用Rossi-α法测量快临界装置瞬发中子衰减常数α

阐述了用 Rossi-α法测量瞬发中子衰减常数α的基本原理、测试方法及条件。用 BF3计数管作为探测器 ,采用时间延迟符合的测量方法 ,测量得出了实验室快临界装置在缓发临界时的瞬发中子衰减常数 αc,其值为 0 .835( 1± 0 .5% ) μs-1,并在次缓发临界以下 0～ 1＄次临界度范围内测得多个点的 α值 ,通过外推再次得到 αc,二者在误差范围内一致。最后给出 :αc=0 .835± 0 .0 0 4 μs-1     

一种测量快堆α_c的方法研究

在超瞬发临界状态下,直接测量脉冲前沿的功率上升,得到瞬发中子增殖常数(α)。在超缓发临界,刻度调节棒的反应性当量,累加调节棒的反应性当量得出爆发脉冲的预加反应性。由超瞬发临界实验数据外推得到了CFBR-II堆缓发临界瞬发中子衰减常数(αc)和反应性定向差。测量得到的αc与Rossi-α方法测量得到的结果一致。     

用核噪声方法测量氢化锆零功率堆的瞬发中子衰减常数

瞬发中子衰减常数α是反应堆的重要动态参数,由次临界和临界状态下的瞬发中子衰减常数可以刻度出反应堆的次临界深度。在瞬发中子衰减常数的测量中,脉冲中子源方法是经常使用的非常成熟的方法。本文叙述另一种方法——核噪声方法测量瞬发中子衰减常数,这种方法使用中子探测器,探测堆内中子水平的涨落,通过对中子涨落信号的分析处理,导出瞬发中子衰减常数α。与脉冲中子源方法相比,核噪声方法的优点是测量方法简单,只需在反射层内放置中     

300#反应堆瞬发中子衰减常数测量

利用反应堆噪声分析技术测量300^#池式研究堆缓发临界下的瞬发中子衰减常数。堆芯采用低富集度U燃料装载，燃料元件带一定燃耗。利用紧靠堆芯布置的两个中子探测器，信号经测量系统和相关软件得到互谱密度，用非线性最小二乘法拟合得到瞬发中子衰减常数。在4kW功率水平测得缓发临界下的瞬发中子衰减常数α_c=(83.4±0.7)s^.-1。     

Rossi-α方法测量CFBR-Ⅱ堆瞬发中子衰减常数

瞬发中子衰减常数α是核系统的重要特征参数.简要介绍了点堆模型的α本征值定义以及Rossi-α方法原理,并利用研制的Rossi-α测量系统在CFBR-Ⅱ堆上开展了多个状态的α实验测量,获得了系列的次临界α实验数据以及缓发临界时的瞬发中子衰减常数αc,为相关实验提供了基准数据.     

核临界安全中的监督现场测量技术--源倍增方法的某些问题

给出了核临界安全中监督现场的测量技术——源倍增法的实验理论和实验方法。源倍增法实际测量的是有源次临界中子有效增殖系数k2而不是中子有效增殖系数Keff。在铀溶液核临界装置上进行了实验研究用源倍增法测量了次临界系统在外中子源作用下铀溶液不同液位的有源次临界中子有效增殖系数k2;用周期法测量了单位铀溶液位的反应性系数,然后用临界液位与次临界液位之差乘以单位铀溶液位的反应性系数,给出系统次临界液位时的反应性．由反应性给出传统观念上的中子有效增殖系数keff 。讨论了它们的差别及对核临界安全的影响。     

反应堆物理实验中的源倍增法研究

给出了反应堆物理实验中临界测量和次临界度测量通常所采用的源倍增方法研究。首先从有源的扩散理论出发,导出了与以前不同的源倍增方法的公式。源倍增方法测量的参数实际是次临界系统在外源作用下的有源次临界中子倍增因子ks,而不是在这之前的中子有效倍增因子keff,然后研究了实验装置的临界质量,研究了ks与外源位置和能谱的关系,证明了导出的源倍增方法的理论是正确的。该方法可像过去那样用于反应堆物理实验中的临界外推测量,但不能用于次临界度测量。解决了长期困扰人们有关源倍增方法测量的参数问题。最后讨论了ks和keff的差别和关系以及对临界外推测量和核临界安全的影响。     

Rossi-α方法测量CFBR-Ⅱ堆瞬发中子衰减常数

瞬发中子衰减常数α是核系统的重要特征参数。简要介绍了点堆模型的α本征值定义以及Rossi-α方法原理,并利用研制的Rossi-α测量系统在CFBR-Ⅱ堆上开展了多个状态的α实验测量,获得了系列的次临界α实验数据以及缓发临界时的瞬发中子衰减常数αc,为相关实验提供了基准数据。     

金属铀钚核系统的瞬发中子衰减常数测量

采用Rossi-a方法开展了金属铀钚核系统在缓发临界和次临界状态下的瞬发中子衰减常数测量,获得了系统在缓发临界时的瞬发中子衰减常数αc.分析了衰减常数a与反应性的关系,并将其与次临界计数率倒数外推和次临界反应性外推的结果作了分析比较.结果表明,在缓发临界下直接测量的数据为0.835±0.005/μs,数据误差是Rossi-a和外推方法的1/6左右.     

核临界安全中的源倍增法研究

文章对核临界安全研究中通常采用的现场测量技术———源倍增法进行研究。从有源扩散理论出发,导出了与keff不同的有源次临界中子有效增殖因子ks的表达式,并在次临界系统上进行了验证研究。验证实验研究证实了所导出的ks 的正确性。源倍增法测量的参数实际上是次临界系统在外源作用下的有源次临界中子有效增殖因子ks,而不是以往的中子有效增殖因子keff,这就解决了长期困扰人们的有关源倍增法测量的参数问题。文章讨论了ks 与keff间的差别和关系以及它们对核临界安全的影响。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量

为研究微型X射线管的特性,通过电离室测量光管出射口30 cm远处的空气比释动能,使用高纯锗探测器分别测量了Ag过滤和Cu过滤下的X射线能谱。结果表明,空气比释动能随电流的增加有线性增加的趋势,能谱图明显的观察到银的两个特征X射线。完成了微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量方法以及实验测量的工作,为微型x射线管下辐射质的建立提够了条件基础。     

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a single-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.