晶粒尺寸对316LN不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响

通过动电位再活化法,微观形貌观察以及表面相对电子功函数研究了晶粒尺寸对316LN不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响。不同晶粒尺寸试样通过改变固溶时间来获得。结果表明:经相同敏化处理后,316LN不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感程度随着晶粒尺寸的增加而降低。细晶粒试样晶界有腐蚀沟,并连成网状,且晶界明显粗化,而粗晶粒试样无明显腐蚀。表面相对电子功函数数据表明,相对于细晶粒试样,粗晶粒试样表面电子结构分布更稳定。     

新型USC锅炉管用CHDG-A06合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性

采用光学显微镜（OM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及能谱仪（EDS）分析了经650 ℃敏化处理的CHDG-A06合金和S30432不锈钢的微观组织,并通过晶间腐蚀试验评价了两种不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。结果表明,敏化2 h后,S30432不锈钢晶界有明显的Cr₂₃C₆碳化物析出,但敏化3 h后,CHDG-A06合金晶界仍无Cr₂₃C₆碳化物析出,CHDG-A06合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性比S30432不锈钢低,且力学性能满足ASME要求,是比S30432不锈钢更加优良的锅炉管材。     

热处理对复合板焊接接头中316L不锈钢焊缝组织及耐蚀性的影响

对Q345碳钢/316不锈钢复合板进行焊接,并对焊接接头进行了不同工艺的热处理;通过组织观察、晶间腐蚀试验和应力腐蚀试验研究了热处理工艺对316L不锈钢焊缝组织和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:316L不锈钢焊缝组织均为奥氏体+条状铁素体;随热处理次数增加,奥氏体晶界变宽,二次热处理后在316L不锈钢焊缝奥氏体晶界处有明显Cr23C6析出,并形成了贫铬区,容易发生晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀,降低了316L不锈钢焊接接头的耐蚀性。     

晶界工程处理对316和316L奥氏体不锈钢耐晶间腐蚀性能的影响

对316与316 L奥氏体不锈钢进行晶界工程处理:拉伸至5％的变形量,在1100℃分别保温45和60 min后水淬.将未经过和经过晶界工程处理的316和316 L钢进行650℃ ×5 h敏化处理,随后进行耐晶间腐蚀试验.结果表明:经过晶界工程处理的两种不锈钢低Σ重合位置点阵(CSL,Σ≤29)晶界比例提高到了75％以上...     

双环电化学动电位再活化法评价11Cr铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性

利用TEM,EDS和SAED等分析方法,研究了11Cr铁素体不锈钢409L在600℃敏化下析出物特性,并将双环电化学动电位再活化法(DL-EPR)用于评价409L钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性,通过研究DL-EPR的扫描速率、介质成分、介质温度对测试结果的影响,对该方法进行了优化,并用该优化法研究了敏化处理对409L钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响.结果表明,敏化的409L钢发生晶间腐蚀是由于M_(23)C_6沿晶界析出.在最优化条件下,DL-EPR法能定量评价409L钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性且具有良好的重复性.随敏化处理时间延长,沿晶界析出的M_(23)C_6增多,晶间腐蚀敏感性也随之增强.     

敏化处理温度对高氮奥氏体不锈钢显微组织和腐蚀性能的影响

利用OM、SEM及Cu-H_2SO_4-CuSO_4腐蚀试验方法、双环电化学动电位活化法和电化学阻抗谱,研究了不同敏化温度对高氮奥氏体不锈钢显微组织特征和晶间腐蚀的影响。结果表明:敏化处理后试样的显微组织为奥氏体,晶界上有析出物;不同敏化温度奥氏体不锈钢的腐蚀敏感性不同,经过相同条件的固溶处理,800℃敏化处理6 h的试样耐腐蚀性能较差,此高氮奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感温度约为800℃。     

