Determination of β-lactam residues in foodstuffs of animal origin using supported liquid membrane extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

β-Lactams have been used extensively both in human and veterinary medicine practices. In veterinary medicine, they are used mainly as growth promoters as well as chemotherapeutic and prophylactic agents. The occurrence of β-lactam residues in foodstuffs is a serious health hazard. In this work, a sample purification and enrichment technique involving the use of supported liquid membrane have been developed for β-lactams in milk, kidney and liver tissues. The liquid membrane made of n-undecane:di-n-hexyl ether (1:1) was used to enrich a mixture of four β-lactams namely, ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin V and penicillin G. Separation and detection of the enriched β-lactam extracts were performed using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer operating under positive ion electrospray mode (LC–PI–ESI–MS). The detection limits (DLs) obtained were found to be 1 ng/kg for penicillin G and penicillin V in kidney and liver tissues and 0.7 μg/L in milk. For ampicillin, the DLs were found to be 1.4 μg/kg in kidney and liver tissues and 1.7 μg/L in milk. Limits of quantification based on a minimal value of the signal-to-noise ratio of 10, were estimated to be 1.1 and 0.01 for penicillin G in kidney and liver tissues, respectively, while for penicillin V it was 0.4 and 0.01 for kidney and liver tissues, respectively. The DL values obtained using this approach were found to be 2–3 order of magnitudes lower than the stipulated tolerance levels as set by the EU and FDA.     

High-throughput method for the determination of residues of β-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk by LC-MS/MS

This study describes the development and validation procedures for scope extension of a method for the determination of β-lactam antibiotic residues (ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, ceftiofur, cefquinome, cefoperazone, cephapirine, cefalexin and cephalonium) in bovine milk. Sample preparation was performed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by two clean-up steps, including low temperature purification (LTP) and a solid phase dispersion clean-up. Extracts were analysed using a liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry system (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was performed in a C18 column, using methanol and water (both with 0.1% of formic acid) as mobile phase. Method validation was performed according to the criteria of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Main validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), accuracy, and repeatability were determined and were shown to be adequate. The method was applied to real samples (more than 250) and two milk samples had levels above maximum residues limits (MRLs) for cloxacillin – CLX and cefapirin – CFAP.     

Gas chromatographic method for the analysis of residues of seven penicillins in food of animal origin]

A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of residues of benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpanicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and nafcillin in bovine muscle, liver, kidney, adipose tissue and milk. The samples are extracted with acetonitrile under slightly acidic conditions, the co-extracted water is separated with the addition of sodium chloride and dichloromethane and discarded. Clean-up is performed by liquid/liquid partitioning steps and anion exchange chromatography. The penicillin residues are methylated with diazomethane. After derivatization, only the extracts from liver and kidney needed further clean-up using cartridges with a polar diol sorbent. The gas chromatographic procedure is based on split/splitless injection, programmed temperature vaporization, separation on a methyl silicone fused silica column and nitrogen-specific thermionic detection. Internal standardization is used for quantification. The limits of detection for all penicillins are well below 3 microgram/kg in milk and all tissues. Recoveries of spiked samples at 3 and 10 micrograms/kg are in the range of 65-80% for milk and 50-70% for bovine tissues.     

β-lactam antibiotics residues analysis in bovine milk by LC-ESI-MS/MS: a simple and fast liquid-liquid extraction method

This study presents the development and validation of a simple method for the detection and quantification of six β-lactam antibiotics residues (ceftiofur, penicillin G, penicillin V, oxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin) in bovine milk using a fast liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for sample preparation, followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). LLE consisted of the addition of acetonitrile to the sample, followed by addition of sodium chloride, centrifugation and direct injection of an aliquot into the LC-MS/MS system. Separation was performed in a C(18) column, using acetonitrile and water, both with 0.1% of formic acid, as mobile phase. Method validation was performed according to the criteria of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Limits of detection ranged from 0.4 (penicillin G and penicillin V) to 10.0 ng ml(-1) (ceftiofur), and linearity was achieved. The decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), accuracy, inter- and intra-day repeatability of the method are reported.     

