OF FLIES AND MEN.

"INDIVIDUALITY, UNIQUENESS, IS NOT OUTSIDE THE COMPETENCE OF SCIENCE. IT MAY, IN FACT IT MUST, BE UNDERSTOOD SCIENTIFICALLY. IN PARTICULAR, THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS INVESTIGATES INDIVIDUALITY AND ITS CAUSES. THE SINGULARITY OF THE HUMAN SELF BECOMES COMPREHENSIBLE IN THE LIGHT OF GENETICS . . . . THAT EVERY PERSON DIFFERS FROM EVERY OTHER PERSON IS SO OBVIOUS THAT THIS IS TAKEN USUALLY FOR GRANTED." THE THEORY OF GENETIC INDIVIDUALITY "STEMS DIRECTLY FROM MENDEL'S 2ND LAW, THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT." RESEARCHES WITH DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA ON GEOTAXIS AND PHOTOTAXIS ARE SUMMARIZED AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN CONSIDERED. "TO SAY THAT . . .(IT IS NOT KNOWN) TO WHAT EXTENT GROUP DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS ARE GENETIC IS NOT THE SAME AS SAYING THAT THE GENETIC COMPONENT DOES NOT EXIST. IT IS A CHALLENGE TO FIND OUT . . . . GENETICALLY SELECTIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY SEEMS TO BE A POWERFUL EVOLUTIONARY AGENT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IN INDUSTRY.

"IN PROHIBITING DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, SEX, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN, THE ACT SETS FORTH A NUMBER OF EMPLOYER ACTIONS, THE COMMISSION OF WHICH CONSTITUTES UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES . . . ." THE TOWER AMENDMENT TO THE ACT SAYS IN PART "IT SHALL NOT BE . . . AN UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE FOR AN EMPLOYER TO GIVE AND TO ACT UPON THE RESULTS OF ANY PROFESSIONALLY DEVELOPED ABILITY TEST, PROVIDED THAT SUCH TEST, ITS ADMINISTRATION OR ACTION UPON THE RESULTS IS NOT DESIGNED, INTENDED OR USED TO DISCRIMINATE BECAUSE OF RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, SEX, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN." THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE ACT, AND PARTICULARLY OF THE TOWER AMENDMENT, ARE DISCUSSED, AS IS POSSIBLE COURT INTERPRETATION. QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE NATURE OF ABILITY TESTS ARE CONSIDERED. PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EDUCATION, RESEARCH, SOUND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, ETHICAL ACTION, AND TO RECOGNIZE THE LIMITATIONS OF TESTING. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR-GENETIC, OR "EXPERIMENTAL," ANALYSIS: THE CHALLENGE OF SCIENCE VERSUS THE LURE OF TECHNOLOGY.

J. B. WATSON'S WORK HAS MUCH DETERMINED THE FORM AND SUBSTANCE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND WATSON, THROUGH MISINTERPRETATION, SUGGESTED THAT "THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE VARIATIONS OF ORGANISMS ARE NOT INHERITED . . . .(HOWEVER) IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO STUDY THE GENETICS OF A BEHAVIOR. WE CAN STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF AN ORGANISM, THE GENETICS OF A POPULATION, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF SOME BEHAVIOR BY THE MEMBERS OF THAT POPULATION." THE "TRYON EFFECT" (FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUMP OR INCREASE IN VARIANCE FROM THE F1 TO THE F2 GENERATION IN SELECTIVE BREEDING STUDIES), REDUCTIONISTIC NAIVETE, AND CORRELATIONAL NAIVETE ARE CONSIDERED. ". . . THE IMPORTANCE OF A PURE SCIENCE APPROACH TO BEHAVIOR-GENETIC ANALYSIS IN MAN AS WELL AS IN ANIMALS (IS ARGUED). . . . AS THE SOCIAL, ETHNIC, AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO EDUCATION ARE REMOVED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND AS THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION APPROACHES A MORE UNIFORMLY HIGH LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS, HEREDITY MAY BE EXPECTED TO MAKE AN EVER LARGER CONTRIBUTION TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CONSEQUENTLY TO SUCCESS IN OUR INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CIVILIZATION." (48 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WHERE THE ACTION IS.