形变强化和逆相变细晶强化对Fe-18Cr-8Ni钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和电化学工作站等对奥氏体不锈钢的微观组织及电化学腐蚀行为进行了分析。结果表明,形变强化和逆相变细晶强化提高了奥氏体不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐点蚀性能,晶粒细化导致晶界密度的增加,提高了Cr在晶界中的扩散速率,从而提高钝化膜的稳定性与致密性。经过敏化处理后形变强化和逆相变细晶强化提高了奥氏体不锈钢的耐晶间腐蚀能力。碳化铬析出物周围形成的贫铬区降低了耐晶间腐蚀性能,而在超细晶/细晶组织中Cr的快速扩散促进了贫铬区的快速愈合,提高了耐晶间腐蚀性能。     

EPR法评价HR3C钢焊接接头的晶间腐蚀敏感性

利用电化学动电位再活化法研究了HR3C钢焊接接头的晶间腐蚀敏感性,并通过金相显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪研究了HR3C钢焊接接头的微观组织.结果表明,HR3C钢焊缝金属和焊接热影响区均为奥氏体+析出相组成,焊接接头具有较低的晶间腐蚀倾向.由于焊缝金属中Cr和Nb等元素含量高及晶界和枝晶界铌、铬元素偏析等原因提高了晶界耐腐蚀性,使其具有优异的抗晶间腐蚀性能;而热影响区由于受焊接热循环作用晶界析出M23C6引起晶界贫铬,具有一定的晶间腐蚀敏感性.     

冷速对316H大锻件固溶处理后析出相及晶间腐蚀的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜观察敏化前后316H锻件试样的微观组织并对析出相进行化学成分分析,同时对试样进行晶间腐蚀及弯曲试验,研究冷速对固溶处理后试样析出相及晶间腐蚀的影响。结果表明:316H锻件析出相为M23C6,敏化前冷速缓慢到0.042℃/s时开始有析出相;敏化后,冷速在0.074℃/s时便开始有析出相析出;冷速达到0.032℃/s时,弯曲试样表面有严重的裂纹和起皮缺陷;随着冷速的降低,析出相逐渐增多,晶间腐蚀敏感性增加,抗晶间腐蚀性降低。     

双级时效对7050-T7451铝合金搅拌摩擦焊组织及应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对3 mm厚7050-T7451铝合金进行焊接，为改善接头应力腐蚀敏感性，焊后进行121 ℃ × 5 h + 163 ℃ × 27 h双级时效处理. 通过对微观组织、显微硬度以及应力腐蚀敏感性的分析，研究双级时效对焊接接头性能的影响. 结果表明，双级时效后晶粒发生粗化，晶界内析出相和周边无沉淀析出带(PFZ)变宽，导致在热影响区和热力影响区出现大量不连续晶界；接头热影响区的显微硬度有所下降，但范围明显变窄，接头组织的均一性得到改善；时效处理后的接头在进行应力腐蚀试验 60天后仍未发生断裂，而未经时效处理的接头在1天内全部发生断裂，说明双级时效有效降低了焊接接头的应力腐蚀敏感性.     

Investigation of intergranular corrosion of 316L stainless steel diffusion bonded joint by electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation

Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation technique (EPR) was employed to assess degree of sensitization in 316L stainless steel diffusion bonded joint (DBJ). The result showed the degree of sensitization of DBJ was much smaller than that of base material (BM). No chromium carbides precipitated at grain boundaries in DBJ after 100 h treatment at 650 °C, while chromium carbides could be seen clearly in the BM after 8 h treatment, indicating that DBJ has better intergranular corrosion resistance than BM. Diffusion bonding technique will not increase intergranular corrosion susceptibility of 316L DBJ. Reactivation potential has the biggest effect on sensitization.     

