杨梅的开发利用及发展对策

杨梅是我国南方集经济、社会与生态效益于一体的重要果树.文章介绍了杨梅的分布及生物学特性,并从营养价值,医疗保健功效、经济价值、生态价值和工业价值等方面,阐明杨梅具有重要的开发利用价值,市场潜力巨大.并针对当前杨梅研究和开发过程中存在的问题,提出加快新品种选育、加大深加工研究、发展杨梅生态经济林、创办杨梅观光采果旅游业等建议.     

杨梅核多酚提取优化及体外抗氧化和降血糖活性研究

为提高杨梅核的开发利用价值,利用超声辅助法提取杨梅核多酚,采用单因素和响应面方法优化提取条件,并对杨梅核多酚的抗氧化和体外降血糖活性进行研究.结果 表明:杨梅核的最佳提取工艺为:超声功率180 W、乙醇浓度57.4％、提取时间74.7 min、固液比1∶30.6,在此条件下获得的杨梅核多酚的提取量为8.50 mg/g....     

杨梅渣黄酮类化合物提取及其抗氧化活性研究

杨梅是我国的特产水果,年产量约为100万t,其中杨梅渣约占果实总重的10%。目前以杨梅为资源的食品工业已初具规模,然而在杨梅深加工过程中,杨梅渣都作为废物进行处理,对其开发利用仍然一片空白。基于此,以杨梅渣为研究对象,对杨梅渣中黄酮类化合物进行提取、浓缩、萃取,分成四个级分(石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相);用DPPH法、Fenton反应法和还原能力评价了四个不同级分的杨梅渣提取物的体外抗氧化能力。结果表明,杨梅渣粗提物正丁醇相和乙酸乙酯相具有较强的清除DPPH自由基能力,其半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为30、40μg/mL,分别是维生素C(IC50=110μg/mL)的3.67、2.75倍。     

杨梅苷的稳定性研究

采用HPLC和紫外分光光度法研究杨梅苷溶液在pH、温度、金属离子等不同条件下的稳定性.HPLC法采用VenusilMP-C18色谱分析柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈:水(18:82,体积比),流速1.0mL/min,柱温25℃,检测波长352nm;紫外分光光度法采用352nm作为检测波长.结果表明杨梅苷在中性或弱酸性条件下稳定,温度升高及金属离子存在时不稳定.杨梅苷溶液应在中性或弱酸性条件下低温或常温保存,并避免接触金属离子.本研究为杨梅苷的贮藏和开发利用提供了理论参考.     

杨梅保健米酒的研制

以杨梅汁、糯米为主要原料酿制杨梅保健米酒。先利用甜酒药发酵糯米制备酒酿,然后在冲缸时加入杨梅汁及果酒酵母酿制杨梅米酒。研究结果表明,杨梅汁添加量为4∶1、果酒酵母添加量为0.08%时,可以得到红润鲜亮、杨梅果味浓郁、清新爽口的杨梅米酒。     

夏至杨梅满山红

俗话说，“夏至杨梅满山红”。夏至前后，江南名果杨梅纷纷登场，那圆融融、紫艳艳、水津津的杨梅惹人眼目，占尽风头，撩人品尝。在一些杨梅主产区，采摘杨梅吸引了大批的游客，让人既饱口福，又饱眼福。     

杨梅制品的简易加工法

常见的杨梅制品有罐头、杨梅干、糖渍杨梅、烧酒杨梅、鲜汁汤梅酒等,这些制品都有加工简便,风味独特,易于贮存等特点,适于食品小作坊及家庭制作.杨梅罐头选用新鲜良好、成熟全红和无松脂味的杨梅,逐个剔除果梗,浸     

江苏省优质杨梅贮藏保鲜研究的分析

杨梅在我国具有悠久的栽培历史，品种资源相当丰富。优质杨梅品种主要分布于浙江、江苏、福建等，其中浙江的荸荠种、东魁杨梅、丁岙梅、晚稻杨梅等已成为全国性主栽品种。西山乌梅、大叶细蒂、光叶杨梅等品种是江苏省的优质杨梅品种。     

我国杨梅生产与贮藏加工现状

介绍了我国杨梅种植、贮藏保鲜、商品化处理、杨梅制品的加工等现状，并提出了发展杨梅产业的相关建议。     

杨梅加工下脚料综合利用现状

综述在杨梅渣加工下脚料综合利用方面的现状,确定杨梅渣色素、杨梅渣膳食纤维和杨梅籽油提取方法,并展望杨梅渣加工下脚料在功能性食品方向的应用.     