1 OF THE CRITICAL NEEDS IN MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS IS TO RELATE SYSTEMATICALLY CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TO DISPOSITION AND TREATMENT PROCEDURES, THAT IS, TO "WHERE THE ACTION IS." TRADITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES ARE ONLY LOOSELY RELATED, IF AT ALL, TO DISPOSITION AND TREATMENT. THE THESIS OF THE PRESENT PAPER IS THAT DISPOSITION AND ACTION ARE THE ULTIMATE CRITICAL GOALS FOR ASSESSMENT. SEVERAL SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR IMPLEMENTING CLINICAL AND RESEARCH APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF SYSTEMATICALLY RELATING ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL ACTION. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOME CURRENT ISSUES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFORMITY AND NONCONFORMITY.

SEVERAL CONCEPTS AND DISTINCTIONS ARE EXPLICATED TO CLARIFY CERTAIN BASIC FEATURES OF RECENT AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH ON CONFORMITY AND NONCONFORMITY. THE MAIN POINTS CONSIDERED ARE: (1) THE CURRENT PREOCCUPATION WITH CONFORMITY AND THE RESULTING NEGLECT OF NONCONFORMITY PHENOMENA, (2) THE WIDESPREAD FAILURE TO DISTINGUISH CAREFULLY BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, (3) THE NEARLY UNIVERSAL FAILURE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN 2 BASICALLY DIFFERENT CRITERIA OF SOCIAL RESPONSE, VIZ., CONGRUENCE AND MOVEMENT, (4) THE PERSISTING TENDENCY TO CONCEPTUALIZE CONFORMITY AND ITS ALTERNATIVES IN A HIGHLY RESTRICTIVE UNIDIMENSIONAL MANNER, (5) THE CONTINUING VALUE JUDGMENTS IMPLICATED IN THE "CONFORMIST SOCIETY" AND "CONFORMIST PERSONALITY" POINTS OF VIEW, AND (6) THE SIMPLISTIC ASSUMPTION OF NORM HOMOGENEITY, IN WHICH CONFORMITY IS ARBITRARILY DEFINED ALIKE FOR ALL GROUP MEMBERS. ILLUSTRATIVE RESEARCH FINDINGS ARE REVIEWED IN CONSIDERING THESE POINTS, AND IMPLICATIONS ARE DRAWN FOR FRUITFUL RESEARCH APPROACHES. (107 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE PERPETUATION AND EVOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.

STUDENTS SHOULD BE TRAINED FOR THE FUTURE RATHER THAN THE PRESENT AND INCREASING EMPHASIS SHOULD BE PLACED ON INCREASING THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. "THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE EXISTS AND TO WHICH IT MUST ADAPT IS CURRENTLY IN A STATE OF RAPID AND COMPLEX CHANGE." THE ENVIRONMENT IS RIPE FOR THE RAPID DIVERSIFICATION AND EXPANSION OF BEHAVIORAL STUDIES. "ALL OF THE CONDITIONS ARE PROPITIOUS FOR PROMPT EVOLUTIONARY RADIATION OF THE PARENT SPECIES BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE . . . . VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF NEUROLOGY, ENDOCRINOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, AND PSYCHOLOGY HAVE BEEN TRIED, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE YIELDED PROMISING RESULTS. NEW PERMUTATIONS MUST BE DEVISED AND THE RESULTING STRAINS OF BIOLOGY MUST BE GIVEN A CHANCE TO SURVIVE, TO REPRODUCE, AND TO EVOLVE STILL FURTHER . . . . MAN'S GREATEST PROBLEM . . . IS NOT TO UNDERSTAND AND EXPLOIT HIS PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, BUT TO UNDERSTAND AND GOVERN HIS OWN CONDUCT . . . . IF HE IS TO SURVIVE HE MUST PROCEED TO EXPLORE HIMSELF AND TO CONTROL HIS OWN ACTIVITIES." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WHAT UNITS SHALL WE EMPLOY? ALLPORT'S QUESTION REVISITED.