Simultaneous determination of quinolones in foods by LC/MS/MS

A simple method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven quinolones (enoxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, lomefloxacin, enrofloxacin and sarafloxacin) in foods using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The seven quinolones were extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.2% formic acid, and the extracted solution was cleaned up on a C18 cartridge. The extract was diluted with 5 mmol/L IPCC-MS3 for injection into the LC-ESI-MS/MS. The LC separation was carried out on an ODS column with gradient elution of 5 mmol/L IPCC-MS3-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Mass spectral acquisition was done in the positive ion mode by applying selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The recoveries of the seven quinolones were mostly greater than 60% from foods fortified at 10 ng/g. The detection limits in foods were 2 ng/g for enoxacin and ciprofloxacin, and 1 ng/g for the other drugs. Twenty cattle muscle, 7 swine muscle, 9 chicken muscle, 16 milk, 19 prawn and 20 broiled eel samples from retail markets were analyzed by this method. Enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were detected in 9 broiled eel at the level of trace (tr)-34 ng/g and tr-10 ng/g, respectively.     

Optimisation and validation of a quantitative and confirmatory LC-MS method for multi-residue analyses of β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics in bovine muscle

A multi-residue method for the determination of the β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, cefazolin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V and the tetracyclines chlotetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline was optimised and validated in bovine muscle. The method is based on the extraction of the residues from muscle using water/acetonitrile (2/8, v/v) with subsequent use of dispersive solid-phase C18 and hexane for purification. Extracts were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS) coupled with the mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI+) for all analytes. The method was validated according to the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The validation results were obtained within the MRL range of 0-1.5 of the MRL, with recoveries varying from 90% to 110% and CV < 20% (n = 54), except for cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and nafcillin. However, matrix interference was observed. The decision limit (CCα) ranged from 10% to 15% of the MRL. The uncertainty measurement was estimated based on both bottom-up and top-down strategies and the uncertainty values were found to be lower than 20% of the MRL. The method has a simple extraction procedure whereby analytes are separated with reasonable resolutions in a single 11-min chromatographic run. According to the validation results, this method is suitable for monitoring β-lactams and tetracyclines according to National Program for Residue and Contaminant Control - Brazil (NPRC-Brazil) in bovine muscle.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中4种β-内酰胺类抗生素及其主要代谢产物

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中青霉素G、青霉素V、氨苄西林、阿莫西林及其代谢产物脱羧噻唑酸含量的分析方法。方法样品经0.2%氨水乙腈溶液超声离心提取,通过Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱进行净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行测定。结果青霉素G、青霉素V、氨苄西林、阿莫西林及其代谢产物脱羧噻唑酸在所考察的线性范围内线性良好,相关系数不低于0.999;方法回收率为70.9%~101.6%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为4.0%~7.5%。市售的35份样品中,均未检出青霉素G、青霉素V、阿莫西林、氨苄西林及其代谢产物。结论该方法操作简单、重现性好,可用于牛奶中青霉素G、青霉素V、阿莫西林、氨苄西林及其代谢产物脱羧噻唑酸的检测。     

Excretion of penicillins and cephalexin in bovine milk following intramammary administration

The elimination into bovine milk of beta-lactam antibiotic residues (procaine penicillin G, cloxacillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalexin) following intramammary administration of 10 preparations marketed in France was studied. The quantitative analysis of residues was carried out by a microbiological agar diffusion method using Bacillus stearothermophilus. Sensitivity ranged from 0.001 I.U./ml for procaine penicillin G and 0.001 micrograms/ml for ampicillin to 0.02 micrograms/ml for cephalexin. The mean periods of elimination on which withholding times are based were between four and seven milkings according to the drugs administered.     