葡萄酒中单宁含量调查与口感关系的分析

目的 通过测定不同产地、不同品种、不同类型的524支进出口葡萄酒中单宁的含量,进一步分析葡萄酒中的单宁与口感质量的关系。方法 将样品用蒸馏水稀释100倍,以没食子酸为标准物质,采用分光光度法对葡萄酒中的单宁进行定量分析。结果 该方法简单可靠,试剂用量少,操作方便,快速准确,仪器设备简单。在0 mg/L~5.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9999;单宁添加回收率在86.7%~120%之间,平均回收率达103.8%。产地方面,意大利的红葡萄酒中单宁含量最高,平均为2.70 g/L;品种方面,黑皮诺酿造的红葡萄酒中单宁含量较多,平均含量为3.15 g/L;国产葡萄酒方面,云南产区的葡萄酒中单宁含量相对较高,平均为2.51 g/L。结论 葡萄酒中单宁含量与葡萄品种、产地、酒类型有关;柔顺指数超过5.0的葡萄酒,口感与品质良好。     

Quantification of skin penetration of antioxidants of varying lipophilicity

Antioxidants play a vital role in protecting the skin from environmental distress. As the skin is constantly exposed to harmful UV radiation, endogenous antioxidants present in the superficial layers of the skin neutralize reactive oxygen species. Over time, antioxidants become depleted and loss their protective effect on the skin. Therefore, supplementing skin with topical antioxidant can help replenish this loss and fight the oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to deliver antioxidants topically and quantify the amount permeated in the stratum corneum and underlying skin. Polyphenols (catechin, resveratrol and curcumin) and vitamin (retinol) with various lipophilic properties were delivered via porcine ear skin, using propylene glycol as a vehicle. The amount in the stratum corneum and underlying skin was quantified using tape stripping and skin extraction methods, respectively, and samples were analysed via HPLC. All four antioxidants permeated into the skin from the propylene glycol vehicle. The order of the amount of antioxidant in the stratum corneum was catechin > resveratrol~ retinol> curcumin, whereas that in the underlying skin was retinol > catechin~ resveratrol~ curcumin. Of the total amount of polyphenols in the skin, approximately 90% was retained in the stratum corneum whereas 10% was quantified in the underlying skin. In contrast, 10% of retinol was retained in the stratum corneum whereas 90% permeated in the underlying skin. Polyphenols (catechin, resveratrol and curcumin) showed high concentration in the stratum corneum whereas retinol showed high accumulation in the underlying layers of the skin.     

预处理对六种黄酒酿造原料酿造特性的研究

为探究不同黄酒酿造原料的酿造特性,以红谷、张杂谷、圆糯米、黍米、金米、粳大米等六种谷物为原料进行浸泡和蒸饭实验,监测浸泡过程中不同原料质构和色泽的动态变化;比较了浸泡后六种米浆水的有机酸和氨基酸组成;并对蒸饭中挥发性风味物质的含量进行分析。结果表明,浸泡过程中六种谷物的颜色和质构参数存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。红谷米浆水的总氨基酸含量最高（976.49 mg/L）,乙酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸含量显著高于其他谷物米浆水的相应含量（P＜0.05）。六种谷物蒸饭样品中共检出165种挥发性成分,其中红谷蒸饭中酸类（11.75 μg/100 g）和酚类含量（10.54 μg/100 g）远高于其他谷物。综上所述,红谷米浆水中氨基酸含量以及蒸米中酸类香气成分较高,这有利于发酵醪的进一步微生物发酵。     

木瓜蛋白酶的提取及应用研究进展

本文主要介绍木瓜蛋白酶的组成,重点阐述提取方法、提取工艺的研究进展,进一步介绍木瓜蛋白酶在食品工业特别是在食品加工中的应用,并对其在医药、化工及未来食品加工方面的应用前景进行展望。     

Determination of aflatoxins in by-products of industrial processing of cocoa beans

This study has examined the occurrence of aflatoxins in 168 samples of different fractions obtained during the processing of cocoa in manufacturing plants (shell, nibs, mass, butter, cake and powder) using an optimised methodology for cocoa by-products. The method validation was based on selectivity, linearity, limit of detection and recovery. The method was shown to be adequate for use in quantifying the contamination of cocoa by aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂. Furthermore, the method was easier to use than other methods available in the literature. For aflatoxin extraction from cocoa samples, a methanol–water solution was used, and then immunoaffinity columns were employed for clean-up before the determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. A survey demonstrated a widespread occurrence of aflatoxins in cocoa by-products, although in general the levels of aflatoxins present in the fractions from industrial processing of cocoa were low. A maximum aflatoxin contamination of 13.3?ng?g^?1 was found in a nib sample. The lowest contamination levels were found in cocoa butter. Continued monitoring of aflatoxins in cocoa by-products is nevertheless necessary because these toxins have a high toxicity to humans and cocoa is widely consumed by children through cocoa-containing products, like candies.     