ATTEMPTED TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY IN RESEARCH AND APPLIED SETTINGS. IN PLACE OF TRADITIONAL DISPOSITIONAL CONCEPTS, THE IMPLICATIONS OF AN ABILITIES CONCEPTION OF PERSONALITY ARE EXPLORED. RESPONSE CAPABILITY AND PERFORMANCE ARE SUGGESTED AS CENTRAL FOCI FOR PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT. PERSONALITY STRUCTURE IS CONSTRUED IN TERMS OF SKILLS RATHER THAN DISPOSITIONS. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO FACTORS CONTROLLING RESPONSE PERFORMANCE ARE CONSIDERED WITH REGARD TO 3 SETS OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS, I.E., REINFORCEMENT CONDITIONS, SITUATION SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES, AND FORMAL ATTRIBUTES OF SITUATIONS. THE IMPLICATIONS OF AN ABILITIES CONCEPTION OF PERSONALITY FOR PERSONALITY CHANGE ARE DISCUSSED. (38 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SIMULATION, SHELTERS, AND SUBJECTS.

DESCRIBES "A NAVY FALLOUT AND BLAST-SHELTER TRIAL IN MAY OF 1963, WHICH MAY HAVE A BEARING ON CURRENT PUBLIC CONCERN REGARDING . . . ." EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING HUMAN SS. FACTORS CONSIDERED ESSENTIAL TO THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE STUDY ARE DISCUSSED IN ORDER TO "INVITE THE ATTENTION OF . . . COLLEAGUES TO THE DETAILS OF S PROCUREMENT, HANDLING, AND UTILIZATION IN A RESEARCH EFFORT WHICH CONTAINED MANY POTENTIAL PITFALLS AND DANGERS . . . .(IT IS FELT THAT) THE UNDERLYING ISSUES RELATED TO RESEARCH OF THIS NATURE WILL BECOME OF GREATER VISIBILITY AND SOCIAL IMPORTANCE IN THE FUTURE . . . ." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS OF YOUTH.

ATTEMPTED "TO EXAMINE HOW MUCH YOUNG AMERICANS (I.E., HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS) KNOW ABOUT TESTING, THE EXTENT OF THEIR EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS, AND THEIR BELIEFS ABOUT THE EFFICACY OF THESE TESTS . . . . DATA ARE (ALSO) PRESENTED ON THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD TESTING IN GENERAL AND IN THE SPECIFIC AREAS OF SCHOOL AND INDUSTRY." CERTAIN DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES RELATED TO THE ABOVE ARE CONSIDERED. 16,000 55-ITEM QUESTIONNAIRES WERE SENT TO THE PURDUE OPINION PANEL, WHICH CONSISTS OF 113 COOPERATING HIGH SCHOOLS. THERE WERE 12,000 RESPONDENTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT "WHILE ATTITUDES TOWARD PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING ARE NOT OVERWHELMINGLY FAVORABLE IN THIS SAMPLE, THEY DO SEEM TO BE REASONABLY POSITIVE, AND HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS DO EXPRESS CONSIDERABLE BELIEF IN THE UTILITY AND IMPARTIALITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SOME REMARKS CONCERNING INCEST, THE INCEST TABOO, AND PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY.

EXAMINES THE INCEST TABOO STRESSING "THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE TABOO, THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE TABOO FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND THE RELATION BETWEEN THESE OBSERVATIONS AND THE CURRENT STATUS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY." THE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE TABOO ARE CONSIDERED AS A SUFFICIENT EXPLANATION OF ITS ORIGIN. DATA SUGGESTING THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF INBREEDING ARE REVIEWED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT "THE EVOLUTIONARY ACHIEVEMENT ON THE INCEST TABOO . . . HAS RESULTED IN THE IMPOSITION OF A DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS UPON THE HUMAN ORGANISM." (69 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE ROLE OF SPEECH RESPONSES IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY.