牛奶中β-内酰胺类和三聚氰胺检测方法的建立

建立一种快速、简便,同时针对牛奶中β-内酰胺类抗生素和三聚氰胺残留的检测方法。应用竞争抑制免疫层析原理,研制β-内酰胺类和三聚氰胺胶体金试纸条。该试纸条检测限分别为青霉素G2μg/L、氨苄青霉素3μg/L、阿莫西林3μg/L、苯唑青霉素6μg/L、邻氯青霉素6μg/L、双氯青霉素6μg/L、萘夫西林20μg/L、头孢喹肟20μg/L、头孢哌酮40μg/L、头孢曲松50μg/L、头孢噻呋90μg/L、头孢洛宁10μg/L、三聚氰胺50μg/L,假阳性率低于5%、假阴性率为0,检测时间不超过15min。该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、特异性强,适用于乳品流通环节中β-内酰胺类抗生素和三聚氰胺残留的快速检测。     

Residues of β-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk: confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after microbial assay screening

A procedure for the simultaneous determination of the residues of seven β-lactam antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, dicloxacillin, cephalexin, cephapirin) in bovine raw milk using tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is described. The antibiotics were extracted by an acetic acid solution after centrifugation and filtration. The β-lactams were separated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used in positive-ion mode as a detector via a Turbo Ionspray interface for electrospray ionization (ESI). The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were below the legal tolerances, except for ampicillin. The method was used to confirm 53 samples found positive by a microbial method (Delvotest SP®) at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale per la Lombardia e l'Emilia Romagna of Brescia during 2001. Penicillin G was found in 26 samples at concentrations ranging from less than 4 to 6240 ±550 μg l^-1. Amoxicillin was found in three samples at concentrations ranging from 8.5 ±0.1 to 53.7 ±2.3 μg l^-1. Cephapirin was found in two samples at 5.7 ±0.1 and 6.4 ±0.3 μg l^-1.     

Determination of carbadox metabolites, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and desoxycarbadox, in swine muscle and liver by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective method using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) for the determination of carbadox metabolites, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) and desoxycarbadox (Desoxy-CDX), in swine muscle and liver has been developed. The LC separation was performed on a Cadenza CD-C18 column (10 cm x 2 mm i.d.) with a gradient system of 0.01% acetic acid-acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Negative ionization produced the [M-H]- molecular ion of QCA. On the other hand, the positive mode produced the [M+H]+ ion of Desoxy-CDX. The calibration graphs for QCA and Desoxy-CDX were rectilinear from 0.01 to 0.5 ng with selected ion monitoring (SIM). The drugs were extracted with 0.3% metaphosphoric acid-methanol (7:3), and the extracts were cleaned up on an Oasis HLB cartridge (60 mg) and by liquid-liquid extraction. The recoveries of QCA and Desoxy-CDX from swine muscle and liver fortified at 2.5 and 5 ng/g were 70.2-86.3%, and the detection limits were 1 ng/g for both drugs.     

HPLC-Bestimmung von Oxacillin, Cloxacillin und Dicloxacillin in Muskelfleisch vom Rind mit automatischem Cleanup durch on-line Festphasenextraktion

Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird ein HPLC-Verfahren mit automatischem Cleanup durch on-line Festphasenextraktion zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Oxacillin-, Cloxacillin- und Dicloxacillinrückständen in Muskelfleisch. Die Penicilline werden aus dem Fleisch mit Acetonitril extrahiert, in Phosphatpuffer überführt und an einer RP-18 Phase automatisch angereichert und gereinigt. Nach Elution auf die analytische HPLC-Säule (RP-18) werden die Penicilline isokratisch chromatographiert und über UV-Detektion (=225 nm) quantitativ bestimmt. Im Bereich der Höchstmenge (0,3 mg/kg) lagen die mittleren Wiederfindungen bei 92% für Oxacillin, 92% für Cloxacillin und 86% für Dicloxacillin. Der Variationskoeffizient für den Bereich von 0,15–0,6 mg/kg lag für die drei Penicilline bei 13,8%, 11,0% bzw. 7,3%. Die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens für die Bestimmung von Cloxacillinrückständen in Milch wird gezeigt.

