考虑负载均衡和用户体验的垂直切换算法

在超密集异构无线网络中,针对城区交通高峰期,大规模车载终端短时间聚集性移动引起的网络拥塞问题,该文提出一种考虑负载均衡和用户体验(LBUE)的垂直切换算法。首先,引入网络环境感知模型预测网络未来的拥塞程度,并提出一个融合自组织网络的网络架构,缓解网络拥塞。其次,定义业务适应度和负收益因子,并提出一种基于秩和比(RSR)的自适应切换判决算法,为用户筛选出当前环境下满意度最高的目标网络。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效降低终端接入网络的阻塞率和掉话率,实现网络间负载均衡并提升用户体验。     

考虑终端安全和资源调度的垂直切换算法

存在恶意终端的超密集异构无线网络中,针对高并发接入请求带来的资源分配效率降低和拥塞问题,该文提出一种考虑终端安全和资源调度的垂直切换算法(CTSRS-VHA)。首先,在网络侧通过基于有限状态机的攻击检测算法,构建终端安全评估模型,计算得到终端安全度。其次,结合网络拥塞度、用户数据传输速率和终端安全度构建了一个多目标优化函数。再次,分析网络与终端之间的综合效益,把多目标优化函数转换成单目标优化函数求解,证明了该解为帕累托最优解。最后,仿真结果及分析表明,该算法能够提高网络的接入安全水平和总吞吐量,降低网络拥塞度和切换失败率。     

基于网络选择的视频通信带宽博弈算法

针对异构无线网络的视频通信提出一种基于网络选择的带宽博弈算法(BAG-NS)。该算法首先根据不同用户视频特性及当前网络状况,采用层次分析法和熵值法确定网络评价参数的权重,选择最佳网络;其次构建了基于收益和代价的用户效用函数,通过分布式迭代算法得到其纳什均衡解,并证明了纳什均衡的存在性和唯一性。仿真结果表明,该算法使不同特性的视频用户合理地分布在不同网络,能兼顾用户公平性和网络拥塞控制,增加网络资源利用率,减小用户视频失真,提高用户视频质量。     

基于异构无线网络的多路径传输

针对异构无线网络环境中,大容量业务传输质量不可靠、网络资源利用率低的问题,提出了一种基于异构无线自组织网络的多路径传输路由算法。该算法有效避免了单路通信方式下的传输链路拥塞、吞吐量低等问题,并结合大容量业务的特点,通过一定的法则合理表征网络环境信息,依据表征结果提出发端到终端的多路径策略,使得重要性不同的业务可选择相应链路质量的路径进行并行传输,避免了网络中的每个自组网节点独立寻找路由导致的源节点难以获得中间节点路由信息的现象。仿真结果表明,该算法可实现整个网络负载均衡,缓解网络链路拥塞,有效降低传输中的丢包率,降低传输时延。     

基于多目标粒子群算法的异构网接入控制

各种异构接入网络的无缝融合是下一代网络的显著体征之一。研究异构网络的呼入接纳控制,考虑延时、价格和阻塞率因素,致力于同时提高运营商收益和用户满意度,将无线异构网络的呼入接纳控制转换为组合优化问题,利用多目标粒子群优化算法收敛速度快,可同时在多目标上进行优化的特点,提出了一种基于多目标粒子群优化算法的异构无线网络呼入接纳控制算法。通过仿真,证明可以在运营商的收益和用户群的满意度中找到好的平衡。     

基于GLV模型的异构网络联合无线资源管理

为使不同的无线接入网络协同工作,实现异构无线网络的接纳控制,基于生态学种群竞争与异构无线网络资源管理的映射关系,提出了一种分布式联合无线资源管理(JRRM)算法。建立了基于Gause-Lotka-Volterra(GLV)的异构网络业务量预测模型,根据预测的业务量是否达到共存状态来调整网络参数,以使各网络的业务量达到稳定平衡状态。性能分析与仿真结果表明,该算法可以均衡各个网络的业务量,减少竞争对于网络的影响,使不同网络运营商均获得了一定收益。     

TCP-H：基于三重判决的TCP拥塞控制

在异构无线网络中存在高误码、切换、信号衰落等链路特性,使传统的TCP拥塞控制机制受到了挑战。在不增加开销的情况下,基于丢包检测、RTT时间和ACK返回速率三重判决,提出了一种新的TCP拥塞控制机制（TCP—H）。仿真结果表明,TCP—H增强了对拥塞和随机差错的区分能力,满足公平性要求,改进的最小RTT计算方法解决了在低延迟向高延迟网络切换的时Vegas,Westwood等算法存在的最小RTT更新问题,有效提高了在异构无鲅网络环埔下TCP的性能．     

异构无线网络接入策略的比较研究

针对目前异构无线网络接入选择算法种类繁多并且功能各异的情况,为了解决异构无线网络中移动终端在任何时间、任何地点进行最优网络接入的问题,该文首先简单介绍了异构无线网络,其次根据优化目标的不同将异构无线网络接入选择算法分为基于决策因素的接入选择算法和基于数学模型的接入选择算法两类,最后分析了目前国内外异构无线网络接入选择算法的研究情况,对现有的异构无线网络接入选择算法在业务类型、用户策略以及网络安全性等方面进行了分析。为选择合适的异构无线网络选择算法提供了有效的依据及借鉴意义。     

泛在网络中的等效频谱带宽概念及其在异构网络切换中的应用

未来无线通信系统将融合多种异构无线接入网络以提供泛在业务。为了表达用户在不同系统中占用的资源,为异构无线网络提出了等效带宽的概念,在此基础上将等效带宽用到异构网络切换控制中,同时将马尔科夫决策过程引入切换算法。仿真结果表明本算法相对于门限切换法有较好的期望收益。     

一种基于ECN的无线TCP拥塞控制机制

针对无线异构链路环境中传统TCP拥塞控制机制效率较低的问题,本文提出一种基于ECN的多级反馈算法。该算法在ECN的基础上可以根据RTT动态地给网络划分等级并进行概率反馈,改变了ECN的二元特性,有效提高了无线数据传输效率。仿真结果表明该算法可降低丢包率,减少拥塞次数,提高吞吐量。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.