REPORTS 3 EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH SS SAW LISTS OF LETTERS FOR IMMEDIATE RECALL, BUT HAD TO SAY A NEUTRAL SOUND AS THEY PERCEIVED EACH LETTER. IN EXP. I THIS TECHNIQUE SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED RECALL OF LETTERS, SPOKEN AS CAPITALS, AS COMPARED WITH THAT FOR NORMALLY VOICED LISTS, BUT NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "SUPPRESSION" AND VOICING EMERGED IF THE LETTERS WERE PRONOUNCED IN ALTERED FASHION. IN EXP. II SS GAVE A SOUND WHICH COINCIDED WITH THE DOMINANT SOUND OF THE PRESENTED LIST. THIS LED TO SLIGHTLY POORER RECALL THAN DID THE SAYING OF NONCOINCIDENT SOUNDS AT PRESENTATION. EXP. III SHOWED THAT THE MAIN ADVANTAGES FOR RECALL OF ARTICULATION CONSISTED IN RAISING THE RECALL PARTICULARLY OF LISTS OF LOW ACOUSTIC SIMILARITY, REDUCING ORDER ERRORS, AND RASING THE RECALL PARTICULARLY OF THE EARLY AND MIDDLE ITEMS OF LISTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE ADVANTAGE OF ARTICULATION AT PRESENTATION INCREASES AS THE ACOUSTIC SIMILARITY OF THE ITEMS DECREASES. IMPLICATIONS FOR SHORT-TERM MEMORY ARE CONSIDERED. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (26 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WHAT ARE PERCEPTUAL REPORTS ABOUT?

PRESENTS A DISCUSSION OF SOME METHODOLOGICAL AND SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF REPORTS IN PERCEPTUAL EXPERIMENTS. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN "REPORT" AND "RESPONSE" IS 1ST CLARIFIED AND A DEFINITION OF REPORT BEHAVIOR IS PROPOSED. THE RELATION OF REFERENCE (ABOUTNESS) IS NEXT CONSIDERED IN THE CONTEXT OF PHENOMENAL VS. COGNITIVE REPORTS. AT A LESS ABSTRACT LEVEL, 2 PAIRS OF CONTRASTING PROPOSALS ON THE REFERENTS OF PERCEPTUAL REPORTS ARE USED TO BRING EARLIER QUESTIONS TO FOCUS. 1 PAIR STEMS FROM PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES TO THE QUESTION OF THIS ARTICLE. THE OTHER ARISES IN A CURRENT CONTROVERSY CONCERNING WHAT PSYCHOPHYSICAL SCALES MEASURE. A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE ROLE OF E'S OWN PERCEPTUAL EXPERIENCE IS FOLLOWED BY A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING REPORT VALIDITY. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO CRITERION SPECIFICATION IN GENERAL BUSINESS.

SOUGHT TO DISCOVER SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO JUDGMENTS OF SUCCESS IN GENERAL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES. SUPERVISORY RATINGS OF 23 SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS AND OF 2 OVERALL MEASURES OF SUCCESS WERE OBTAINED FOR 230 UNIVERSITY OF IOWA GRADUATES EMPLOYED IN NONSPECIALIZED ASPECTS OF BUSINESS. ALL SS HAD BEEN OUT OF COLLEGE FOR 5-10 YR. MULTIPLE-REGRESSION ANALYSES SHOWED THAT 13 OF THESE RATINGS WERE SUFFICIENT TO ACCOUNT FOR THE ENTIRE SET OF VARIANCES AND COVARIANCES; 8 OF THESE 13 RATINGS MADE INDEPENDENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PREDICTION OF OVERALL RATINGS AND WERE THUS CONSIDERED TO BE ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS IN GENERAL BUSINESS. IMPLICATIONS ARE DRAWN FOR JOB RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, GUIDANCE, AND TRAINING. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ON SOCIAL COGNITION.