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HPLC determination of oxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin in bovine muscle with automated cleanup by on-line solid phase extraction

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with automated cleanup by on-line solid phase extraction was developed for the determination of oxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin in bovine muscle tissue. The penicillins were extracted from the matrix with acetonitrile, transfered to phosphate buffer and automatically trapped on a RP-18 solid phase extraction column. After on-line elution onto the analytical HPLC-column, penicillins were quantified by UV (=225 nm) after isocratic separation. Mean recoveries at the MRL (0,3 mg/kg) were 92% for oxacillin, 92% for cloxacillin and 86% for dicloxacillin. The coefficients of variation for the three penicillins in the range of 0.15–0.6 mg/kg were 13,8%, 11,0%, and 7,3%, respectively. The applicability of this method for the determination of cloxacillin in milk was demonstrated.

     

Gaschromatographische Analysenmethode für Rückst?nde von sieben Penicillinen in Lebensmitteln tierischen Ursprungs

Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird ein capillargaschromatographisches Verfahren, mit dem sich Rückstände von Benzylpenicillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Methicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin und Nafcillin in Muskelfleisch, Leber, Niere und Fettgewebe vom Rind sowie in Milch bestimmen lassen. Die Proben werden unter schwach sauren Bedingungen mit Acetonitril extrahiert und das mitextrahierte Wasser nachfolgend durch Aussalzen entfernt. Der Rohextrakt wird anschließend durch Flüssig/Flüssig-Verteilung sowie durch Anionenaustausch an einer Festphasenkartusche gereinigt. Nach Methylierung mit Diazomethan müssen nur die Extrakte aus Leber und Niere zusätzlich noch an einer Diol-Kartusche gereinigt werden. Die gaschromatographische Bestimmung beruht auf einer split/splitless Injektion mit Hilfe eines temperaturprogrammierbaren Injektors, Trennung an einer unpolaren Methylsiliconphase und Detektion mittels eines thermionischen Stickstoffdetektors. Die Auswertung erfolgt gegen einen internen Standard. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen bei allen Wirkstoffen und Substraten unterhalb von 3 g/kg. Die Ausbeuten bei Zusatzversuchen im Konzentrationsbereich von 3–10 g/kg liegen bei Milch zwischen 65 und 80% und bei tierischen Geweben meistens zwischen 50 und 70%.

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Gas chromatographic method for the determination of residues of seven penicillins in foodstuffs of animal origin

Summary A capillary gas Chromatographie method is described for the determination of residues of benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpanicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and nafcillin in bovine muscle, liver, kidney, adipose tissue and milk. The samples are extracted with acetonitrile under slightly acidic conditions, the co-extracted water is separated with the addition of sodium chloride and dichloromethane and discarded. Clean-up is performed by liquid/liquid partitioning steps and anion exchange chromatography. The penicillin residues are methylated with diazomethane. After derivatization, only the extracts from liver and kidney needed further clean-up using cartridges with a polar diol sorbent. The gas Chromatographic procedure is based on split/splitless injection, programmed temperature vaporization, separation on a methyl silicone fused silica column and nitrogen-specific thermionic detection. Internal standardization is used for quantification. The limits of detection for all penicillins are well below 3 g/kg in milk and all tissues. Recoveries of spiked samples at 3 and 10 g/kg are in the range of 65–80% for milk and 50–70% for bovine tissues.

     

Detection limits of beta-lactam antibiotics in ewe milk by penzym enzymatic test.

The Penzym is an enzymatic test widely used for the detection of beta-lactam antibiotic residuals in milk. It is a specific method with good sensitivity to this group of antibiotics and enables results to be obtained within a short time. In the present work, the detection limits of 10 beta-lactam antibiotics were determined in ewe milk, given the lack of previous studies of the Penzym test in ovine milk. For each antibiotic, eight concentrations were tested on 20 ewe milk samples proceeding from individual ewes (160 analyses per drug). The limits of the Penzym test were determined by means of logistic regression models, as follows: 5 microg/kg amoxicillin, 4 microg/kg ampicillin, 33 microg/kg cloxacillin, 3 microg/kg penicillin "G," 43 microg/kg cephadroxil. 10 microg/kg cephalosporin "C," 16 microg/kg cephalexin, 900 microg/kg cephoperazone, 120 microg/kg Ceftiofur, and 77 microg/kg cephuroxime. The percentages of positive results for those antibiotics at the maximum residue limit (MRL) concentration established by the European Union (EU) were: 100% (penicillin "G"), 93.3% (ampicillin), 93.3% (cloxacillin), 56.7% (Ceftiofur), and 56.7% (amoxicillin).     

