超临界水堆的瞬态分析程序开发

超临界水堆（SCWR）是第4代核反应堆的优先发展对象之一,它在经济性上的明显优势使其受到广泛关注。本文以混合谱超临界水堆（SCWR-M）为研究对象,建立合理的数学模型,开发了针对超临界水堆系统的瞬态分析程序TACOS。运用TACOS程序对SCWR-M进行了稳态计算和部分失流事故的瞬态分析。稳态计算的结果与设计值符合良好。部分失流事故的分析结果表明,事故中包壳表面最高温度为702.6 ℃,与安全限值相比有很大裕度。部分失流事故过程中不需采取特殊的安全措施,堆芯可自行回到安全状态。     

SCWR堆芯三维瞬态物理-热工水力耦合程序开发

耦合三维中子时空动力学程序和超临界水堆(SCWR)热工水力计算程序,开发了适用于SCWR堆芯瞬态和事故分析的三维瞬态分析程序STTA。采用第二类边界条件节块格林函数方法 NGFMN_K求解瞬态中子扩散方程,采用串行耦合方法将SCWR子通道程序ATHAS嵌入NGFMN_K程序。通过压水堆基准题NEACRP-L-335和SCWR弹棒问题检验STTA程序,结果表明:STTA针对压水堆问题的计算结果与参考解符合良好,针对SCWR问题的计算结果合理可信,可用于SCWR堆芯的三维瞬态性能分析。     

CSR1000控制棒落入堆芯三维瞬态分析

针对超临界水堆(SCWR)控制棒落入堆芯事件特点,采用堆芯三维瞬态性能分析方法,利用开发的SCWR堆芯三维瞬态物理-热工水力耦合程序STTA,建立SCWR堆芯落棒瞬态三维计算模型和分析流程,研究分析超临界水堆CSR1000在控制棒落入堆芯瞬态过程中的堆芯性能,分析评价落棒瞬态下CSR1000堆芯的安全性能。堆芯三维落棒瞬态分析表明,当落入堆芯棒束价值较高时,落棒初期堆芯功率下降较快,之后由于水密度的反应性反馈,堆芯功率缓慢回升至新的平衡,堆芯功率下降速率超过了停堆信号整定值,将触发保护停堆;当落入堆芯棒束价值较低时,由于水密度的反应性反馈,堆芯功率下降缓慢,堆芯功率下降速率未能达到停堆信号整定值,不能触发保护停堆。控制棒落入堆芯对堆芯轴向功率分布影响很小,高价值落棒导致的落棒区域燃料组件功率坍塌相对低价值落棒更明显。无论是高价值落棒还是低价值落棒,瞬态过程中最大包壳壁面温度均低于瞬态安全限值850℃。水密度的显著反应性反馈及必要的保护停堆措施能保证CSR1000堆芯在控制棒落入堆芯过程中的安全性能。     

超临界水冷堆的安全分析

应用RELAP5-3D程序建立了超临界水冷堆(SCWR)的稳态模型,并在此基础上,分别对SCWR的两种瞬态和两种事故工况进行了分析。汽轮机旁路系统的存在可有效维持反应堆压力,保证反应堆安全。若SCWR失去给水,在辅助给水系统启动之前,向下流的水棒可通过热传导带走堆芯热量,并向燃料通道内提供冷却剂,缓解堆芯升温。因而,向下流的水棒体现了SCWR的安全性。主泵卡轴事故由于没有惰转,最热包壳温度值最大,因而主泵惰转可有效缓解包壳温度的升高。     