2 EXPERIMENTS DEALING WITH THE PROBLEM OF PERSON PERCEPTION IN A BROAD SENSE DEMONSTRATE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR IMAGE OF ANOTHER PERSON AND INDICATE THAT "THIS IMAGE IS OFTEN NOT A SIMPLE FUNCTION OF A PARTICULAR DATUM, BUT RATHER A FUNCTION OF THE INTERACTIONS OF A NUMBER OF DATA." PARTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL COGNITION ARE INTERRELATED. IF THESE STRUCTURES ARE RICHLY JOINED: "1ST-A CHANGE IN 1 PART SHOULD PRODUCE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF OTHER PARTS . . . . 2ND-A CHANGE IN 1 PART MIGHT BE A FUNCTION OF A COMBINATION OF CHANGES IN OTHER PARTS . . . .(THE EXPERIMENTS) SHOW THE RELATION BETWEEN 1 PART AND OTHER PARTS, BUT IN 1 THE CHANGES IN 1 PART ARE CAUSE, IN THE OTHER, EFFECT." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A CRUX IN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION.

"THE BODY OF RECORDED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION NOW HAS A VOLUME OF ABOUT 10 TRILLION ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS . . . AND IS INCREASING ALONG . . . AN EXPONENTIAL CURVE . . . ." INDIVIDUAL MASTERY OF THE LITERATURE IN A SCIENTIFIC FIELD IS BECOMING IMPOSSIBLE. UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, DOCUMENTATION SERVICES, PUBLISHING FIRMS, GOVERNMENTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE CONCERNED ABOUT THE PROBLEM. "TO PROVIDE A BASIS FOR DISCRIMINATIVE DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL, DEEP ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLISHED LITERATURE IS REQUIRED." SINCE HUMAN PROCESSING REQUIRES A LONG TIME, DIGITAL COMPUTERS HAVE ENTERED THE DOMAIN OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN 6 MAIN OPERATIONAL ROLES: (1) CALCULATORS, (2) SIMULATORS AND MODELING DEVICES, (3) DATA PROCESSORS, (4) MESSAGE HANDLERS, (5) LANGUAGE PROCESSORS, AND (6) CONTROL DEVICES. MAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IS A MAJOR SOCIOTECHNOLOGICAL MOVEMENT. ". . . IT WILL BE POSSIBLE DURING THE NEXT FEW YR. NOT ONLY TO SHARPEN THE SELECTIVITY OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL BUT ALSO TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF . . . USE OF THE RETRIEVED INFORMATION." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SHORT-FORM TESTS: A METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW.

REVIEWS STUDIES IN WHICH CLINICAL INTELLIGENCE TESTS ARE ABBREVIATED TO SAVE TESTING TIME. SERIOUS METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ARE EVIDENT: SAMPLES ARE OFTEN SMALL, UNREPRESENTATIVE, AND HETEROGENEOUS IN COMPOSITION; AND SHORT-FORM VALIDITY IS SYSTEMATICALLY OVERESTIMATED. IT IS ARGUED THAT PRESENT STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM DO NOT LEAD TO A UNIQUE SOLUTION. THE GENERAL REQUIREMENT THAT AN ABBREVIATED TEST SHOULD SAVE TIME WHILE RETAINING MAXIMUM VALIDITY CANNOT BE SATISFIED IN THE ABSENCE OF A STATEMENT ABOUT THE RELATIVE UTILITY OF "TIME SAVED" AND "VALIDITY LOST." (65 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION AS A FUNCTION OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT FIT.

RESEARCH IS REVIEWED WHICH TREATS PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THOSE OF THE INTERPERSONAL AND NONINTERPERSONAL ENVIRONMENTS. RELEVANT THEORETICAL POSITIONS ARE CONSIDERED. ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIONS OR TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND ENVIRONMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. THE CONCLUSION POINTS TO 3 QUESTIONS: SHOULD ONE CONSIDER THE PERCEIVED OR ACTUAL ENVIRONMENT? WHAT UNITS SHOULD BE USED AND SHOULD THESE BE THE SAME UNITS OF ANALYSIS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ENVIRONMENTS? WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN INDIVIDUAL ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS? (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE CHANGING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS IN SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION.