Short communication: antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis in Italy

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 68 Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected during 2004 from milk of cows affected by subclinical mastitis was examined. The antimicrobial agents tested were the β-lactams, penicillin G, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, cephalonium, and cefoperazone; and other drugs including lincomycin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, and kanamycin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations recorded show that only certain β-lactamase-resistant penicillins (specifically cloxacillin) or penicillin combinations (amoxicillin + clavulanate) were consistently effective against Staph. aureus, whereas the other β-lactam derivatives and drugs from other pharmacological groups were either moderately effective or ineffective. Thus, β-lactamase-resistant penicillins are to be considered the antimicrobial agents of choice for treatment of bovine mastitis resulting from infection by Staph. aureus.     

Detection limits of four antimicrobial residue screening tests for β-lactams in goat's milk

This study was conducted to compare the detection limits (DL) of several antibiotic residue screening tests with the maximum residue limits (MRL) authorized by the EU according to the guidance for the standardized evaluation of microbial inhibitor tests of the International Dairy Federation. Composite antibiotic-free milk samples from 30 primiparous Murciano-Granadina goats in good health condition were used to prepare test samples spiked with different concentrations of each antimicrobial. In total, 5,760 analytical determinations of 10 β-lactam antibiotics (penicillin-G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, cefadroxyl, cefalexin, cefoperazone, and cefuroxime) were performed using 4 antibiotic residue screening tests: the brilliant black reduction test BRT AiM (AiM-Analytik in Milch Produktions-und Vertriebs GmbH, München, Germany), Delvotest MCS (DSM Food Specialties, Delft, the Netherlands), Eclipse 100 (ZEU-Inmunotec SL, Zaragoza, Spain), and the Copan Milk Test (CMT; Copan Italia SpA, Brescia, Italy). For each method, we estimated the detection limits of the antimicrobial agents using a logistic regression model. Using the CMT and Delvotest on samples spiked with the 8 antibiotics for which MRL were available, DL were at or below the MRL. The BRT test provided DL at or below the MRL for all of the agents except cefalexin, whereas the Eclipse 100 method failed to detect 4 antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, and cefoperazone) at MRL or below. Logistic regression-determined levels of agreement were highest for the CMT method (98.6 to 100%) and lowest for Eclipse 100 (66.3 to 100%). In general, agreement levels indicated good correlation between observed results and those predicted by logistic regression. The lowest b values (closely related to test sensitivity) were recorded for the cephalosporins (0.074 to 0.430) and highest for penicillin G, ampicillin, and amoxicillin (11.270 to 11.504). Delvotest and CMT best fulfilled IDF criteria for the ideal test for detecting antibiotic residues in milk.     

乳品中β-内酰胺类抗生素快速检测试纸条研制

通过β-内酰胺类抗生素-载体蛋白偶联物的合成,单克隆抗体的制备与纯化,胶体金标记物的制备,β-内酰胺类抗生素单克隆抗体-胶体金标记物的制备并冻干到微孔试剂,样品吸收垫和反应膜的制备等研究过程,研制出乳制品中β-内酰胺类抗生素的快速检测试纸条。检测限分别为:青霉素G2μg/L、氨苄青霉素4μg/L、阿莫西林5μg/L、苯唑青霉素/邻青霉素/双青霉素均为6μg/L、头孢洛宁10μg/L、萘夫西林20μg/L、头孢喹肟20μg/L、头孢曲松25μg/L、头孢哌酮50μg/L、头孢噻呋90μg/L;本试纸条特异性好、假阳性率不高于3%、假阴性率为0,检测时间不超过15min,检测限量达到了我国和欧盟的要求,适用于乳品流通环节乳品中β-内酰胺类抗生素残留的检测。     