Effects of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein on the Pasting Properties of Different Types of Wheat Flour

Abstract: As one of the most effective methods to modify proteins, enzymatic hydrolysis is used widely in the preparation of wheat products in the food industry. During the same process, starch pasting occurs frequently. The effects of wheat protein hydrolysis with papain, pepsin, and trypsin on the pasting properties of 3 different kinds of flour were investigated in 5 concentrations. Results showed that the peak viscosity, trough, final, and integral area of pasting curve of these flours decreased with increasing enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, and decreased significantly with the increasing enzyme concentrations. Medium‐gluten flour was the least sensitive to enzymatic activity and weak‐gluten the most sensitive. Downtrends appeared with increasing papain and trypsin concentrations in the form of breakdown. Enzymes had no significant different effect on the peak times of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour, but prolonged peak time slightly in weak‐gluten flour. The pasting time and temperature of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour were significantly increased in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, there were no significant effects on the pasting times of weak‐gluten flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries. Practical Application: Illuminating the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein on the pasting properties of different types of wheat flour is very important in food industry. Flour viscosity decreases after enzymatic hydrolysis of protein/gluten. Enzymes have different effects on peak time, pasting time, and pasting temperatures for different types of flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries.     

不同品种小米对黄酒风味影响的研究

为探究不同品种的小米原料对黄酒的挥发性风味成分的影响，该实验利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）提取技术和气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）检测技术，测定了不同品种小米酿制的黄酒中的风味物质的种类和含量。结果表明，从5个品种小米黄酒共检测出222种风味物质，黄金1号、小香谷、大金苗、晋谷21及东方亮所酿小米黄酒分别检测出56、92、98、81、74种风味物质，酯类和醇类化合物为小米黄酒的主要风味物质，5个品种小米黄酒中共有的风味物质为β-苯乙醇、辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯、乙酸乙酯，各个品种的小米黄酒都有其独特的风味物质。说明不同品种小米对黄酒酿制中产生的挥发性风味成分种类与含量都有较大的影响，进而影响小米黄酒的综合口感。     

草原戈壁短尾羊肉营养成分分析

为探究内蒙古包头市草原戈壁短尾羊肉的营养品质,选取12只6月龄草原戈壁短尾羊,宰后分别取股二头肌、肱三头肌和背最长肌,进行理化指标、脂肪酸、氨基酸、矿物质元素等营养成分测定.结果表明:草原戈壁短尾羊肉pH24h为5.66左右,水分含量达70.47％,粗脂肪含量为7.37％,粗蛋白含量达21.43％,矿物质含量为3.00...     

Pesticide monitoring programme of the Ministry of Health of Brazil

The structure of the recently introduced Brazilian government programme for monitoring pesticide residues in six major agricultural products is described. Residues found from the analysis of samples of tomatoes and strawberries are discussed in detail. The much greater frequency of detection of pesticide residues, many of which are not approved for use in Brazil, in produce being sold on the domestic market, as opposed to that produced for export, is of major concern. It is perceived that this new monitoring programme will become permanent and be used to underpin enforcement actions that will need to be taken to reduce the numbers of incidents of illegal residues occurring, particularly in fresh fruits and vegetables.     

Mechanism of Prevention of Aggregation of Proteins: A Case Study of Aggregation of α-Globulin in Glycerol

The precipitation of proteins due to the changes in pH has been a major limiting factor in their utility especially when the precipitation is concurrent with irreversible aggregation. In the present study, an attempt is made to see the effect of glycerol on the pH-induced aggregation of α- globulin which is the major protein fraction (11S) from Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds. A second order polynomial relation existed between the cosolvent concentration and precipitation which was prevented in presence of the cosolvent. Similarly, there was a second order polynomial relation between 8-anilino 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) binding of the protein (as indicated by fluorescence emission at 466 nm) and the cosolvent concentration. The relative precipitation in presence of glycerol is however linearly proportional to the changes in surface hydrophobicity as seen by behavior of ANS with the protein in presence of the cosolvent. A possible role of the cosolvents in prevention of aggregation due to hydrophobicity of the protein is envisaged and the relation between the different parameters is discussed.