTICIPATORY GROUP WAS TOLD THEY WOULD BE GIVEN A DRINK FOLLOWING TESTING, AND (3) AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP DRANK 1 OZ. OF WHISKEY AND WAS THEN TESTED. ONLY THE ALCOHOLIC ANTICIPATORY GROUP INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY ON THE ANXIETY FACTOR OF THE MACL. THIS RESULT: (1) SUPPORTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ALCOHOLICS BECOME MORE ANXIOUS THAN NONALCOHOLICS WHEN ANTICIPATING TAKING A DRINK, AND (2) SUGGESTS THE BEGINNINGS OF AN EMPIRICAL FOUNDATION TO WHICH CERTAIN TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR ALCOHOLICS MAY BE RELATED. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI STUDY OF NEGRO MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC PATIENTS.

COMPARED MMPI DATA FOR 100 NEGRO AND 100 WHITE PATIENTS IN A MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC. THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR IN EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, BUT THE NEGROES WERE AT A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL. THE MEAN PROFILES FOR THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR. ORDERING THE MMPIS BY THE HIGHEST AND 2 HIGHEST CLINICAL SCALE SCORES SHOWED DIFFERENCES ON FEMININE INTERESTS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA (SC) AS THE HIGHEST SCORES, AND ON HYPOCHONDRIASIS (HS)-SC, SC-HS, DEPRESSION (D)-PSYCHASTHENIA (PT), AND PT-D FOR THE 2 HIGHEST SCORES. THE CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT THE NEGROES TEND TO BE MORE CONFORMING TO MIDDLE-CLASS STANDARDS, MORE DENYING OF ANXIETY AND SENSITIVITY, AND MORE FOCUSED ON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS THAN THE WHITES. IT ALSO APPEARED THAT ANXIETY AND HOSTILITY WERE MORE FREQUENTLY DENIED AND PROJECTED ONTO IMPERSONAL AND DISTANT OBJECTS BY THE NEGROES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBALIZATION, STIMULUS RELEVANCE, AND PERSONALITY CHANGE.

VERBAL PRODUCTIVITY IN THEMATIC STORIES GIVEN OVER A 10-MO PERIOD BY 3 GROUPS-SUCCESSFULLY TREATED ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT BOYS, UNTREATED DELINQUENTS, AND NONDELINQUENTS-REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF WORDS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY ONLY FOR THE TREATED DELINQUENTS AND ONLY IN 1 OF THE AREAS CHOSEN FOR STIMULUS RELEVANCE, THAT OF CONTROL OF AGGRESSION. THE PRODUCTIVITY IN STORIES TO SELF-IMAGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD AUTHORITY SHOWED NO CHANGE. THESE RESULTS WERE CONSISTENT BOTH WITH THEORY AND THE TREATMENT GOALS. THEY SUGGEST THAT VERBALIZATION MAY SERVE AS 1 MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH CONTROL OVER OVERT HOSTILE BEHAVIOR MAY BE OBTAINED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)