Comparison of various assays used for detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in poultry meat

In this study, microbiological tests for the detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in meat and meat products were evaluated. The traditional FPT (four plate test, containing Bacillus subtilis and Kocuria rhizophila), BsDA (Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay) and a newly developed microbiological test, Premi®Test (containing Bacillus stearothermophilus) were included in the study. The limit of detection (LOD) of the Premi®Test was compared with the LOD of the traditional methods. The detection limits of the tests were determined by using beta-lactam antibiotic standards dissolved in meat juice, as well as meat tissue obtained from laying hens after experimental administration of amoxicillin. Positive samples, based on inhibition of growth of the organism in the test, were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Growth inhibition in the traditional tests is visible as a clear zone on the plate, whereas for Premi®Test, this is based on the absence of a colour change of the test. The LODs of antibiotics tested were as follows: Penicillin G (PENG) 5 µg kg^-1, amoxicillin (AMOX) 10 µg kg^-1, ampicillin (AMP) 25 µg kg^-1, oxacillin (OXA) 30 µg kg^-1, and cloxacillin (CLOX) 30 µg kg^-1 on the plate with Bacillus stearothermophilus. Beta-lactam antibiotics can be detected also on one plate seeded with Kocuria rhizophila, although the LODs are higher: PENG 10 µg kg^-1, AMOX 25 µg kg^-1, AMP 30 µg kg^-1, OXA 50 µg kg^-1, and CLOX 50 µg kg^-1. Premi®Test was performed according to the Standard Operating Procedure intended for detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in poultry tissues with following LODs: PENG 4 µg kg^-1, AMOX 5 µg kg^-1, AMP 5 µg kg^-1, OXA 40 µg kg^-1, CLOX 50 µg kg^-1. All tests are able to detect beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin and cloxacillin below the maximum residue level (MRL). However, the detection limits of the Premi®Test for PENG, AMOX and AMP were below the limits of BsDA and the plate containing Kocuria rhizophila.     

动物源性食品中青霉素类药物残留检测

建立动物源食品中同时检测4?种青霉素类药物残留的高效液相色谱法。以水合氨苄青霉素为内标,样品经乙腈-水（10∶1,V/V）提取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化。采用C18色谱柱,以0.02?mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱分离目标化合物进行定量分析。青霉素G、苯唑西林、乙氧萘青霉素、双氯青霉素在0.01～2?μg/mL范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限和定量限分别为3?μg/kg和10?μg/kg;回收率在69.9%～100.3%之间,精密度的相对标准偏差在1.58%～9.15%之间。该方法前处理简单、快速、准确、灵敏,可以满足实际检测分析的需要。用于猪、牛、羊、鸡、鱼等不同基质中青霉素类药物残留的检测,取得了满意的结果。     

Development of a Quantitative Multi-Class Method for 18 Antibiotics in Chicken, Pig, and Fish Muscle using UPLC-MS/MS

A rapid multi-residue/multi-class procedure utilizing ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) detection has been developed and validated to monitor 18 veterinary drugs, including macrolides (clarithromycin, erythromycin, josamycin, kitasamycin, natamycin, neospiramycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, tilmicosin, tylosin, and virginiamycin M1), β-lactams (ampicillin, cefoperazone, cloxacillin, and mecillinam), lincosamides (clindamycin and lincomycin), and one quinolone (orbifloxacin), in pig, chicken, and fish muscle. Two grams of homogenized muscle sample were fortified with the 18 drugs. The drugs were extracted using two extraction solutions and then were cleaned up with n-hexane and SPE. Data acquisition with MS/MS was achieved using the multiple reaction monitoring modes to acquire the data. The method was validated at four concentration levels within the designated linear ranges for each drug, with most recoveries greater than 75?% and most coefficients of variation (CV) values less than 15?%.