A SUBSCRIBER SURVEY AND OTHER SURVEYS HAVE PROVIDED DATA ON THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS (PA). A LONG-RANGE PLAN FOR PA PROMISES TO PROVIDE A WIDE VARIETY OF IMPROVED SERVICES TO SUBSCRIBERS AND TO ESTABLISH AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION DISSEMINATION. DESCRIPTIONS AND DIAGRAMS OF THE EARLIER AND THE CURRENT OPERATIONS OF PA ARE PRESENTED. "BEGINNING WITH THE JANUARY 1966 ISSUE, PA SHIFTED TO A COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM OF PRINTING. THIS CHANGE WAS THE 1ST OF THE MAJOR REVISIONS PLANNED FOR PA'S OPERATION AND IS A CRITICAL FEATURE IN THE NEW SYSTEM. THE PRINTING PROCESS . . . IS DISTINCTIVE IN THAT INFORMATION IS ENCODED ON THE COMPUTER TAPE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION RATHER THAN ACCORDING TO STYLE." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SUPERVISORY INFLUENCE AND WORK-GROUP PERFORMANCE.

EXAMINED INCREMENTAL INFLUENCE, A NEW CONCEPT FOR THE STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP, BY RELATING 12 WORK-GROUP PERFORMANCE MEASURES WITH MEASURES OF SUPERVISORS' SOCIAL POWER. REFERENT AND EXPERT POWERS WERE CONCEPTUALIZED AS INCREMENTAL INFLUENCE, QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT FROM REWARD, COERCIVE, AND LEGITIMATE POWERS. REFERENT AND EXPERT POWERS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE IDIOSYNCRATIC IN CHARACTER AND DEPEND UPON AN INDIVIDUAL'S UNIQUE ROLE BEHAVIOR, WHILE REWARD, COERCIVE, AND LEGITIMATE POWERS ARE ORGANIZATIONALLY DETERMINED AND DESIGNED TO BE EQUAL FOR ALL SUPERVISORS ON THE SAME HIERARCHICAL LEVEL. AS PREDICTED, EXPERT POWER WAS RELATED TO A LOW ACCIDENT RATE, REFERENT POWER WAS SOMEWHAT RELATED TO MEASURES OF SUBORDINATE WITHDRAWAL, AND BOTH WERE GENERALLY RELATED TO GROUP MEASURES OF PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE. THESE RESULTS ARE REGARDED AS SUPPORTING THE CONCEPT OF INCREMENTAL INFLUENCE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF AUDITORY PITCH AND COMPLEXITY ON EEG DESYNCHRONIZATION AND ON VERBALLY EXPRESSED JUDGMENTS.

IN 5 EXPERIMENTS EEG RESPONSES WERE RECORDED, AND VERBAL RATINGS OF COMPLEXITY, PLEASINGNESS, AND INTERESTINGNESS WERE OBTAINED FROM SS EXPOSED TO AUDITORY PATTERNS OF VARYING PITCH AND COMPLEXITY. MEAN DURATION OF DESYNCHRONIZATION WAS A U SHAPED FUNCTION OF PITCH. WHITE NOISE PRODUCED SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER DESYNCHRONIZATION THAN PURE TONES BOTH EQUATED FOR INTENSITY AND FOR LOUDNESS. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE MEAN DURATIONS FOR PAIRS OF TONES AND SINGLE TONES OR FOR CONSONANT AND DISSONANT PAIRS. JUDGED COMPLEXITY DID NOT FOLLOW OBJECTIVE CRITERIA OF COMPLEXITY. THE VARIOUS RATINGS ARE DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER, EEG EFFECTS, AND THE RESULTS OF PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (30 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)