混合能谱超临界水冷堆反应性引入事故安全分析

本文研究了混合能谱超临界水冷堆(SCWR-M)在发生控制棒失控提升事故和弹棒事故这两类反应性引入事故后的反应堆系统响应。首先利用修改的可用于超临界条件下的系统程序RELAP5对混合能谱超临界水冷堆进行系统建模,并计算分析在功率运行工况下事故过程中功率、流量及包壳温度等重要参数的变化趋势,最后对反应性参数如控制棒价值、控制棒抽出速率和负反馈系数进行了参数效应分析。结果表明,在设计工况下混合能谱超临界水冷堆系统可有效地将衰变热导出堆芯,保证了燃料棒的完整性。另外,反应性参数对控制棒失控提升事故的安全性影响不大,但对弹棒事故的包壳峰值温度影响很大,过于保守的反应性参数估计会使安全裕量大为减小。     

超临界水冷堆系统分析程序开发

详细介绍了自主开发的超临界水堆(SCWR)安全分析程序SCTRAN的数学模型、辅助方程及计算流程。运用圆管内超临界水的喷放实验数据和西屋公司SCWR大破口失水事故(LOCA)数据对SCTRAN程序的有效性进行验证。验证结果表明,SCTRAN计算结果与程序APROS基本一致,对西屋公司SCWR非能动冷却剂系统的事故分析结果同RELAP5-3D程序的结果基本一致,计算结果可靠性较高,具备对SCWR进行事故分析的能力。     

提棒事故的瞬态特性

本文主要分析压水堆在次临界或低功率下发生的失控提捧事故的瞬态特性。研究了温度反应性系数,失控反应性引入率,初始功率水平和有效缓发中子份额对事故瞬态特性的影响。     

西安脉冲堆反应性引入事故瞬态安全特性分析

为研究西安脉冲堆（XAPR）在意外引入反应性且停堆系统失效事故下的瞬态安全特性,本文基于XAPR的结构和运行特点,建立了适用于XAPR的瞬态热工水力分析模型,并开发了用于XAPR安全特性分析的瞬态热工水力程序TSAC-XAPR。利用TSAC-XAPR程序对反应性引入事故进行模拟计算,结果表明：当XAPR在额定功率范围内运行时,发生反应性引入事故后,堆芯能依靠自身的固有反馈机制使脉冲堆重新达到稳定运行状态;当运行功率过高尤其是超过临界值时,反应性引入事故将导致脉冲堆关键热工水力参数发生振荡,无法再次达到稳态。此外,不同反应性引入方式将影响堆芯参数在反应性引入过程中的变化趋势,但并不影响其最终稳态值。     

ATHLET-SC程序的开发及适用性分析

由于超临界水堆（SCWR）在系统简化、降低成本和提高热效率上的优势,SCWR的研究在全球范围内得到广泛关注。在众多有关超临界水堆的研发工作中,开发适用于SCWR的系统分析程序是进行SCWR系统设计和安全评估的关键技术难题之一。本工作基于最佳估算系统分析程序ATHLET2.1A,增加了超临界热物性参数,开发出适用于SCWR的系统分析程序ATHLET-SC,将现有的ATHLET程序扩展到超临界压力状态。为评估修改后的程序的适用性,建立了混合能谱超临界水堆堆芯模型,并对该模型进行了功率瞬态计算。此外,对1个简化的超临界水冷却回路进行了稳定性分析。计算结果表明：修改过的ATHLET程序（ATHLET-SC）对SCWR系统的模拟具有良好的适用性。     

SARAX程序系统在钠冷快堆瞬态分析中的应用

无保护事故下的瞬态分析是钠冷快堆安全分析的重要内容。基于OECD/NEA发布的MOX-3600和MET-1000基准题,本文利用SARAX程序系统对不同钠冷快堆进行了瞬态计算,分析了堆内各种反应性反馈效应,并计算了无保护失流(ULOF)事故和无保护超功率运行(UTOP)事故下燃料温度和冷却剂温度的变化。计算结果表明：SARAX程序系统在快堆瞬态分析中可给出合理的参数预测结果;ULOF事故对于钠冷快堆是更为严重的事故瞬态,会导致堆内的钠沸腾进而发生严重事故。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.