Investigation of Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion of Tin-Added Austenitic Stainless Steel

The intergranular corrosion(IGC) character of tin-added B316 LX and the influence of tin addition on IGC susceptibility were investigated by DL-EPR, oxalic acid etch test and transmission electron microscopy. IGC susceptibility of B316 LX is mainly caused by the precipitation of M23C6 carbide and intermetallic Laves phase. DL-EPR test is unsuitable to evaluate the IGC susceptibility of B316 LX with long-time sensitization, because more carbides and intermetallic phases are formed at grain boundaries and inside the grains, which induce more severe IGC and pits attacks. Tin addition increases the IGC susceptibility, maybe due to diffusion of tin toward grain boundaries.     

热处理对镍基合金G3耐蚀性能的影响

针对国产商用镍基耐蚀合金G3,采用TEM、SEM等方法研究固溶时效对合金微观组织及析出相的影响;进而利用高温高压釜的挂片试验,分析组织变化以及析出相对材料在H2S/CO2共存的井下水中耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,该镍基合金的固溶温度应低于1150℃,以避免合金晶粒过大。随时效温度的提高,晶界析出的M23C6碳化物增多,并在晶内形成M6C片状碳化物。析出相的形成导致镍基合金的点蚀加剧,由于碳化铬在晶界上析出而导致的贫铬是引发点蚀的主要原因。     

Influence of heat treatments and chemical composition on SCC susceptibility during repairing procedure of overlaying of Inconel 182 by laser surface melting

Abstract

A practical repairing technique using laser surface melting (LSM) was developed to remove the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in overlaying of Inconel 182. Influence of microstructure of different heat treatments performed during repairing process on intergranular cracking/intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGC/IGSCC) susceptibility was discussed. The intergranular precipitate was identified as M₂₃ C₆ by TEM. The microstructure with no intergranular precipitate and refiner sub-grain after LSM process shows excellent IGC/IGSCC resistance. The stress relief heat treatment induced severe microstructure of high IGC/IGSCC susceptibility, owing to the semicontinuous intergranular precipitation. The influence of Nb/C ratio on IGC/IGSCC susceptibility of three nickel based superalloys after LSM process was also investigated. For both of the Inconel 182 alloys with different Nb content, the microstructure after LSM process and following sensitisation treatment showed precipitation free grain boundary. The results of corrosion tests also indicated that the material with higher Nb/C ratio showed higher IGC/IGSCC resistance after LSM process and following sensitisation treatment.     

A look in the corrosion of aluminum alloy friction stir welds

Aluminum alloy friction stir welds exhibit corrosion susceptibility, where sensitization of the microstructure occurs. The response of the microstructure to the welding is intense, and intergranular corrosion, mainly located along the nugget’s heat-affected region, is promoted by coarsening of the grain boundary precipitates. Short-term post-weld heat treatments, with temperatures similar to the welding temperatures, modify the microstructure and reduce the corrosion. An increase in the corrosion resistance may also be reached by modifying the microchemistry during welding.     

Study on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of S355JR/316L dissimilar welded joint prepared by gas tungsten arc welding multi-pass welding process

In this study, the joints of dissimilar materials between S355JR carbon steel and 316L stainless steel were welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) multi-pass welding process. Characterisations of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviours of dissimilar joint were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the microstructure of weld metal (WM) is austenite and vermiform δ-ferrite, and they cross-distribute in the weld seam. Moreover, there is a decarburisation layer on the interface of S355JR/WM, but the detrimental phase σ and M₂₃C₆ (chromium carbide) are not observed in the WM through X-ray diffraction. The fracture of the S355JR/316L welded joints always occurs in the S355JR heat affected zone during tensile test. Mechanical properties of the welded joints prepared by GTAW can meet the requirements of engineering application. The electrochemical corrosion test is also indicates that the corrosion resistance of WM decreases compared with the 316L base material. The corrosion products of S355JR/316L dissimilar welded joints in 3.5?wt-% NaCl aqueous solution mainly are α-Fe and FeOOH.     

硫磺再生塔内件腐蚀失效分析

目的查明硫磺再生塔内件腐蚀失效的原因,提出避免该内件再次失效的对策。方法采用目测、金相显微镜和电子显微镜以及能谱分析等手段,分析内件腐蚀失效的原因。结果能谱分析表明,该内件基体镍含量偏低,腐蚀产物中硫含量较高。目测可见内件断口表面粗糙,电子显微镜形貌与金相显微分析表明,在晶界处有大量颗粒状碳化物析出。结论导致该内件失效的原因主要是热处理不当,造成了晶间碳化物的析出,从而导致了晶间腐蚀的发生。同时镍含量偏低也降低了材料的耐蚀性,含硫腐蚀性介质的冲刷作用也加重了低耐蚀性内件的晶间腐蚀。应使用化学成分符合国标304不锈钢材料生产的内件,同时要避免内件在生产与使用过程中因热处理不当造成晶间碳化物的析出。     

时效处理对铝锂合金电子束焊接头耐蚀性能的影响

对铝锂合金电子束焊接头进行焊后热处理,研究了时效处理前后接头各区域的晶间腐蚀、剥蚀和电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明,接头经过时效处理后,焊缝晶界析出的T1(Al_2CuLi)相数量增加,并且形成了明显的晶界无沉淀带(Precipitate Free Zone,PFZ)。焊态下接头未出现晶间腐蚀,热影响区和母材区均出现了孔蚀;焊后时效处理增大了接头的晶间腐蚀倾向,热影响区同时发生了孔蚀和晶间腐蚀,母材区出现了严重的晶间腐蚀。焊态下焊缝和热影响区均具有优异的抗剥蚀能力,母材区对剥蚀的敏感性较高;焊后时效处理可提高接头母材区的抗剥蚀能力,但会增大热影响区的剥蚀敏感性。电化学腐蚀测试表明,与时效后的接头焊缝相比,焊态下焊缝的自腐蚀电位较高,腐蚀电流密度小,具有相对较好的耐蚀性。     

Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and properties of AISI304 austenitic stainless steel A-TIG weld

Appropriate deep cryogenic treatment can improve comprehensive mechanical properties of the AISI304 austenitic stainless steel activating flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welds. The microstructure of the welds before and after deep cryogenic treatment was all austenite with a small amount of δ-ferrite. The vermiform ferrite + austenite distributed in the whole weld, but the lath-shaped ferrite + austenite mixed components only distributed in the centre of the weld. The phases in the two welds were all Cr–Ni–Fe–C and Fe–Ni solid solutions, ferric carbide (i.e. Fe₃C) and chromic carbides (i.e. Cr₂₃C₆ and Cr₇C₃). After deep cryogenic treatment, the grain size of the weld was decreased a certain of degree, and the carbide phase content was increased. The strength and micro-hardness of the weld joints were increased due to the grain refinement. The intergranular corrosion resistance of the weld was reduced because the precipitation of chromium carbides at the austenite grain boundary.     

Nb对00Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢显微组织和晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响

为了研究Nb对00Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢固溶后显微组织和耐晶间腐蚀性能的影响,分别在950、1000、1050、1100、1150和1200 ℃对含Nb量(质量分数,下同)为0.057%和不含Nb的00Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢进行1 h固溶处理,并观察其微观组织。结果表明,固溶温度在950~1200 ℃时,00Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢的晶粒尺寸随着固溶温度的升高而增大,Nb的加入促进00Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢中混晶组织的出现,提高其完全再结晶温度。不含Nb的试验钢在1000 ℃以上固溶后即可获得晶粒大小均匀的组织,而含0.057%Nb的试验钢则需要在1100 ℃以上才可以获得均匀组织,且其尺寸略大于无Nb钢在1000 ℃时完全再结晶的晶粒。随着固溶温度的升高和晶粒尺寸的长大,析出的Z相含量降低,晶粒界面能减小,在1150 ℃和1200 ℃固溶1 h后,Nb对晶粒的细化作用和温度升高造成的晶粒长大程度变得不再明显。两种成分的钢均具有较低的晶间腐蚀敏感性,含Nb量为0.057%的00Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢其再活化率R_a值较不含Nb的钢进一步降低。